Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ky Thuat Vien Thong VN
Ky Thuat Vien Thong VN
H NI - 2007
Tuyt vi
Cc b m ho li
Tt
Cc b m ho dng sng
Kh tt
Cc b m ho thoi
Km
16
32
64
Bit Rate
(Kbit/s)
Tn hiu ang iu ch
Tn hiu c iu
ch bin
Tn hiu c iu
ch theo tn s
Hnh 1.2: iu ch theo bin v theo tn s
Ly mu
t
Lng t ho
M ho
1
0
(a)
Bin
Tm
(b)
t
Bin
+3
+2
+1
0
-1
-2
-3
(c)
-3
Qd K +
2
2
2
PQd =
12
T biu thc ny cho thy cng sut nhiu lng t ch ph thuc vo bc lng t
m khng ph thuc vo bin tn hiu.
i vi tn hiu mnh, t s:
S Tnhiu
=
s ln hn t s ny ca tn hiu yu.
N Nhiu
Mun san bng t s ny gia tn hiu mnh v tn hiu yu phi s dng lng t ho khng u.
Bin
Qd = nhiu lng t (Quantising distortion)
+3
Qd
Qd
Qd
+2
+1
Qd
Qd
t
0
-1
-2
Qd
Qd
Qd
-3
+2
+1
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
Trong th d trn hnh 1.7 bin ca tn hiu analog c chia thnh 4 bc lng t, k
hiu l 1, 2, 3, 4. Nh vy: 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < ... Cc ng thng song song vi trc honh
(t) gi l cc mc lng t, c nh s t 0 ti gc to .
Cc xung ly mu ti cc chu k nTm (trong n=0,1,2,...) c ly trn n mc lng
t gn nht.
Mun lng t ho khng u c th s dng mt trong hai phng php: nn - dn
analog hoc nn - dn s.
Nn - dn analog
Y=
Trong x =
8
Ax
1 + ln A
0x
1
A
1 + ln Ax
1 + ln A
1
x 1
A
uV
vi uV l bin in p u vo b nn, cnU0 l in p vo bo ho.
U0
ln (1 + x )
ln (1 + )
Y=
0 x 1
ln (1 x )
ln (1 + )
1 x 0
c tuyn b nn
+1
c tuyn b dn
-1
+1
Bin vo
-1
S Tnhiu
=
khong 25 dB th s mc lng t u phi bng
N Nhiu
Nn - dn s:
1
G
7
8
6
8
5
8
4
8
3
8
on 13
12
11
10
2
8
1
8
x
1
128
-1
1
64
1
32
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
(Tn hiu
Tn hiu
u
vo)
u vo
6
5
4
3
2
on 1
-1
1
1
,
,
128 64
1 1 1 1 1
,
, , ,
v 1; cn na m c chia ngc li.
32 16 8 4 2
Trn trc y chia thnh cc khong u nhau v na dng gm cc im 0,
4 5 6 7
, , ,
v 1 ; cn na m c chia ngc li.
8 8 8 8
10
1 2 3
, , ,
8 8 8
Gii m
Lc
t
Tn hiu PCM
nhn c
011
11 0
1 01
6
011
0 01
01 0
Tn hiu xung
lng t
2
t
Tn hiu xung
Lng t
Lc tn hiu analog
in p tng
u ra b lc
Cc phng php m ho mi
PCM tn ti trong 1/4 thp k v cc cng ngh mi bt u thu ht s ch . Trong
thp k cui, m ho thoi tinh vi tr ln hin thc nh s pht trin ca VLSI (mch tch hp
rt ln). PCM ti 64 Kb/s khng cn l cng ngh duy nht na. Vic m ho 32 v 16 kbit/s
c pht trin, v cc phng php vocoder cng c pht trin m ch yu cu 4.8 Kb/s v t
hn. Chng ta c th bng mi cch t ti 800bit/s m vn nghe hiu c, nhng ti tc
bit ny khng c kh nng nhn dng c li ni ca ngi ni.
Cc phng php m ho mi gi ra rt nhiu li ch, v chng cho php cc nh khai
thc tng gp 2 hay 4 ln dung lng truyn dn thoi trong mng ca h m khng cn phi
lp t thit b truyn dn mi. Mt trong nhng phng php c th dng l iu ch xung m vi
sai thch ng, ADPCM. ADPCM cho php truyn thoi vi cht lng gim ti thiu ti 32Kbit/s.
Khuyn ngh ca ITU v ADPCM c gi l G.726.
PCM vi sai (DPCM)
Tn hiu c ly mu cho thy mc tng quan cao gia cc mu k cn. Hay ni
cch khc, hai mu gn nhau l kh tng t nh nhau. Ngha l s c nhiu li ch nu m ho s
12
5
4
6
3
2
1
Mu s 1
lch
gia cc
gi tr mu
6
t
Mu s 1
13
Mu s 1
Thi gian
Trong m ho ADPCM, sau khi tn hiu vo tng t i qua m ho PCM thng thng,
th lung cc mu 8 bit c gi tip ti b m ho ADPCM. Trong b m ho ny, mt thut
ton ch vi 15 mc lng t c s dng gim di t 8 bit xung 4 bit. 4 bit ny khng
biu din bin ca mu na, nhng nh c m ho vi sai m 4 bit vn cha thng tin cho
php tn hiu gc s c ti to b thu.
Mc ca mt mu c d on da trn mc ca mu ng trc. S khc nhau gia mu
d on v thc t l rt nh v v vy c th m ho bng 4 bit. Nu c vi mu tip theo thay
i ln, th cc bc lng t c thch ng nh m t trn.
