DISTRIBUTED

DATABASES
CONTENTS
 Concepts

 Structure

 Advantages

 Disadvantages

 Trade-offs
WHAT IS DISTRIBUTED DATABASE(DDB)?

 A DDB can be defined as collection of multiple

logically interrelated DB,
along with description of data,
physically distributed over a computer network.
 The principal motivation is to
 minimize network traffic

 Improve access time

which improves overall system performance by

placing data near to where it is most commonly
accessed.
 It may be advantageous for data to be distributed
over like
 Branches of a bank.
 Different part of the government storing different
kind of data about a person.
 Different organizations sharing part of their data.
WHAT IS DISTRIBUTED DBMS??
 A distributed database management system
('DDBMS') is a software system that permits
the management of a distributed database
 Makes the distribution transparent to the users.
 Sometimes DDMS is used to refer jointly to
the distributed DB and the distributed DBMS.
A TRULY DDB ARCHITECTURE

DB-1
Site 1
DB-
5
Site 5 Site 2 DB-
2
Communications
network

Site 4 Site 3
DB-4
DB-3
APPLICATIONS
 User access distributed database via applications.
 Local applications

• That do not require data from other sites.

 Global applications

• That require data from other sites.

 DDBMS must have at least one global

application.
 Each node must participate in at least one
global application.
DEGREE OF HOMOGENEITY
 It is a factor affected by whether all nodes of
DDBMS use identical software or not.
 There are two types of DDBMS on the basis of
Degree of Homogeneity:
 Homogeneous DDBMS

 Heterogeneous DDBMS
TYPES OF DDBMS
 Homogeneous DDBMS  Heterogeneous DDBMS

 Has the same (or related)  May have different

DBMS/schema at each DBMS/schema and/or
node. different hardware at each
node.
 Eg. One or more
Eg.every computer on
network running Oracle. computers on network
running Oracle & others
IBMs DB2.
 Much more common and
advanced in practice.
 Technically more difficult
to implement.
 CONTD…

Homogeneous DDB Heterogeneous DDB

 No standardized approach A standardized approach

is needed. like CORBA developed by
Object Management Group
is needed.
 Query & transaction  Query & transaction

processing is easily done. processing is difficult.

 Easy to design & manage.  Difficult to design &

 Approach provides manage.

incremental growth and  Typical solution is to use
allows increased gateways .
performance.
 HOMOGENEOUS DDBMS
Global users

Global
Distributed schema
DBMS
Identical DBMSs
node 1 2 3 n

DBMS DBMS DBMS DBMS

software software software software
 HETEROGENEOUS DDBMS
Global users
Local users Local users

Distributed Global
DBMS schema
Different DBMSs
node 1 2 3 n

DBMS-1 DBMS-2 DBMS-3 DBMS -n

OBJECTIVES: DISTRIBUTED ARCHITECTURE
 Location Transparency
 User does not have to know the location of the
data.
 Data requests automatically forwarded to
appropriate sites
 Local Autonomy

 Local site can operate with its database when

network connections fail
 Each site controls its own data, security, logging,
recovery
COMPONENT ARCHITECTURE
 Local DBMS
 Data communication component
 Global system catalog
 Distributed DBMS component
 SIGNIFICANT TRADE-OFFS
 Synchronous
Distributed Database
 All copies of the same
data are always identical.
 Data updates are
immediately applied to
all copies throughout
network.
 Good for data integrity
 High overhead .
 slow response times.
 Asynchronous
Distributed Database
 Some data inconsistency
is tolerated
 Data update propagation is
delayed
 Lower data integrity
 Less overhead
 faster response time
ADVANTAGES
 Increased reliability & availability
 Local control
 Modular growth
 Lower communication costs
 Faster response
 DISADVANTAGES

 Software cost & complexity

 Processing overhead
 Data integrity
 Slow response
REFERENCES:
 DBMS (Elmasri & Navathe)
 Principles of Relational databases(Colin Ritchie)
 www.wiziq.com/tutorial/21688-DISTRIBUTED-
DBMS-ppt
THANK YOU
By:-
Rinki Gupta
M.Sc IT -1st(A)
12521