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Chapter 1 Mixture
Chapter 1 Mixture
MIXTURES
A pure substance is defined as a substance having a constant and
uniform chemical composition (No chemical reaction taking place).
Properties of a mixture of gases can be determined as for a single gas,
e.g. the properties of air are considered as a single substance
1.1 Daltons Law and the Gibbs-Dalton Law
Consider;
(1.1)
By Daltons law:
P PA PB
(1.2)
or
(1.3)
or
P Pi
(1.4)
Thus,
PO 2
PO 2
PCO
PAV
R AT
m m A m B mC mi
P PA PB PC Pi
n n A n B n C n i
Where
Figure
And referring to Figure 1.1
mA
PV A
R AT
R AT R AT
i.e. PAV PV A
In general therefore,
Vi
Pi
V
P
i.e
(1.8)
Vi
Pi
V
V Pi
P
P
or
n A n B nC n
V A VB VC V
or
n n i
(1.9)
(1.10)
Therefore,
( PiV ) (ni T )
i.e.
VPi Tni
(1.11)
Thus, the mixture is acted as a perfect gas and obeys all the perfect gas laws.
To find the specific gas constant for the mixture in terms of the specific gas
constants of the constituents,
i.e. PV mRT
and
PiV mi Ri T
Then,
PiV mi Ri T
or
VPi Tmi Ri
i.e. mR mi Ri
or
or
PV mRT Tmi Ri
mi
Ri
m
(1.12)
mi
where m is the mass fraction of a constituent.
PV nT
or
Pi ni
P n
(1.13)
P
n V
(1.14)
This means that the molar analysis is identical with the volumetric analysis.
PiV
Ri T
and
m mi ,
or
Using equation of
P
P
i i
i.e.
PV
RT
or
thus
P
P
i
R
Ri
Pi
i
P
(1.15)
Vi
i
V
and
ni
i
n
(1.16)
Example 1.2
Consider a gas mixture that consists of 3kg of oxygen (O2), 5kg of nitrogen
(N2), and 12kg of methane (CH4). Determine:
(a) the mass fraction of each component
(b) the mole fraction of each component
(c) the average molar and gas constant of the mixture
Solution:
(a) Total mass = 3 + 5 + 12 = 20kg
Oxygen:
3
0.15
20
mO 2
Nitrogen:
5
0.25
20
mN 2
Methane:
m NH 4
12
0.6
20
3
0.094kmol
32
Nitrogen:
nN 2
5
0.179kmol
28
Methane:
n NH 4
12
0.75kmol
16
mu mi u i
u C v T . Hence,
mCv T mi C vi T
Therefore,
mCv mi C vi
Cv
or
mh mi hi
mi
C vi
m
, and
(1.18)
h C pT
, Therefore;
mC p T mi C piT
Therefore;
mC p mi C pi
Cp
or
mi
C pi
m
(1.19)
mi
m
m
C pi i C vi i (C pi C vi )
m
m
m
mi
Ri
m
mi
Ri
m , therefore the mixture
C p Cv R
Cp
Cv
Cp
R
1
Cv
R
1
cv mCV
and
(1.20)
And
mR
c p cv
(1.21)
mCv c v
U ncv T
(1.22)
and
U 1 (n A C vA n B C vB )T
Then
U1 = U2
and
U 2 T ni C v
n C
i.e.
i.e.
T T ni C vi
vi i
n C T
n C
i
vi i
vi
Another form of mixing is that which occurs when streams of fluid meet to
form a common stream in steady flow. The steady flow used in the mixing
section is
m A h A1 m B hB1 Q W m A h A2 m B hB 2
m C
i
T T mi C Pi
Pi i
m C T
m C
i
Pi i
Since
Pi
cpi = mCP
Then
nc p mC P
Hence,
n c T
n c
i
pi i
pi
i ni
i 1
Where is the compressibility factor for the mixture and i is that for a
component. Further by experience it is established that Daltons law is more
appropriate for mixtures at low pressures.
1.7 Gas and Vapor Mixture
Consider a vessel of fixed volume that maintained at a constant temperature,
Until, the additional water will not evaporate and the vapor in contact
with its liquid.
If the heat supplied to the vessel, more vapor will evaporate, the
temperature and pressure of vessel will increase.
When a mixture contains a saturated vapor, the partial pressure of
vapor can be found in the table and obeys the Gibbs-Dalton law. This
is only valid for low values of the total pressure.
1.8 The Steam Condenser
Example 1.3
A rigid tank contains 0.35kg of steam of quality 0.2 and 0.1kg of nitrogen
gas. If the temperature of the mixture is 90C, determine the volume of the
tank and the pressure of the mixture.
Solution:
The mixture consists of steam, N2, and H2O in liquid phase;
The quality of steam,
mg
mT
0 .2
m N 2 RT 0.1(8.314 / 28)(363.15)
65.24kPa
VN 2
0.07 2.361