Professional Documents
Culture Documents
the most important information that I have encountered through my review of pharmacology, it may
not be properly updated, and may contain spelling and grammatical mistakes, but it was extremely
valuable for Me to pass my exam, it may not be for you but its worth going through, thanks for reading.
Bed Wetting (Nocturnal enuresis)
1- Imipramine, have been used in children older than 2 years, it act by contracting the bladder
internal sphincter.
2- Desmopressin an ADH analogue given PO (TAB), Intranasal and IV.
Hyperkalemia Symptoms: Leg cramps, weakness, fatigue and nausea.
Hyperkalemia Emergency management:
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Dialysis.
50% hypertonic glucose IV fluid + Regular insulin.
Calcium Carbonate or Calcium chloride IV.
Sodium Bicarbonate.
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Narcolepsy:
1- Modafinil, Armodafinil.
2- Amphetamine, Methylphenidate.
Histaminic Effects:
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Some drugs can cause release of histamine from mast cells, which cause Bronchoconstriction,
sweating and Vasodilatation, its similar to cholinergic effect except to miosis, and some of these
drugs are Tubocurarine, Mivacurium, Atracurium, and most Opioids.
Goserelin: is a potent GnRH analogue, but it act as potent inhibitor of pituitary gonadotropin secretion,
its indicated for prostate, breast, and endometriosis carcinomas. NOTE that when GnRH is normally
secreted in a pulsatile manner it promote sex hormone production, but chronic stable administration of
the analogue produce down regulation of feedback and decrease sex hormone production.
Ketoacidosis: is a complication of untreated diabetes, its manifested by accumulation of ketone bodies
( acetoaceticacid and betahydroxybutyrate), symptoms are deep rapid breathing, dry skin and mouth,
flushed face, fruity breath, N and V and frequent urination.
Treatment include: glucose, insulin and potassium IV administration, and electrolyte replacement.
Permethrin: is an insecticide and antifungal, its a neurotoxin that is usually used to treat lices, its
available as liquid or cream, direct contact with hands should be avoided, it kills both mature and egg
fungi, its generally poorly absorbed.
Sweat Test: is used in cystic fibrosis diagnosis, the sweat contain higher than normal Cl ion.
Lactulose: is a synthetic sugar used as
1- Laxative (osmotic laxative): its Brocken by intestinal bacteria into non-absorbable carboxylic
acids; they retain more water and soften the feces.
2- Antihyperammonemia: This can be either congenital or metabolic, ex liver or kidney disease,
increase protein catabolism, due to trauma or cancer.
Phenyl Ketone Urea: is a disease caused by deficiency of phenyl alanine hydroxylase, which convert
phenyl alanine to tyrosine, it characterize by high serum phenylalanine and high urine phenyl pyruvic
acid, its diagnosed by GUTHRIE TEST, Acute Symptoms include musty urine smell, vomiting and rash,
chronic symptoms are, mental retardation, poor growth, poor develop. Treatment is diet control, with
phenyl alanine serum level of 2-10 mg/dl.
Prostaglandin Analogues:
1- PGI2 analogue: Misoprostol is used in combination with aspirin and other non-steroidal drugs,
due to its cytoprotective properties, it increase mucous secretion in the stomach preventing
ulcer formation, its used rarely as emergency abortive agent, in combination the new antiprogesterone Mifepristone.
2- PGF2alpha Analogues: its indicated for glaucoma, it increase the flow of aqueous humor out of
the eye, its used to control the progression of ocular hypertension (glaucoma), but it does not
cure it, ex Latanoprost, Travoprost, Bimatoprost.
3- PGE2 Analogues: are used in labor, they soften cervix and induce uterine contraction, ex
Dinoprostone.
Cyclobenzaprine: is a centrally acting Muscle relaxant, for treatment of fibromyalgia and cerebral palsy.
Barium Sulfate: its a suspension used to examine the esophagus, stomach and intestine. Its water
insoluble, non-absorbable and toxic, it gives clear image of the damaged organ in both CT and X-Ray. Its
available as powder tablet, suspension and paste, it causes constipation.