14
Ly
mu
Chn
xung knh
Ghp
knh
M ho
u ra
B to
xung pht
30
XB v Bo hiu
30
Lp m
-ng
Ly
mu
B to
xung thu
30
Tch
XB
Chn
xung
knh
Gii m
Tch
knh
Gii m
-ng
khung
1616khung
TF=125s
Khung
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 TS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cc khung chn
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Cc khung l
Si 1 A S S S S S
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 CH
Khung F0
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8
0 0 0 0 SA S S
Ch thch:
TS - khe thi gian
CH- knh thoi
Khung c thi gian 125s c chia thnh 32 khe thi gian bng nhau v nh s th t t
TS0 n TS31. Mi khe thi gian TS di 3,9s gm mt t m 8 bt. Mi khung gm c 256 bit
v chu k lp li ca khung bng 8000 Hz.
Cc khe TS0 ng u cc khung chn gm bit Si c s dng cho quc t (nu khng
dng th ci t bng 1) v by bt cn li l t m ng b khung 0011011. Cc khe TS0 ng
u cc khung l gm bit th nht Si dng cho mng quc t, nu khng s dng t Si= 1, bit th
hai lun c logic 1 trnh phng to t m ng b khung, bit th ba dng cho cnh bo xa khi
mt ng b khung, nm bit S cn li dnh cho quc gia. Khi trm u xa khng thu c t m
ng b khung s t A=1 v truyn v trm gc.
Mi a khung ko di trong 2 ms v cha 16 khung. Cc khung c nh s th t t F0
n F15, trong 8 khung mang ch s chn v 8 khung cn li mang ch s l.
Khe thi gian TS16 ca khung F0 truyn t m ng b a khung vo v tr cc bit th nht
n bit th t, bit th 6 truyn cnh bo xa khi mt ng b a khung (A=1), cc bit S dnh cho
quc gia, nu khng s dng t S=1.
Cc khe thi gian TS16 ca khung F1 n khung F15 dng truyn bo hiu. Bo hiu
ca mi knh thoi c m ho thnh 4 bit a, b, c, d v ghp vo na khe thi gian TS16. Na
bn tri truyn bo hiu ca cc knh thoi th nht n 15 v na bn phi truyn bo hiu cc
knh thoi th 16 n 30 nh bng 1.1.
16
b1b2b3b4
b5b6b7b8
a bc d
ab cd
Khung 1
Knh 1
Knh 16
Khung 2
Knh 2
Knh 17
Khung 3
Knh 3
Knh 18
Khung 4
Knh 4
Knh 19
Khung 5
Knh 5
Knh 20
Khung 6
Knh 6
Knh 21
Khung 7
Knh 7
Knh 22
Khung 8
Knh 8
Knh 23
Khung 9
Knh 9
Knh 24
Khung 10
Knh 10
Knh 25
Khung 11
Knh 11
Knh 26
Khung 12
Knh 12
Knh 27
Khung 13
Knh 13
Knh 28
Khung 14
Knh 14
Knh 29
Khung 15
Knh 15
Knh 30
17
Th t khung
C1
C2
C3
C4
C1
10
C2
11
12
C3
13
14
C4
15
Bng 1.2. tm tt chc nng cc bit ca khe thi gian TS0 trong mi a khung 16 khung.
Cng c th xem a khung gm 2 a khung con; a khung con th nht gm khung 0 n khung 7
v a khung con th hai gm khung 8 n khung 15. Bit Si trong cc khung chn ca mi a
khung con l cc bit kim tra d chu trnh C1 C2 C3 C4 (CRC-4). Bit Si trong cc khung l ca
a khung to thnh t m ng b a khung CRC-4, bt E trong khung 13 ch th li bit ca CRC4 ca a con th nht v bit E trong khung 15 ch th li bit ca CRC-4 ca a khung con th hai.
Phn cp s cn ng b PDH
Sau khi gii thiu v phng php ghp knh c s PCM-30, phn ny s trnh by v cc
h thng ghp knh bc cao. Ghp knh bc cao l ghp nhiu lung s c tc thp to
thnh mt lung s c tc cao hn. Thit b thc hin nhim v ni trn c gi l my ghp
knh bc cao.
PDH l mt trong nhng h thng ghp knh s bc cao thng dng. Trong mng thng tin
PDH khng s dng ng b tp trung, ngha l tt c cc phn t trong mng khng b khng ch
bi mt ng h ch. Mi thit b ghp knh hoc tng i trong mng ny c mt ng h ring.
Chnh v vy m cc lung s do chng to ra c s chnh lch v tc bit.
Chng hn tng i th nht a ra lung s (2048 kbit/s + 510-5); trong khi mt tng
i khc li a ra lung s (2048 kbit/s - 510-5). Mun ghp cc lung s c tc bit khc
nhau ny thnh mt lung s c tc cao hn th phi hiu chnh cho tc bit ca chng bng
18
Chn
Bit
1
B chuyn
mch
J- Cc bit chn
Tn hiu ra
Cc bit d
liu u vo
B to xung ng h
B ghp
Chn
Bit
Lung s 2Mbit/s c tc
bit thp hn nh mc
V tiu chun tc bit PDH, hin nay trn th gii c 3 tiu chun: Chu u, Bc M v
Nht Bn. Sau y l c im chnh ca cc tiu chun ny.
Tiu chun Chu u
Chu u da trn tc bit c s 2048 kbit/s ghp xen bit thnh cc tc bit cao hn
v gm c 4 mc. S hnh thnh cc mc theo tiu chun Chu u nh hnh 1.18a.
Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 30 knh thoi thnh lung 2048 kbit/s. Cc lung s c s ny c
cung cp t thit b ghp knh PCM-30 hoc t tng i in t s.
Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s c s thnh lung s mc 2 l 8448 kbit/s, gm 120 knh thoi.
Mc 3 (DS3): Ghp 4 lung s mc 2 thnh lung s mc 3 l 34368 kbit/s, gm 480 knh
thoi.
Mc 4 (DS4): Ghp 4 lung s mc 3 thnh lung mc s 4 l 139268 kbit/s, gm 1920
knh thoi.
Mc 5 (DS5): Ghp 4 lung s mc 4 thnh lung mc s 5 l 564992 kbit/s, gm 7680
knh thoi.
Tiu chun Bc M
Bc M s dng lung s c s 1544 kbit/s t thit b PCM-24 hoc t tng i in t s
ghp xen bit thnh cc lung s c tc bit cao hn v gm c 4 mc. S hnh thnh cc
mc theo tiu chun Bc M nh hnh 1.18b.
Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 24 knh thoi thnh lung 1544 kbit/s.
Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s mc 1 thnh lung s mc 2 l 6312 kbit/s, gm 96 knh thoi.
19
2048
kbit/s
8448
kbit/s
34368
kbit/s
ITU-T
5
1544
kbit/s
139264
kbit/s
Tiu chun
Chu u
(a)
32064
kbit/s
97728
kbit/s
400352
kbit/s
Tiu chun
Nht
6312
kbit/s
7
ITU-T
44736
kbit/s
6
(b)
20
564992
kbit/s
274176
kbit/s
Tiu chun
Bc M
DS-1#1
T
DS-1#2
DS-1#3
DS-1#4
XB
DS-2
Hnh 1.19: Ghp xen bit bn lung s DS1 thnh lung s DS2
Khi ghp cc lung s PDH c tc bit thp thnh lung s c tc bit cao hn th cc thit
b ghp thng hot ng theo kiu cn ng b. V cc lung s u vo b ghp c tc bit
21
Cc mc tn hiu
ng b (STS)
Tc bit
OC-1
STS-1
51,84
OC-3
STS-3
155,52
OC-9
STS-9
466,56
OC-12
STS-12
622,08
OC-18
STS-18
933,12
OC-24
STS-24
1244,16
OC-36
STS-36
1866,24
OC-48
STS-48
2488,32
(Mbit/s)
G.707
- Cc tc bit ca SDH
G.708
- Cu trc ghp ng b
G.773
G.774
G.782
G.784
- Qun l SDH
G.803
G.825
- iu khin rung pha v tri pha trong mng thng tin SDH
G.957
G.958
M.30
155,52 Mbit/s
STM-4 =
4 STM-1
= 622,08 Mbit/s
STM-8 =
8 STM-1
= 1244,16 Mbit/s
STM-N
1
AUG
AU-4
C-4
139264 kbit/s
C-3
44736 kbit/s
34368 kbit/s
VC-2
C-2
6312 kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2048 kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
1544 kbit/s
VC-4
3
TUG-3
AU-3
VC-3
TU-3
VC-3
7
7
Ghi ch:
TUG-2
TU-2
3
X l con tr
Ghp knh
ng chnh
Sp xp
25
261 ct
P
O
9 dng
9 dng
85 ct
Vng ti trng
125s
P
O
Vng ti trng
(a)
VC-3 POH
125s
(b)
VC-4 POH
Hnh 1.21: Cu trc khung VC-3 (a) v VC-4 (b)
Khung VC-3 c trc 9 dng 85 ct. Ni mt cch khc l khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp
85 byte, mi byte ghp 8 bit.
Khung VC-4 c trc 9 dng 261 ct, ngha l l khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp 261
byte, mi byte ghp 8 bit.
Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4 gm 2 phn chnh:
Phn th nht ghp cc byte POH t dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 1 dng cho qun l,
gim st tuyn mc cao. (chc nng v v tr ca cc byte ny s c trnh by trong
mc 2.4.2.5)
Phn th hai l phn ti trng ghp cc lung nhnh PDH. Vi khung VC-3 c
ghp t dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 2 n ct 85, i vi khung VC-4 c ghp t
dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 2 n ct 261.
Trnh t truyn cc byte trong khung l t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. Trnh t
truyn cc bit trong mt byte l bit c trng s ln nht truyn i trc v bit c trng s b nht
truyn sau cng. Nguyn tc truyn ny p dng cho mi loi khung tn hiu trong SDH.
Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp
Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp nh hnh 1.22.
27
VC-n
VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
26
35
107
26
35
107
26
35
107
26
35
107
104
140
428
V5
V2
V3
V4
125s
J2
250s
375s
N2
K4
500s
(b)
(a)
9 dng
RSOH
AU-n PTR
Vng ti trng
MSOH
125s
Hnh 1.23: Cu trc khung STM-1
= 155,52 Mbit/s
270N ct
9N
261N
9 dng
RSOH
AU-n PTR
Vng ti trng
MSOH
125s
Hnh 1.24: Cu trc khung STM-N
29
30
Telephone
Telephone
Trm u cui
Fax
MUX E/O
Trm lp
O/E
E/O
Trm u cui
DEO/E MUX
Fax
Data
Data
TV
TV
Li
Lp v bc s cp
(1.1)
Khi gc ti tng cho n khi tia khc x trng vi tip gip gia hai mi trng th gc ti
= c gi l gc ti hn v gc khc x ,= / 2 (hnh 1.27b). V vy:
sin c= n2/ n1
(1.2)
n1>n2
n2
n1
r
C
B
A
(a)
(b)
(c)
Mt ct ch s chit xut:
Loi si ny gi l si quang a mode chit xut bc. Si c c trng bi vng li ng
nht c chit xut l hng s n1 v xung quanh n l v c chit xut l n2 < n1. Mt ct dc ca
si v mt ct chit xut ca n c th hin tng ng trong cc hnh 1.28a v 1.28b. V mt
ct chit xut c hnh bc thang nn gi l chit xut bc. Li si c ng knh 2a=50m, v si
c ng knh d=125m.
