Name : Evelyn Lau Hsing-Ye

Course : 5th Year 2nd semester

 The term diabetes mellitus describes
a metabolic disorder of multiple
etiologies characterized by chronic
hyperglycemia with disturbances of
carbohydrate, fat and protein
metabolism resulting from defects of
insulin secretion, insulin action or
both.
Signs and Symptoms
 Fasting blood  2 hours after
glucose level glucose load
 Diabetic (Plasma or capillary BS)
 Plasma >7.0 mmol  IGT
 Capillary >6.0 mmol  7.8-11.0
 IGT  Diabetic level
 Plasma 6.0-6.9 mmol > 11.1 (200 mg)
 Capillary 5.6-6.0 mmol
 Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an
autoimmune disease.
 It is triggered by environmental factors
in genetically susceptible individuals.
 Both humoral & cell-mediated immunity
are stimulated.
 Evidence of genetics is shown in
 Ethnic differences
 Familial clustering
 High concordance rate in twins
 Specific genetic markers
 Higher incidence with genetic syndromes or
chromosomal defects
 Acute:
DKA
Hypoglycemia
 Late-onset:
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Ischemic heart disease & stroke