7

- 2 / 34 -

- 2 / 34 -

 &

7
:
.
( ) ,
.
(.. ,
).

7.1

d, 7-1.
: d ,
, d1
d, d3
.
d = d3.

d3

d=d1

7-1: -
: ()
- (bolt-nut),
,
. () (screw),
, , ()
, .

7-2:

- 3 / 34

- 4 / 34 -

7.1.1

, .
. ,
( 7-3). , d, L, L=p
, L=2p L=3p . H
: tan a = L / ( d ) .

L = 2p

L=p

L = 3p

7-3: ,
() , (Tr),
(S), , (Rd).

H
8

h3 = 0.61343P

h
3

60o

H1 = 0.54127

r=

H
6

H
4

H
2

H
2

H = 0.86603P

H
= 0.14434 P
6

d3
d2

D1

D2

7-4:

- 4 / 34 -

 &

7-1:

M 0.4
M 0.6
M 0.8
M1
M 1.2
M 1.4
M 1.6
M 1.8
M2
M 2.2
M 2.5
M3
M 3.5
M4
M 4.5
M5
M6
M7
M8
M 10
M 12
M 14
M 16
M 18
M 20
M 22
M 24
M 27
M 30
M 33
M 36
M 39
M 42
M 45
M 48
M 52
M 56
M 60

,
P
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.75
0.80
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.50
3.50
4.00
4.00
4.50
4.50
5.00
5.00
5.50
5.50

, ,
d= D
d2= D2
0.40
0.335
0.60
0.503
0.80
0.670
1.00
0.838
1.20
1.038
1.40
1.205
1.60
1.373
1.80
1.573
2.00
1.740
2.00
1.908
2.50
2.208
3.00
2.675
3.50
3.110
4.00
3.545
4.50
4.013
5.00
4.480
6.00
5.350
7.00
6.350
8.00
7.188
10.00
9.026
12.00
10.863
14.00
12.701
16.00
14.701
18.00
16.376
20.00
18.376
22.00
20.376
24.00
22.051
27.00
25.051
30.00
27.727
33.00
30.727
36.00
33.402
39.00
36.402
42.00
39.077
45.00
42.077
48.00
44.752
52.00
48.752
56.00
52.428
60.00
56.428

,
d3
0.277
0.416
0.555
0.693
0.893
1.032
1.171
1.371
1.509
1.648
1.948
2.387
2.764
3.141
3.580
4.019
4.773
5.773
6.466
8.160
9.858
11.546
13.546
14.933
16.933
18.933
20.320
23.320
25.706
28.706
31.093
34.903
36.416
39.416
41.795
45.795
49.177
53.177

,
D1
0.292
0.438
0.584
0.729
0.924
1.075
1.221
1.421
1.567
1.713
2.013
2.459
2.850
3.242
3.688
4.134
4.918
5.918
6.647
8.876
10.106
11.835
13.835
15.294
17.294
19.294
20.752
23.752
26.211
29.211
31.670
34.670
37.129
40.129
42.587
46.587
50.046
54.046

, ,
A, mm 2
h3
0.061
0.074
0.092
0.166
0.123
0.295
0.153
0.460
0.158
0.732
0.184
0.983
0.215
1.27
0.215
1.70
0.245
2.07
0.276
2.48
0.276
3.39
0.307
5.03
0.368
6.78
0.429
8.78
0.460
11.30
0.491
14.20
0.613
20.10
0.613
28.90
0.767
36.60
0.920
58.30
1.074
84
1.227
115
1.227
157
1.534
192
1.534
245
1.534
303
1.840
353
1.840
459
2.147
561
2.147
694
2.454
817
2.454
976
2.760
1104
2.760
1300
3.067
1465
3.067
1755
3.067
2022
3.374
2360

A=

d2 + d3

4 2

A=

d 32
4

- 5 / 34

- 6 / 34 7-2:

- 6 / 34 -

 &

7-3: Whitworth

- 7 / 34

- 8 / 34 7-4:

- 8 / 34 -

 &

7-5: ()