r
d
2
a
a
n2
d
2
n1
(b)
(a)
Hnh 1.28: Si a mode chit xut bc
Khu s:
hiu r khu s (NA - Numerical Aperture) ca si, xem xt mt mt ct dc qua trc
si quang chit xut bc nh hnh 1.29.
n1 >n2
na =1
na
n2
C
m
A
m
B C
l
m
n1
l/ cos m
A
B
trong : = (n1 -
n22)/
(1.3)
V=
2 a
2 a
2
2
(NA ) =
n1 n 2
(1.4)
V2
2
(1.5)
Mt ct chit sut
Khc vi si a mode chit xut bc, si a mode chit xut Gradient c mt ct chit xut
nh hnh 1.30b.
Trong si quang chit xut Gradient, chit sut ca li khng ng u nh si a mode
chit xut bc, m n gim dn t tm li ra ranh gii phn cch li - v theo chiu tng ca ca
bn knh r. Cn chit xut v l mt hng s. Phn b chit xut ca si quang a mode chit xut
Gradient nh biu thc (1.6).
n(r) =
r
n1 1 2
a
n2
1/ 2
Khi 0 r a
(1.6)
Khi a < r d/2
a
a
d
2
(a)
n2
n1
(b)
Hnh 1.30: Si a mode chit sut Gradient
Khu s:
So vi si chit sut bc th vic xt khu s ca si chit xut gradient c phc tp
hn. si Gradient, khu s NA ph thuc vo v tr mt ct ngang u li si. Ni mt cch
khc, v chit sut ca si a mode Gradient ph thuc vo bn knh r ca si, do vy gc n nh
sng max v khu s NA cng l hm ca bn knh. Xt v quang hnh hc th nh sng ti li
si ti v tr r s lan truyn c trong li ch khi n trong khu s cc b NA(r) ti im .
Khu s cc b NA(r) c xc nh nh biu thc (1.7).
[n (r ) n ]
2 1/ 2
r
a
NA (0 ) 1
NA(r) =
Khi 0 r a
(1.7)
Khi a < r d/2
NA(0) = n (0 ) n 2
2
2 1/ 2
(1.8)
V2
4
36
(1.9)
r
d
2
a
d
2
(b)
n2
n1
(a)
Hnh 1.31: Si n mode chit sut bc
V=
2 a
2
2
n1 n 2 2,405
(1.10)
c =
2 a
2
2
n1 n 2
2,405
(1.11)
2a
2,405
n1 n 2
2
2 1/ 2
37
n v
Gi tr danh nh
Sai s
910
10%
ng knh v
125
lch tm gia li v v
mo ca v
<2
Bc sng ct ca si
nm
1100<C<1280
dB
<1
dB/km
<1
dB/km
<0,5
nm
1295<0< 1322
ps/(nm.km)
0,095
Vng =12851330nm
ps/(nm.km)
3,5
Vng =12701340nm
ps/(nm.km)
6,0
Vng =15251575nm
ps/(nm.km)
20
Bc sng tn sc zero
Gi tr tn sc ti 0
Tr s tn sc
10 Pin
log
L
Pout
[dB/km]
(1.12)
Trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu nh sng, bn thn si quang c suy hao v lm cho tn hiu
yu i khi qua mt c li lan truyn no . Suy hao do cc yu t bn trong si quang bao gm:
Suy hao do hp th
Suy hao do tn x
38
40
Vng dn
Eg
Vng cm
Vng ho tr
in t
E0
Vng dn
EC
Chuyn
dch
in t
Vng cm
EV
L trng
Mt cc
in t
Mt cc l
trng
Vng ho tr
E2
Bc x t pht
in t
nh sng
Bc x cng bc
nh sng
L trng
E1
a)
b)
c)
d)
= c/12 = hc/(E2-E1)
Trong :
(1.13)
50m
Lp tip xc
Lp nn n-GaAs
Vng hot tnh
p-GaAs
SiO
Lp tip xc
d
t
42
60m
Lp hot tnh
p
hoc
e
Hng ro d th
Vng dn
in t
L trng
c
Hng ro d th
e
Lp hot tnh
P
Ti hp
Vng cm
Vng ho tr
Pht x t pht
Lp tip xc v to nhit Au
3m
2m
0,05m
2m
3m
Lp nn n-GaAs
300
1200
50m
150m
Cc lp bao gm: Lp cch in; p+-GaAs; P-Ga0,6Al0,04As; Lp hot tnh nGa0,9Al0,1As; N- Ga0,6Al0,4As; n-GaAs
Cc tham s ca LED
Cc tham s c bn ca LED nh bng 1.5.
