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Summary
Operators obtaining or maintaining their certification must be able to calculate complex formulas
and conversion factors. This Tech Brief provides basic examples of these formulas and conversion
factors.
Multiply By
0.04
0.4
3.3
1.1
0.6
To Find
inches
inches
feet
yards
miles
Symbol
Length
mm
cm
m
m
km
millimeters
centimeters
meters
meters
kilometers
Area
cm2
m2
km2
ha
square centimeters
square meters
square kilometers
hectares (10,000m2)
0.16
1.2
0.4
2.5
square inches
square yards
square miles
acres
in2
yd2
mi2
acrs
Mass
(Weight)
g
kg
t
grams
kilograms
tones (1,000kg)
0.035
2.2
1.1
ounces
pounds
short tons
oz
lbs
ml
l
l
l
m3
m3
milliliters
liters
liters
liters
cubic meters
cubic meters
fluid ounces
pints
quarts
gallons
cubic feet
cubic yards
fl oz
pt
qt
gal
ft3
yd3
Temp.
0C
F= (9/5)C+32
Celsius
temperature
Fahrenheit
temperature
0F
Volume
F
-40
-40
0
-20
32
0
0.03
2.1
1.06
0.26
35.0
1.3
9/5 (then
add 32)
40
80
20
98.6
40
in
in
ft
yds
mi
120
212
160
60
200
80
100
Area, ft2
Circle,
Flow, gpm
Area, ft2
Flow, gpm
Area, ft2
()(Diameter, ft)
or
2()(Radius, ft)
Removal, %
Flow, cfs
Area, ft2
Velocity, ft/sec
Distance,ft.
Time, sec.
Water Horsepower, HP
Power Factor
OF FOUR
PAGE
two
Flow, ft3/sec
Area, ft2
Velocity, ft/sec
F (1.8 x C) + 32
C (F-32) (5/9)
Volume, ft3
Rectangle; Width, ft x Length, ft x Height, ft
Flow, cfs
In - Out
In
Grade =
Conversion Factors
Fall, ft
Length, ft
Rise, ft
Run, ft
1 kilowatt = 1.34 HP
1 HP = 0.746 kilowatts
1% = 10,000 mg/L
1 HP = 550 ft-lbs/sec
1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 mile = 5280 feet
Powers of Ten
E
Notation
E+12
E+09
E+06
E+03
E+02
E+01
E-01
E-02
E-03
E-06
E-09
E-12
E-15
E-18
Decimal
Equivalent
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000,001
0.000,000,001
0.000,000,000,001
0.000,000,000,000,001
0.000,000,000,000,000,001
Prefix
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
Phonic
tera
jiga
mega
kilo
hekto
deka
desI
senti
milI
mikro
nano
peko
femto
atto
Symbol
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
u
n
p
f
a
Sample Questions
1. An empty storage tank at standard atmospheric pressure (not under pressurized
condition) is 8 feet in diameter and 32 feet
high. How long will it take to fill 90 percent
of the tank volume if a pump is discharging
a constant 24 gallons per minute into
the tank?
a. 7 hours and 31 minutes
b. 8 hours and 21 minutes
c. 8 hours and 23 minutes
d. 9 hours and 17 minutes
three
OF FOUR
PAGE
Solution:
OF FOUR
PAGE
four
The equation to be used is the pounds, lbs equation (Flow, MGD)(Conc.mg/L)(8.34 lbs/gal)
Convert the flow or gallons to MGD;
References:
Virginia Center for Very Small Water Works. 2003. Sample Test Questions.
http://www.vaclassix.com/files/VSWS_samplequestions_answers.pdf
Published by The National Environmental Services Center at West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV 26506-6064
Tech Brief Basic Water and Wastewater Formulas, Winter 2008, Vol. 7, Issue 4