- 9 / 34

- 10 / 34 7-6:

- 10 / 34 -

 &

7-7: ()

- 11 / 34

- 12 / 34 7-8: ()

- 12 / 34 -

 &

7-9:

- 13 / 34

7.2

- 14 / 34 -

.
, x y,
(x.y). , 100,
MPa.
. : (x.y) = (4.8) : Su = x*100 = 4*100 = 400
MPa, Sy = (y*10)%*Su = (8*10)% *400 = 320 MPa.
7-10: (DINISO_898_part_1)

3.6
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.6
6.8
6.9
8.8
10.9
12.9
14.9

Su

Sy

S y0.2

(MPa)

(MPa)

300
400
400
500
500
600
600
600
800
1000
1200
1400

180
240
320
300
400
360
480
-

Su

(MPa)

u
(%
)

(MPa)

540
640
900
1080
1260

25
22
14
20
10
16
8
12
12
9
8
7

5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
8
10
12
14

500
500
500
500
500
600
600
600
800
1000
1200
1400

.
7-11:

- 14 / 34 -

S 2

Mn - Ph

0.14 0.18

0.14 0.15

0.10 0.11

Zn - Ph

0.14 0.21

0.14 0.17

0.10 0.12

Zn

0.125 0.18

0.125 0.17

Cd

0.08 0.12

0.08 0.11

Zn

Zn

0.125 0.17

0.14 0.19

Cd

Cd

0.08 0.12

0.14 0.15

 &

7.3

7.3.1
Fu ,
F,
. 7-5,
, .
.

(a)

()

7-5: - a

F = ,
-.
. ( 7-5()),

F
F

= Fu N sin a F cos a = 0 Fu = N ( cos a + sin a )

= F + N cos a F sin a = 0 F = N (cos a sin a )

, 7-5(), :

F
F

= Fu N sin a + F cos a = 0 Fu = N ( cos a sin a )

= F + N cos a + F sin a = 0 F = N (cos a + sin a )

,
tan = ,
Fu = F

cos a sin a
tan tan a
=F
= F tan( )
cos a sin a
1 tan tan a

.

:

M = F tan( + )

d2
2

M = F tan( )

d2
2

- 15 / 34

- 16 / 34 -

()

()

7-6: = / 2

.
,
.
= D. C cosn = C.
.

F
F

= Fu N cos n sin a N cos a = 0 Fu = N (cos n sin a + cos a )

= F + N cos n cos a N sin a = 0 F = N (cos n cos a sin a )

= tan tan =

tan
cos n

,
tan
+ tan a
cos n
Fu cos n sin a + cos a cos n tan a + tan
tan + tan a
=
=
=
=
= tan ( + )
F cos n cos a sin a cos n tan tan a 1 tan tan a 1 tan tan a
cos n

7-7: I = / 2
- 16 / 34 -

 &

tan n =

CD AB AB OA
=
=
= tan cos a
OC OC OA OC

= / 2 n
/2
.
,
M = Fu

d2
d
= F tan ( a ) 2
2
2

' ,
, d m = ( d1 + d ) / 2 , d ,
,
d
d

M = F tan ( a ) 2 + m
2
2

7.3.2

, , ,
' .
,
=

cos n tan
tan
=
tan ( + ) cos n + cot

a =

cos n + tan
tan
=
tan ( ) cos n cot

7.3.3
,
( ).
> 0

tan( ) > 0

tan tan > 0

> tan

/ 2,
tan
tan a
cos n
d2
tan tan a

tan ( a ) > 0
>0
>0
> tan a
tan
2
1 + tan tan a
cos n
1+
tan a
cos n
. -
/cosn
.

- 17 / 34

7.4

- 18 / 34 -

7.4.1
Niemann 1.5 2 2.5
. , ,
d cm, ,
Fi = 2840d kp
i,
Mi = CdFi kpcm
C = 0.2 C = 0.18 .

7.4.2
Fi.

7-8, ()
(). Fi
ib, ip. kb kp
,
:
Fi = k b ib ,

kb =

Fi = k p ip ,

kp =

Ab E b
Lb
Ap E p
Lp

kb kp , b Ap
, Eb Ep
Lb Lp
.
Fe.
eb
ep. ,
. Fe,
Feb, Fep
.