G6PD Hemolytic Anemia: (Non-immune mediated Hemolytic Anemia)
G6PD is necessary to maintain the level of NADPH required to provide the supply the reduced GSH,
which neutralize oxidative free radicals that can cause hemolysis. It may be caused by:
1- Natural: Henna and fava beans.
2- Drug: primaquine, sulfonamide and methylene blue.
3- Infections: Hepatitis.
Treatment:
1- Blood transfusion: dialysis in acute renal failure.
2- Prevention: ex vaccination.
3- Selenium and Vit E as antioxidant but might not be so effective.
Phenazopyridine: is a chemical that when secreted in urine has a local analgesic activity, its used in
urinary infections, post-surgery and in examination.
Otitis Externa: or swimmers ear, is caused primarily by P. Aerogenosa , and treated by Genramycin or
Carbincillin.
D-pencillamine: (analogue of aa cysteine):
1- Used Rheumatoid Arthritis to slow bone destruction
2- Used as chelating Agent in heavy metal poisoning.
3- Treatment of cysteine urea.
Biologic Anti-rheumatoid drugs:
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DOCs:
1- Carbamazepine + Haloperidol , Treatment of Amphetamine overdose.
2- Leucovorin Ca or Na Salt (folinic acid), is used to treat folate antagonist toxicity, ex
methotrexate, pyrimethamine and trimethoprim, its used for megaloplastic anemia secondary
to folate deficiency but its CI in megaloplastic anemia secondary to Vit b12.
3- Flouvoxamine in OCD.
4- Flouxitine in Bulimia Nervosa.
5- Erythromycin in Legionnaires.
6- Tetracyclin in Trachoma.
7- Beclomethsone in respiratory distress syndrome.
8Unique Effects:
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34- Opioids occur in Medial thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary , immune cells, urinary bladder and
GIT.
35- SNRIs are used in depressed patient refractory to SSRAs, Neuropathic pain.
36- Lithium has low therapeutic effects; its not sedative, not euphoriant and not depressant.
37- Ramelteon: Act on MT1 and MT2.
38- Food increases Sertraline absorption, only Sertraline undergo 1st pass Metabolism.
39- Labetalol and CCBs are most effective in Blacks and elderly.
40- Tolcapone cross the BBB.
41- Pancuronium has a vagolytic effect, it increase heart rate.
42- All Ergot Alkaloids: like ergotamine, cabergoline and bromocriptine may cause pulmonary and
retroperitoneal fibrosis.
43- Trazodone: causes priapism.
44- Cisatracurium is the only NMJB that do not need dose reduction in renal failure, because its
spontaneously hydrolyzed in the plasma.
45- Aminoglycoside inhibit acetylcholine release.
46- Non Catechole Adrenergic Agonists, Ephedrine, Amphetamine, Metaproterenol and
phenylephrine.
47- Isoproterenol is stable to MAO hydrolysis.
48- Bethnichol is used in postoperative urinary retention, neurologic atony, and Megacolon.
49- Since Chloramphenicol toxicity is potentiated by Na depletion, a bolus dose before and after
administration is used to reduce chloramphenicol.
50- Allupurinol can produce allergic reaction (rash) after months.
51- Progestin only pills (mini pills) are used in: smoker, lactating or estrogen intolerant women.
52- LH stimulate steriodogenesis, FSH stimulate Spermatogenesis.
53- Testosterone is active in liver and muscles; DHT is active at liver, brain and adipose tissue.
54- Beta2 Agonists are not metabolized by COMT.
55- Liquid ICS should be inhaled slowly and deeply.
56- Powder ICS should be inhaled quickly and deeply.
57- Cromylin is recommended in asthma prophylaxis children and pregnant women.
58- Urea Breathe Test is used to diagnose H. Pylori complicated ulcer.
59- Drugs that may cause sexual dysfunction, Beta-Blockers, Alpha Agonists, SSRIs.
60- Procainamide and Hydralazine cause reversible Lupus Erythematous like Syndrome.