Advantages using

26
DBMS
 Control redundancy in data storage and
in development of effort.
 Restricting unauthorized of data.

 Providing persistent storage for program objects.

 Providing backup and recovery services.

 Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of

users.
 And many more…
 Three Level Architecture of
27 DBMS
 Mappings among schema levels are needed to
transform requests and data. Programs refer to
an external schema, and are mapped by the
DBMS to the internal schema for execution.
 Also known as ANSI-SPARC Three-level Architecture
 Three-Level Architecture of
28 DBMS

Figure 2: The Three Level Architecture (ElMasri & Navathe, 2011)

 Three-Level Architecture of
29 DBMS
Defines DBMS schemas at three levels:
¤ Internal schema at the internal level to
describe physical storage structures and access
paths. Typically uses a physical data model.
¤ Conceptual schema at the conceptual level to
describe the structure and constraints for the whole
database for a community of users. Uses a
conceptual or an implementation data model.
¤ External schemas at the external level to describe
the various user views. Usually uses the same data
model as the conceptual level.
 Three-Level Architecture of DBMS
30
 Client-Server Architecture of
31 DBMS

Figure 3: Client
Server Architecture
 Client-Server Architecture of
32 DBMS
 To improve performance and availability of data, the
client–server architecture supports many ways to
distribute software and data in a computer network.
 Client–server architectures provide a flexible way for

DBMSs to interact with computer networks.

 The simplest scheme is just to place both software and
data on the same computer, Figure 3(a).
 In Figure 3(b), the server software and database
are located on a remote computer.
 In Figure 3(c), the server software and the database

are located on multiple remote computers.

 CROSSWORD PUZZLE

33
Learning
Outcome
 Categories of DBMS (including the benefits)
 Desktop databases
 Server database
 Select an appropriate DBMS suitable for a
given business requirements.
 Identify the contribution of database
technology to society.
Types of Data
Model

• Object Oriented • Network • Unify

• Entity • Hierarchical • Frame Memory
Relationship • Relational
• Functional
• Semantic
 Record Based Data Model
37

 Represent data by using record structures and

hence are called record-‐based data models.
 This type of model is used to design the
databases at external or view level as well as
logical or conceptual level and it gives the
details of database designing and it is tabular
representation. eg.
 Relational model
 Hierarchical model
 Network model
 Relational
38
Model
 The relational model (RDBMS, Relational database
management system): The data is stored in two-‐
dimensional tables (rows and columns). The data
is manipulated based on the relational theory
of mathematics.
 Hierarchical Model
39

The hierarchical model: The data is sorted



hierarchically, using a downward tree. This

model uses pointers to navigate between
stored data. It was the first DBMS model.
 Network Model
40

 The network model: like the hierarchical model, this

model uses pointers toward stored data. However, it
does not necessarily use a downward tree structure.
 Object Based Data Model
41

 The object-‐oriented model defines a database in

terms of objects, their properties, and their
operations.
 The most commonly object based data models are

entity relation, semantic, Object oriented, and functional

data models.
 The Object-Oriented Model
42

The object model (ODBMS, object-‐oriented


database management system)
 The data is stored in the form of objects, which
are structures called classes that display the
data within. The fields are instances of these
classes
 Physical Based Data
43
Model
 Physical based data model describes how
data is stored in the computer by
representing information such as record
formats, record orderings, and access paths.
It is the process of choosing specific storage
structures and access paths for the database
files to achieve good performance for the
various database applications.
Categories of
DBMS
 Desktop Databases are designed to run on
“desktop” (or personal) computers and its offer
an inexpensive, simple solution to many less
complex data storage and manipulation
requirements.
 Server Databases offer organizations the ability
to manage large amounts of data efficiently
and enables many users to access and update
the data simultaneously. Although its pricey, a
server-based database can provide a
comprehensive data management solution.
Categories of
DBMS
Desktop Database
Server Database
Microsoft Access
Oracle
Fox Pro
Microsoft SQL Server
FileMaker Pro
IBM DB2
Paradox
Open Source :
Lotus MySQL, Firebird, PostgresSQL
Benefits of Desktop Database

 Easy Management
¤ Simple
functionality to modify and maintain the
database
 Low Running Cost
¤ No need for extra hardware support
¤ No need to hire expertise