- 18 / 34 -

 &

F
Fb
Feb

Feb
Fi

Fi

Fe

Fep

Fep
Fp

ib

eb

ip

ep

7-8: -

Fe = Feb + Fep

()

,
.
eb = ep

Feb Fep
=
kb
kp

()

() () :
Feb =

Fep =

kb
Fe = Cb Fe
kb + k p

kp
kb + k p

Fe = C p Fe = (1 Cb ) Fe

,
:
Fb = Feb + Fi
Fp = Fi - Fep

- 19 / 34

7.5

- 20 / 34 -

A Fe .
Fi Fi + Feb.
:
Fb (max) = Feb + Fi

Fb (min) = Fi

,
:

Fb (r) = Feb / 2

, kN

Fb (m) = Feb / 2 + Fi

7-9:

H :
m =

Fb(m )

A3

r =

Fb ( r )
A3

Soderberg,

eq = m + r

Sy
Se

Sy
N

.
(
),
1
1
1
1
=
+ +
k p k p1 k g k p2

- 20 / 34 -

 &

k p1 k p2 .
,

k p kg

7-10:

7.5.1 kf
,
' . ()
, ()
, () .

3.0 4.5
5.5 6.0

1.5 4.0
3.0 5.5

25 mm.

7.6

' .
: () , ()
,
() , () , ()

- 21 / 34

- 22 / 34 -

7-11: Se

, ()
.

7.6.1
H Fi,

Fi
As

s As =

d32
d m2
d +d
, As =
d m = 2 3 ,
2
4
4

7.6.2
,
.
,

- 22 / 34 -

2L

 &

L , E
.

7.6.3

16M
d33

7.6.4
() ()
, (eq)
()
().

eq = 2 + 2

Sy
N

= 3 = 4 .

7.6.5

Fi
d3 nb

d3 , n
b .
,

Fi
d1nb

7.6.6
-, . n ,
h P, : h = n P.
:
= n (d21)
1
= h (d21) / P
b. 7-12,
(b).
:
S
F
F
b =
=
b = ( b )
A h ( d 2 H1 ) / P N

h.

- 23 / 34

- 24 / 34 -

F
( b ) ( d 2 H1 ) / P

h =

7-12: -
K -

, (MPa)

120 170

105 170

10 16

40 70

50 95

7.6.7
=

3Fi h
d m nb 2

d m =

( d 2 + d3 ) , h , n

b .

- 24 / 34 -

 &

7.7

7.7.1
16, 40 mm ,
, Fe 5 kN
40 kN. , Sy = 500 MPa Se = 220
MPa. 3.8.
) ;
) 50 kN, ;
) 80 kN.

Fe

Fe

M16

Fe

Fe

7-12:
: () 7-1, 16:
P = 2 mm, d = 16 mm, d2 = 14.071 mm, d3 = 13.546 mm, D1 = 13.835 mm, h3 = 1.227 mm,
A = 157 mm2.
:
40 + 5
40 5
Fe( m ) =
= 22.5 kN

Fe( r ) =
= 17.5 kN
2
2
- ( 7-13)
.
- .
2
5
2
Ab Eb (157mm ) ( 2.110 N/mm )
kb =
=
= 8.24 105 N/mm
40mm
b
O 5 40 kN :
( 5000 40000 ) N = 6.07 48.5 m
F F
b = min max =
(
)
8.24 105 N/mm
kb

- 25 / 34

- 26 / 34 -

7-13: -

Fe( m )

22.5 103 N
m =
=
= 143.3MPa
157mm 2
A

kt r = kt

Fe ( r )

17.5 103 N
= 3.8
= 423.5 MPa
A
157mm 2

Soderberg ()
(m, r) = (143.3, 423.5) .
7-14, .
r
400
()
300
Se = 220 MPa
200

100
(b)
0

100

200

300

(c)
400

Sy = 500 MPa

7-14: (b)
(a,c) Soderberg

) Fi = 50 kN,
F
50000N
b = i =
= 60.7m
kb 8.24 105 N/mm
- 26 / 34 -

 &

=8
b
k
=
n
a
t

Fe=35

0
x1
4
.2

m
N/

Fbmax

, kN

F
50000N
p = i =
= 7.58m
k p 6.59 106 N/mm
7-15.