44
Cc tham s
Gii bc sng
800 nm 850nm
Bc sng 1300nm
Ga Al As
Ga In As P
rng ph, nm
30 60
50 150
0,5 4,0
0,4 0,6
SLED
0,01 0,05
0,015 0,035
ELED
0,05 0,13
0,03 0,06
0,003 0,03
n mode ELED
50 150
Dng iu khin, mA
100 150
4 14
ELED
2 10
2,5 10
0,08 0,15
0,1 0,3
1 10
50 100
Tn s iu ch, GHz
Tui th, 106 h
(1.14)
tho mn iu kin cng hng, hai gng phn x phi cch nhau mt qung l L
bng s nguyn ln na bc sng.
Qu trnh pht x ca FP-LD c thc hin khi mt vi bc sng cng hng nm
trong ng cong khuch i c h s khch i ln hn suy hao nh hnh 1.38c.
45
Gng
Vng hn ch
Vng hn ch
(a)
(b)
Tn hao
(nm)
(nm)
(d)
(c)
Tn hiu vo
lp m
iu khin
IP
Ngun
quang
Tn hiu
quang ra
c (m ) =
1,24 [eV.m]
,
E g [eV]
(1.15)
p
nh sng ti
_
_
_
+
+
+
+
(a)
Engoi
ETX
48
_
_
p
_
GaAs
_
nh sng ti
w1
i
InGaAs
+
+
+
+
+
n
GaAs
w2
E
x
Hnh 1.41: Cu to ca diode tch quang p-i-n
(1.16)
e = in tch ca in t
Tp m dng ti
Dng u ra diode tch quang xut hin ngay c khi khng c tn hiu quang hay cn gi
l dng ti Id. Trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m dng ti c xc nh theo biu thc
<id>2 = 2e Id f
(1.17)
Tp m nhit
Tp m nhit cn gi l tp Johnson hoc tp m Nyquist l do chuyn ng ngu nhin
ca cc in t t do qua mch in. S lng cc in t l v cng ln v v vy tp m nhit l
mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss. Qua thc nghim xc minh c mt ph ca tp m nhit
phn b u trn trc tn s trong min xa cc tm. Nu in tr l R[], ti nhit Kelvin T v
B l rng bng tn my thu th tr trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m nhit l:
I th
4 kTf
R
(1.18)
p+
nh sng ti
n+
x
Min hp th
Min nhn
Hnh 1.42: APD v phn b in trng bn trong
M=
(1.19)
[1 (V I ph R) / VB ]n
Trong Iph l dng tch quang trung bnh, R = RS + Rth l tng in tr ni tip RS v
in tr gia tng do nhit Rth, VB l in p nh thng.
hf
c
d
e
g
h
T=3400K
0
T=320
K
0
T=300 K
T=2730K
1000
100
10
100
200
300
400
(1.20)
I ph / e I ph hc
hc
=
=R
P0 / hf P0 e
e
(1.21)
Hp th trong lp ngho l cc i
R=
I ph e e
=
=
P
hf
hc
(1.22)
L tng
Thc t
tA
Mkw A
v se
(1.23)
(w 2 + Mkw A ) (w 2 + w A )
+
v se
v sh
(1.24)
(1.25)
Khuch i
iu chnh
B
cn bng
B
lc
B
quyt nh
B
gii m
B tch
ng h
D liu
ra
clock
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).
55
a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access).
56
Hnh 1.49. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp
k > 4/3 b
(b)
2
1
3
4
f1
f1
f1
Nhiu bc x ngc
f1
f2
Nhiu vt on
Hnh 1.52: Mt s dng nhiu vi ba s
3) Phn b tn s
chng nhiu cn b tr bng tn hp l, CCIR khuyn ngh : h s ph hiu dng t nht
l 2bit/s/Hz v tc bt phi bng hoc hn rng bng tn RF, khng ph thuc phn cc,
vo tn s s dng li hoc cu hnh h thng. Vic chn bng tn c tc dng ln n c tnh
ca thit b.
Cc bng tn ca thit b vi ba s c nhng rng buc bi c im nu trn, n cn b
rng buc bi yu t tnh kh dng ca ph t do, s phn b tn s v cc iu l qun l khc.
Bng tn c chia thnh na bng tn thp v na bng tn cao v phn phng v ra bng ZS.
Khong cch cc tiu gia hai na bng XS c quyt nh bng cch xt n nhiu ca knh
ln cn v khong cch cc tiu gia tn s pht v thu (YS). Khong cch tn s thng c
xc nh tiu chun ho theo tc u hiu rs ca h thng. Vic s dng phn cc ng v
ngang trong h thng s c th dng ti tn nh nhau, cc tn hiu thu tch bit nhau thc hin
theo phn bit i vi phn cc cho ca an-ten. S khc nhau ny cng c th xy ra trong s
62
Na bng tn cao
XS
YS
ZS
f1
f2
fn
f0
f,1
fn
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6.
+
f0
fn
Na bng tn trn
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Rx 1
S liu
vo
S liu ra
Tx
Rx 1
B t hp
an-ten
Hnh 1.54: Phn tp khng gian
Cc phn tch cho thy s ci thin tin cy ca h thng (hay gim thi gian gin on
do pha inh) nm trong gii h s 10 n 200. S ci thin c tng cng bng s tng tn s,
d phng pha inh t an-ten cch nhau theo chiu ng v gim di ca on ng truyn.
Khong in hnh cc an-ten t nht l 200 ln bc sng (v d : bng 6GHz th cch > 10m)
Biu thc h s ci thin :
=
T
Td
S 2 f 10 ( F V ) / 10
d
: hiu qu ca chuyn mch phn tp.
