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Rezolvarea ecuatiilor exponentiale

Ecuatiile exponentiale sunt ecuatiile care contin necunoscuta x ca exponent al unor puteri de
baza fixa.
Cateva tipuri de ecuatii:
1. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) = a unde a > 0, a 1, iar f(x) este o functie de gradul I sau II ,
Rezolvare: a f ( x ) = a f(x)= .
Exemple:
i) 2 3 x 2 = 2,
ii)5 2 x 6 = 25,
2
iii) 3 x 3 x 2 = 9.
Rezolvare:
1
1
S = .
3
3
2 x 6
2 x 6
2
ii) 5
= 25 5
= 5 - 2x + 6 = 2 2x = 4 x = 2 S = {2}.

i) 2 3 x 2 = 2 3x + 2 = 1 3x = -1 x = 2

= 9 3 x 3 x 2 = 3 2 x 2 +3x - 2 = 2 x 2 +3x - 4= 0, = 9 + 16 = 25,

35
x 1,2 =
x 1 = - 4, x 2 = 1 S = {- 4, 1}.
2
iii) 3 x

3 x 2

2. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) =b unde a>0, a 1, b>0 iar f(x) este o functie de gradul I
(Observatie: Cazul 2 este o generalizare a cazului 1)
Rezolvare: a f ( x ) =b f(x)= log a b.
Exemple:
i) 2 x 3 = 5,
ii) 3 2 x 3 = 6.
Rezolvare:
i) 2 x 3 = 5 x + 3 = log 2 5 x = log 2 5 - 3 x = log 2 5 - log 2 2 3 x = log 2

5
5
x = log 2
3
8
2

S = log 2
8

ii) 3 2 x 3 = 6 2x + 3 = log 3 6 2x = log 3 6 - 3 2x = log 3 6 - log 3 3 3 2x = log 3

2x = log 3

2
1
2
log 3 x = log 3
x=
9
2
9

2
2
2
x = log 3
S = log 3
.
9
3
3

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3. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) = a g ( x ) , unde a > 0, a 1, iar f(x) si g(x) sunt functii de gradul I sau II .
Rezolvare: se rezolva ecuatia f(x) = g(x).
Exemple:
i) 2 3 x 2 = 2 x 6 ,
2
ii) 5 x 2 x 1 = 5 x 5 ,
2
2
ii)3 x 2 x 7 = 3 x 5
Rezolvare:
i) 2 3 x 2 = 2 x 6 3x + 2 = - x - 6 4x = - 8 x = - 2 S = { - 2}.
2
ii) 5 x 2 x 1 = 5 x11 x 2 + 2x + 1 = - x + 11 x 2 + 3x 10= 0, = 9 + 40 = 49,
3 7
x 1,2 =
x 1 = -5, x 2 = 2 Deci S = {- 5, 2}.
2
2
2
iii) 3 x 2 x 7 = 3 x 5 x 2 + 2x + 7 = x 2 + 5 2x = - 2 x = - 1 S = { - 1}.

4. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) =b g ( x ) , unde a > 0, a 1, b > 0, b 1, iar f(x) si g(x) sunt functii de gradul I
sau II.
Rezolvare: a f ( x ) =b g ( x ) log a a f ( x ) = log a b g ( x ) f(x) = g(x)log a b si se rezolva aceasta ultima
ecuatie algebrica.

Exemple:
i) 3 2 x 1 = 2 x ,
ii) 5 x 6 = 3 x 1
Rezolvare:
i) 3 2 x 1 = 2 x 2x +1= log 3 2 x 2x = xlog 3 2 - 1 x(2 - log 3 2)= - 1 x =

( 2 log 3 2 )

1
1
1

x=
x= S =

9
(log 3 9 log 3 2 )
log 3 9
log 3

2
2
ii) 5 x 6 = 3 x 1 x + 6 = log 5 3 x 1 x + 6 = (x 1) log 5 3 x(1 - log 5 3)= - 6 - log 5 3

( 6 log 5 3 )
(log 5 5 log 5 3 )
log 5 ( 5 3 )
log 5 ( 5 3 )
x=
x=
x=
S =

5
5
( 1 log 5 3 )
(log 5 5 log 5 3 )

log 5
log 5

3
3
6

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5. Alt tip de ecuatii exponentiale care se pot reduce la cazul 1 sau cazul 2
Exemple:
i) 5 x 1 + 5 x 2 = 150,
ii) 3 x - 23 x 2 +3 x 3 =30,
iii)2 x 1 - 32 x 2 + 52 x 3 = 6.
Rezolvare:
i) 5 x 1 + 5 x 2 = 150 5 x 1 + 55 x 1 = 150 5 x 1 (1 + 5)= 150 65 x 1 = 150 5 x 1 =25
5 x 1 =5 2 x + 1 = 2 x = 1 S = { 1},
ii) 3 x - 23 x 2 +3 x 3 =30 3 x - 23 2 3 x + 33 x =30 3 x (1- 18 + 27) = 30
103 x = 30 3 x = 3 x = 1 S = { 1},
iii)2 x 1 - 32 x 2 + 52 x 3 = 6 2 x 1 - 322 x 1 + 52 2 2 x 1 = 6 2 x 1 (1 6 + 20)= 6 152 x 1 =6
2
2
2
2
2
2 x 1 = x + 1 = log 2 x = log 2 - 1 x = log 2 - log 2 2 x = log 2

5
5
5
5
10
1
1

x = log 2 S = log 2
5
5

6. Ecuatii exponentiale care se pot aduce sub forma unei ecuatii de gradul II
Exemple:
i) 4 x - 32 x - 4 = 0,
ii) 3 x - 3 1 x - 2 = 0.
Rezolvare:
i) 4 x - 32 x - 4 = 0 (2 2 ) x - 32 x - 4 = 0 (2 x ) 2 - 32 x - 4 = 0
35
,
2
u 1 = -1< 0 si u 2 = 4 > 0 singura solutie a ecuatiei este u 2 . u 2 = 4 2 x = 4 x = 2 S = {2}.
3
ii) 3 x - 3 1 x - 2 = 0 3 x - x - 2 = 0 (3 x ) 2 - 3 - 23 x = 0 (3 x ) 2 - 23 x - 3= 0.
3
24
Notam 3 x = u. Conditie de rezolvare u > 0 u 2 - 2u - 3 = 0, = 4 + 12 = 16, u 1, 2 =
,
2
u 1 = -1 < 0 si u 2 = 3 singura solutie a ecuatiei este u 2 . u 2 = 3 3 x = 3 x= 1 S = {1}.

Notam 2 x = u . Conditie de rezolvare u > 0 u 2 - 3u - 4 = 0, = 9 + 16 = 25, u 1,2 =

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