 Easy to use
¤ No advance technical knowledge is needed
¤ Programs are normally very intuitive and easy to
learn.
Benefits of Server Database
 Increase Scalability
¤ any element can be upgraded when needed
 Increase Flexibility
¤ new technology can be easily integrated into the
system
 Increase Accessibility
¤ server can be accessed remotely and across
multiple platforms
Benefits of Server Database

 Increase performance
¤ Different CPU’s process application in parallel
¤ Easier to tune the server machine since the task is only to
perform database processing
 Increase Consistency
¤ Centralization
- access, resources, and data security
are controlled through the server.
Things to Consider to Select
DBMS
1. Data Model
2. Number of user
3. Number of sites
4. Cost
5. Purpose
Data
Model
 A set of concepts to describe the structure of a database
and certain constrain that the database should obey (refer
data model slide)
 Types of data model:
¤ Hierarchy
¤ Network

¤ Relational

¤ Object-oriented

 Current commercial database used relational data model.

 Object oriented – has been implemented but not had
widespread use.
Number of
users
 Single user – support only one user at one time
 Multi user – support multiple use at one time
Number of
sites
 Centralized
¤ Data is stored at a single computer site.
¤ DBMS can support multiple user, but the DBMS and
the database reside totally at a single computer
site.
 Distributed
¤ Canhave many the actual database and
DBMS software distributed over many sites,
connected by a computer network.
Cost
 Quite difficult to propose any type of DBMS
based on cost which provide different type of
services.
 Open source product : MySQL, PostgrSQL
Purpose

 General Purpose :
¤ Does not include many transactions
 Special Purpose:
¤ Require many transaction.
¤ When performance is primary consideration, a special
purpose of DBMS can be design.
¤ Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) system which
support large number of concurrent processing
without imposing excessive delay
¤ Example: Airline Reservation System
 Comparison between
DBMS
DBMS Operating Estimated Transaction Interface Max DB size
System Price Support
Oracle Window $40000 - Yes GUI Unlimited
Mac $12800 SQL
Unix
IBM DB2 Window $25000 - Yes GUI 512 TB
Mac $800000 SQL
Unix
SQL Server Window Yes GUI 524258 TB
SQL
MySQL Window Open Source Yes GUI 256 TB
Linux SQL
Mac
Solaris
Netware
Microsoft Window Package with GUI 2G
Access Microsoft SQL
products
Group
Discussion
You are responsible for selecting a new DBMS

product for a group of users in your
organization. How should you do about
evaluating and selecting the best DBMS
product?
 The Impact of Information Technology on Work
and Society
 1969: The Arpanet is introduced, funded by the department of defence.
 1970: The first automatic teller machine is introduced.
 1971:
¤ The first single chip central processing unit was introduced, the Intel 4004.
¤ The first network e-mail message is sent by Ray Tomlinson of Bolt Boranek and Newman.
 1972: Lexitron, Wang and VYTEC introduce Word Processing systems.
 1973: The Xerox Paulo Alto Research Centre developed the Alto, an experimental computer that uses a
graphical user interface and a mouse.
 1978: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adelman introduce the RSA cipher as a public key cryptosystem.
 1979: The first electronic spreadsheet program is introduced.
 1981: IBM introduces its first personal computer with an operating system developed by Microsoft.
 1983: The switchover to the TCP\IP protocol marks the beginning of the global Internet.
 1985: Microsoft releases the Windows operating system.
 1989: The world wide web project is proposed to the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN).
 1990: Windows version 3.0 is released bringing a stable graphical user interface to the IBM Personal
Computer.
 1993:The Mosaic NCSA is developed by the National Centre for Super-computing Applications.
 1995:The first full length feature movie created by a computer is released. Toy Story.
 Late 1990’s:The emergence of electronic commerce.
Contribution of Database Technology to Society

 Reduced Application Development Time

¤ Lesstime to create new application using DBMS.
¤ Example: Print report, Retrieve Data

 Flexibility
¤ Allow evolutionary changes to the structure
of database without affecting the stored data
and existing application.
Contribution of Database Technology to Society

 Availability of Up-to-Date Information

¤ Availableto all user
¤ As soon as update apply, it is available to all users.

 Economic of Scale
¤ DBMS can be shared among various department
and activities thus reduced the data redundancy