IS =
1, 2 10
80 f 10
f 2d
F / 10
S liu
Tx1
f1
Rx 1
f2
S liu ra
vo
Tx2
Rx2
B t hp
Hnh 1.55: Phn tp theo tn s
Phn tp theo tn s v theo khng gian cho cc trng hp xy ra pha inh, nhiu ng
v cng cao. ci thin tt, k thut chuyn mch hitless c s dng. Chm bit thu c ti
bng tn gc c to li tng bit, nu li b pht hin, dng b nh n hi quyt nh chuyn
mch ti lung bit khng li. y l phng php chuyn mch khng li bt hoc hitless.
trnh s c truyn dn ngi ta tin hnh thm cu hnh d phng nng (Hot standby).
3) Cc b cn bng thch ng trung tn
Ngi ta bit c dng sng trung tn bng thng b thay i nghim trng khi c pha
inh nhiu ng sng. Mt s tn s trong ph sng mang b suy gim qu nghim trng hn cc
tn s khc. Kt qu iu ny dn n mo bng tn gc dn ti li v hng ng truyn. Cc b
cn bng thch ng IF lm gim ti thiu iu ny. iu ny rt quan trng, n cn thit xem
xt li iu kin truyn sng tn ti gia cc anten thu pht.
Kh quyn to ra cc ng sng D1 v D2 c di khc nhau.
d = D1 D2 =
V d : h1 = 60 m ; h2 = 500m ; D = 50 km th
2 h 1h 2
D
d = 1, 2 m
65
t=
Thi gian i ca hai ng sng khc nhau iu ny tng ng f = 1/t = 250 MHz. Nu
tng hp th vc t hai ng truyn thi gian khc nhau, n c gi tr max nu cng pha v
bng 0 nu ngc pha. Tuy nhin thc t t khi nh vy.
D1
h2
D2
h1
D
Hnh 1.56: Lan truyn nhiu tia sng khc nhau gy mo ph
Nh v d ny th s cng pha v khc pha mi 250Mhz. Tt c cc im trn ng cong
tun hon s c pha khc nhau t 0 1800. ng cong gi l ng xicloit . Thng th tn hiu
tng hp tng hn tn hiu ng truyn trc tip ring r l 6dB. Gi s trung tn cho gii iu
ch in hnh 56Mhz, ch mt phn ng cong tun hon c tnh bng trung tn gii iu ch
(hnh 1.57a).
Bin
RF1
RF1
RF2
RF2
RF1
RF2
rng
RF1 + RF2
6dB
RF1
logic
km
tra
RF1
RF2
RF2
t
1/2
1/
a)
3/2
(Tn s)
b)
66
Gii m knh
70
Abis
BSC
HLR
PSTN,ISDN
CSPDN
PSPDN
PLMN
MSC
SM
ME
VLR
BTS
BSC
BTS
Station
EIR
AuC
Network Subsystem
72
Giao din v tuyn bao gm hai bng tn s song cng 25 Mhz cho c ng ln v ng
xung (Uplink v downlink), gii bng tn l 890-915 MHz v 935-960 MHz (hnh 1.60). Cng
ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA c ng dng cho mi sng mang c rng
bng tn l 200 KHz. V phng din thi gian mi sng mang c ghp vo 8 khe thi gian
lin tip (s dng cng ngh a truy nhp theo thi gian TDMA). Mt chu k nhc li lin tip
ca mi khe thi gian gi l mt khung TDMA. Thng tin bo hiu v s liu ca ngi s dng
c bo v chng li cc iu kin li trn giao din v tuyn bng cch s dng m sa li (m
xon) v an xen. S liu c m ho khi c a vo cc Burst, m ho v iu ch s dng
kho dch ti thiu Gauss (iu ch tn s GMSK) qua giao din v tuyn. V mt logic cc knh
lu lng c t hp ca cc khe thi gian trong cc khung TDMA lin tip, thc hin iu
khin lin kt chm SACCH v cc khe thi gian ri trong mt a khung 26 (Hnh 1.61).
73
MS TX
7
Gim st
Hnh 1.62. Hot ng ca MS trong ch thoi hoc s liu s dng mt khe thi gian
Hnh 1.62 cho thy s hot ng ca mt MS trong trng thi truyn thoi hoc s liu.
Trong v d ny khe thi gian 2 c s dng cho vic thu v pht. Vic pht c th sm hn mt
cht m bo thi gian n chnh xc ti BTS. Vic gim st ca cc cell ln cn c thc
hin trong khong thi gian gia vic thu v pht theo khung TDMA. Trnh t ny c tip tc
lp li trong ton b thi gian din ra cuc gi tr khung ri trong a khung 26. Trong ton b
khung ri, MS thc hin vic ng b vi cc Cell ln cn.
1.3.3.5. M ho knh v iu ch
truyn dn s ngi ta thng o cht lng ca tn hiu thu c bng t s li bt
(BER). BER ni ln bao nhiu bt trong tng s bt thu c mc li. T s ny cng nh cng tt.
Tuy nhin do ng truyn dn lun lun thay i nn ta khng th gim hon ton xung khng,
ngha l phi cho php mt lng li nht nh. c th ci thin t s li bt BER ngi ta
dng cc phng php m ho knh. Thng thng m ho knh c th pht hin li v chng
mc no sa c li. M ho knh phi tr gi l thm s bt kim tra, tc l lm tng lng
thng tin truyn trn ng truyn.
Trong thng tin di ng s dng hai phng php m ho c bn l m khi v m xon. m
ho khi ta b sung mt s bt kim tra vo mt s bt thng tin nht nh, cc bt kim tra ch ph
thuc vo cc bt thng tin khi bn tin. m xon, b m ho to ra khi cc bt thng tin m ha
khng ch ph thuc vo khi bn tin hin thi, m cn ph thuc vo cc bt ca cc khi trc.