7-15: - 50kN

Ap,
3d d.

Ap =

AE

8 AE
2
3d ) d 2 = 9 A A = 8 A , : k p = p p =
,
(

4
p

Cb =

kb
AE /
1
1
=
=
=
1+ 8 9
kb + k p AE / + 8 AE /

Fe, Feb
Fep:
1
Feb = Cb Fe = 35kN = 3.89 kN
9

8
Fep = (1 Cb ) Fe = 35kN = 31.11kN
9

Fb ( m ) =

Feb
+ Fi = 1.95 + 50.0kN = 51.95 kN
2

Fb ( r ) =

kb
1
Fe( r ) = Cb Fe( r ) = 17.5 = 1.95 kN
kb + k p
9

b( m) =

51950N
= 330.9 MPa
157mm 2

b( r ) =

3.8 1950N
= 47.2 MPa
157mm 2
- 27 / 34

- 28 / 34 -

Soderberg (m, r) = (330.9, 47.2)

() .
) 80 kN, :
17.5
Fb ( m ) = 1.95 + 80.0 = 81.95 kN

Fb ( r ) =
= 1.95 kN
9

b( m)

81.95 103 N
=
= 522 MPa
157mm 2

b ( r )

3.8 1.95 103 N

=
= 47.2 MPa
157mm 2

(m, r) = (522, 47.2), (c)

Soderberg. .

- 28 / 34 -

 &

7.7.2
12
. Ep = 160 GPa.
8.8 Eb = 210 GPa, 26 kN.
0 - 13 kN , ;
:
12 8.8, 7-1, 7-10
7-11, : d1 = 12 mm, d2 = 10.863 mm, d3 = 9.853 mm, d / R = 6d / H = 47 , A3 = 84
mm2, Sy,0.2 = 640 MPa, Se = 92 MPa.
Fe( m ) = 6.5 kN
Fe = ( 0 13) kN
Fe( r ) = 6.5 kN

, :

kp
kb

C=

Ap E p
L

A E
L
8 160
= p p =
= 6.095
Ab Eb Ab Eb 1 210

kb
=
kb + k p

1
1
=
= 0.141
k p 1 + 6.095
1+
kb

Fb ( m ) = CFe( m ) + Fi = 0.141 6.5 + 26 = 26.9 kN

Fb ( r ) = CFe ( r ) = ( 0.141)( 6.5 ) = 0.92 kN

m =
r =

Fb ( m )
A3

26.9 103 N
= 320 MPa
84mm 2

0.92 103 N
= 11MPa
84mm 2

m +r

Sy
Se

Sy
N

1 m r 320 11 1
=
+
=
+
=
N S y Se 640 92 1.6

N = 1.6 .

- 29 / 34

- 30 / 34 -

7.7.3
, 12
( E p1 = 100GPa E p2 = 160 GPa ) .

8.8. 0 13 k,
Fi, 1.6.
:
7-1, 12 : P = 1.75 mm, d1 = 12 mm,
d2 = 10.863 mm, d3 = 9.858 mm, A = 84 mm2. = 0.866P = 0.866 x 1.75 = 1.5155
mm r = / 6 = 1.5155 / 6 = 0.253 mm.
8.8 ( 7-10), Su = 800 MPa, Sy = 640 MPa
7-11, d / r = 12 / 0.253 = 47.4 , Se =
95 MPa.
:
Fe = ( 0 13) kN = ( 6.5 6.5 ) kN

Fe(m) = 6.5 kN,

Fe(r) = 6.5 kN

H :
k p1 k p2
k p1
Ap E p1
1
1
1
1
=
+
kp =
=
= k p1
= 0.615
100 /160 + 1
k p k p1 k p2
k p1 + k p2 k p1 / k p2 + 1
L