Cc m khi thng c s dng khi c bo hiu nh hung theo khi, chng hn v
tuyn di ng mt t tng t khi s liu c pht i theo khi. N cng thng c s dng
pht hin li khi thc hin ARQ (yu cu t ng pht li). M ho xon lin quan nhiu hn
n sa li, chng hn khi khng c phng tin ARQ.
74
75
N Qu o Elip
Nquo a cc
N
Qu o xch o
Hnh 1.64: Cc qu o v tinh thng tin
79
Cc phng php truy nhp trong thng tin v tinh c pht trin khng ngng:
- a truy nhp chia tn s (FDMA).
- a truy nhp chia thi gian (TDMA).
- a truy nhp chia m (CDMA).
Cc lnh vc dng v tinh l:
-
80
Li vo
Trng
chuyn mch
Li ra
Cc b /k
B x l
trung tm
Nhim v quan trng nht ca trng chuyn mch l thc hin qu trnh u ni cho mt
u vo ti mt u ra (tuyn s liu, khe thi gian, ) di s iu khin ca b x l trung
tm. V mt vt l, trng chuyn mch c th c cc cu trc ghp hp TS, ST, STS,TST,
TSSST, TTT. Tuy nhin, cu trc ghp TST ang s dng ph bin nht v hiu qu kinh t, cc
ch tiu k thut, dung lng v mt s u im khc. Ti trng chuyn mch, cc ma trn
chuyn mch tng S c cu to t cc phn t logic AND hoc phn t 3 trng thi di s
iu khin ca cc b vi x l cc b, cn cc chuyn mch tng T l cc b nh truy xut ngu
nhin (RAM) v cng c iu khin bi cc b vi x l cc b.
Trn hnh 2.1 ch th hin mt cch n gin vn iu khin trng chuyn mch. Trn
thc t ti cc tng i qu trnh iu khin thng phn cp thnh nhiu mc, th hin c cu
iu khin phn tn ti cc b x l bn trong. Mt s h thng chuyn mch dung lng nh
82
Li ra
Li vo
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Trng
chuyn mch
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Cc b /k
B x l
trung tm
Hnh 2.2 M hnh h thng chuyn mch c cc module ng dy v trung k
83
Li ra
Li vo
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
I
C
Trng
chuyn mch
Cc b /k
I
C
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Cc b /k
B x l
trung tm
84
Li vo
SC
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
SC
I
C
Trng
chuyn mch
Cc b /k
I
C
Li ra
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Cc b /k
B x l
trung tm
Chc nng cc khi trong m hnh h thng tng i trn hnh 2.4 c th nh sau.
Khi chc nng chuyn mch
Gm cc trng chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian, thc hin nhim v chuyn thng
tin t mt tuyn u vo ti mt tuyn u ra.
Khi chc nng iu khin trung tm
Gm cc b vi x l thc hin cc nhim v iu khin phc v cho u ni s liu qua
trng chuyn mch, vn hnh v bo dng h thng tng i in t s.
Khi chc nng cc b iu khin
L cc b vi x l thc hin x l mc thp hn b x l trung tm (c gi l x l th
cp), h tr cc chc nng x l ti cc khi thit b theo lnh iu khin t b x l trung tm.
Khi giao tip IC
Lm nhim v giao din gia tc thp v tc cao, chun ho cc lung s liu trc
khi a vo trng chuyn mch. Ngoi ra, IC cn m nhim vic truyn s liu iu khin ti
cc khi thit b khc.
Khi module ng dy v trung k
m nhim vai tr giao din vi mng thoi bn ngoi v thc hin qu trnh bin i cc
tn hiu tc khc nhau thnh dng tn hiu tiu chun trc khi a chng ti trng chuyn
mch.
Mch phc v SC
Cung cp cc chc nng bo hiu cho ton h thng, bao gm bo hiu cho ng dy thu
bao v bo hiu cho ng dy trung k.
Ngoi cc chc nng lit k trn, cn mt chc nng na rt quan trng ca tng i in
t s l vn hnh v bo dng h thng (O&M). Tng i hot ng 24/24 gi v lin tc trong
nhiu nm, i hi n nh ngn hn v di hn cho h thng. Chnh v vy, chc nng vn
hnh v bo dng t ng c khai thc trit vi rt nhiu phng php kim tra v khi
phc li a dng, phong ph gip cho h thng c an ton v tin cy.
85
86
HW vo
0
S-MEM
Add
TS 7
n
R/W
HW ra
Local controller
Selector 1
R
Clock
C-MEM
0
TS
count
7(3)
R/W
Selector 2
n
Data
Trung tm iu khin
Hnh 2.5 Trng chuyn mch thi gian tn hiu s
Tnh khng gian trong chuyn mch thi gian xut hin trong qu trnh kt ni cho mt
cuc gi no . Thng thng vic chuyn ni dung thng tin trong cc khe thi gian l c nh
i vi mt cuc gi. Khi , ni dung nh chim dng trong b nh iu khin cng l c
nh, v nh vy n mang tnh khng gian.
PCM ra
0
PCM
vo
Ma trn u ni
Hng u vo
Ct u ra
Bus iu khin
Local controler
R/W
Selector
Clk
TS
counter
Data
Local controler
Local controler
Add
Local controler
DEC
B iu khin u ni
Nh vy, trng chuyn mch khng gian khng gy tr v mt thi gian, nhng c th gy
nn hin tng Blocking khi c nhiu hn mt khe thi gian u vo cng mun u ni ti 1 khe
89
(A)
1
2
N
Li vo
...