Ab Eb
2L

kb =

kp

m=

C=

kb

0.615

Ap E p1

Ab Eb
2L

= 2 0.615

Ap
Ab

E p1
Eb

2 0.615 Ap E p1
Ab Eb

= 1.23 8

100
= 4.686
210

1
1
=
= 0.176
1 + m 1 + 4.686

Feb(m) = CFe(m) + Fi = (0.176 6.5 + Fi) kN = (1.144 + Fi) kN

Feb(r) = CFe(r) = (0.176 6.5) kN = 1.144 kN
O

m =
r =

(1.144 + Fi ) 103
9.858 / 4
2

N
= (15 + 13Fi ) MPa
mm 2

1.144 103 N
= 15 MPa
9.8532 / 4 mm 2

A Soderberg

m +r

Sy
Se

Sy
N

(15 + 13Fi ) + 15

640 640
=
Fi = 21.8 kN
95 1.6

Fi = 21.8 kN.
- 30 / 34 -

 &

:
r
100

Se=95

75
Se/N=60
50

25

r=15
Sy/N=400
0

100

200

300

400

500

Sy=640
600

700

m
800

7-16: Soderberg

S y Se
, ). A r = 15
N N
MPa, m,
Soderberg, m. m 300 MPa . A m = 15 + 13 Fi,
Fi = 21.9 kN.
Soderberg. (Sy, Se) (

- 31 / 34

- 32 / 34 -

7.7.4

800

. o d = 20, = Sy /
N = 210 / 1.5 = 140 MPa, = 0.15,
:
) F ,
.
) .
) , .

7-17:

:
)
( 7-5),
Tr 20 x 4: d1 = 20, d2 = 18, d3 = 15.5, P = 4, H1 = 2.
d3 A3 = d32/4 = 189 mm2.
F :

F
F
=
= 0.0053F ( N/mm 2 )
A3 189

= 4o tan = P / ( d 2 ) = 4 / ( 18 ) = 0.707 .

: tan = = 0.15 = 8.5o . = 30
:
tan =

tan
tan 8.5
=
= 0.155
cos ( 2 ) cos ( 30 2 )

= 8.83o .

(
) :
- 32 / 34 -

 &

F ( d 2 2 ) tan ( + ) F (18 2 ) tan ( 4 + 8.83)

M
=
=
= 0.0028F ( N/mm 2 )
3
3
d3 /16
15.5 /16
Jp /r

eq = 2 + 4 2 =

F=

0.00771

( 0.0053F )

+ 4 ( 0.0028 F ) = 0.00771F =
2

140
= 18157N = 18kN
0.00771

18 kN. .

.
:

:
2E
2 2.1 1011 Pa
C =
=
= 140
Sy
210 106 Pa
, . -, m
= 1, :
800
= m =1
= 206 .
r
15.5 / 4
I
d4 4
d
=
= ,
2
A
64 d
4
, . d3, 800mm
, .
C ,
uler. :

r =

2 EA
Pcr =
=
2

( 2.110

11

N / m 2 ) ( 0.0155m ) / 4
206

) = 9220N 9kN

.
, .
N = 1.3. , F = Pcr / = 7 kN
)
.
n , h P = 4 mm,
: h = n P.
: = n (d21) = h (d21) / P .
. (b) = 10
MPa ( 7-12).
:
F
F
b =
=
( b ) = 10 MPa
A h ( d 2 H1 ) / P
h =

Fh
7000N 4mm
=
= 24 mm
( b ) ( d2 H1 ) 10MPa ( 18mm 2mm )

- 33 / 34

- 34 / 34 -

,
, h = 24 mm.
) :
d
18
M = F 2 tan ( + ) = 7kN tan ( 4 + 8.83) 14.3 Nm ()
2
2
M = F

- 34 / 34 -

d2
18
tan ( ) = 7kN tan ( 4 8.83) = 5.3 Nm ()
2
2