...
...
MUX
MUX
MUX
CM-1
CM-2
CM-N
2
Li ra
(B)
1
2
CM-1
CM-1
Li vo
CM-N
DEMUX
DEMUX
DEMUX
Li ra
Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ca trng chuyn mch khng gian thc t
Cc trng chuyn mch khng gian thc t thng c cu trc module m nhim tng
phn lu lng ca ton b tng i. Nhng ma trn qu ln s khng thc hin c trn mt
bng mch in ngay c khi dng cc chip VLSI. Tnh hiu qu kinh t ca tng i s y hng
thit k cc chuyn mch khng gian s theo module. Cc module thng dng nht thng s
90
Chuyn mch T
TS3
Chuyn mch S
TS11
TS10
IT#0
IT#1
S
IT#2
TS11
TS7
TS10
IT#3
91
Chuyn mch T
TS11
TS10
TS3
OT#0
OT#1
S
OT#2
TS11
TS10
TS7
OT#3
Khi chuyn mch S-T cho php tng dung lng ln hn so vi chuyn mch mt tng,
tuy nhin vn tc nghn ti pha tng chuyn mch khng gian S vn cha th khc phc c.
Tng T1
TS3
Tng S
TS10
TS11
Tng T2
TS3
IT#0
OT#0
IT#1
OT#1
S
IT#2
OT#2
TS11
TS7
IT#3
TS10
TS7
OT#3
Khi chuyn mch T-S-T cng ging nh cc kiu ghp khc u nhm mc ch tng
dung lng v gim tc nghn. Tuy nhin, khi ghp hp cc trng chuyn mch s lm phc
92
Nt CM1
Nt CM 2
Nt CM 6
Nt
CM 3
User E
Nt CM 4
User A
Nt CM 5
Cc trm c th l my tnh hoc cc thit b u cui khc, c chc nng to v thu s liu.
Nt mng l mt h thng chuyn mch hay nh tuyn, thc hin cc chc nng phn gi (nt
gc), hp gi (nt ch), chuyn mch, lu tm v chuyn tip cc gi tin (cc nt trung gian).
Cc lin kt ng vai tr l ng truyn thng tin gia cc nt.
Mi trm trong mng chuyn mch gi c u ni vi mt nt mng. Mng khng lin
quan n ni dung thng tin c trao i gia cc trm. Mc ch ca n ch l chuyn s liu t
trm ny n trm khc (t ngun ti ch). Mng chuyn mch gi c c im l lu lng
truyn s liu thng c yu cu trao i tin nhanh, v do thi gian truyn tin rt ngn (<1s).
Vi thi gian truyn tin ngn nh vy th k thut chuyn mch knh l khng thch hp bi v
thi gian thit lp v gii phng knh c th lu hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian truyn tin.
93
Bn tin c di L
Bn tin
Gi tin
u
Trng tin
ui
94
Nt CM 6
Nt
CM 3
User B
Nt CM 4
Nt CM 5
User A
Nt CM 6
Nt
CM 3
User B
Nt CM 4
User A
TAG
ACK
Nt CM 5
95
1 Gi
2 Gi
10 Gi
1
1
Data
Data
2
2
Data
Data
3
3
Data
4
Data
Data
5
5
Data
Data
2
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
98
99
100
Chc nng chnh ca tng mng l nh a ch lgic v nh tuyn gi ti ch. Giao thc
ng ch nht tng lin mng chnh l giao thc lin mng (IP Internet Protocol). Ngoi ra
cn c mt s giao thc khc nh ICMP, ARP v RARP. Sau y s trnh by khi qut v cc
giao thc ny.
Giao thc IP
IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi n lc ti
a. N lc ti a y c ngha IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v kim tra li. N ch c
gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin cy l yu t quan trng, IP phi
hot ng vi mt giao thc tng trn tin cy, chng hn TCP.
Giao thc ICMP
Nh trnh by trn, IP l giao thc chuyn gi phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N c
thit k nhm mc ch s dng c hiu qu ti nguyn mng. IP cung cp dch v chuyn gi n
lc nht. Tuy nhin n c hai thiu ht: thiu iu khin li v thiu cc c ch h tr; IP cng
thiu c ch truy vn. Mt trm i khi cn xc nh xem router hoc mt trm khc c hot ng
khng. Mt ngi qun l mng i khi cn thng tin t mt trm hoc router khc.
Giao thc thng bo iu khin lin mng (ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol)
c thit k b p hai thiu ht trn. N c i km vi giao thc IP.
102
00000001
00000010
00000011
192 . 1 . 2 . 3
Hnh 3.3: K php du chm thp phn
3.1.2.1. Cc lp a ch IP
a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch mng v
phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cu trc ca cc lp c ch ra trong hnh 3.4.
Cc bit u tin ca a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B;
110 - lp C; 1110 - Lp D v 1111 - lp E).
103
Lp A
Lp B
1 0
Lp C
1 1 0
a ch trm
(8 bt)
Lp D
1 1 1 0
Lp E
1 1 1 1
Hnh 3.4. Cc lp a ch IP
a ch Lp A
Trong a ch lp A, byte u tin c dng nh ngha a ch mng. Tuy nhin bt u
tin phi lun lun bng 0, 7 bt cn li nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l s mng c
a ch IP lp A rt hn ch. V l thuyt c th c 27 = 128 mng lp A. Tuy nhin trn thc t
ch c 126 mng v c 2 mng c dnh ring cho cc mc ch c th.
Trong mt mng a ch lp A, 24 bt c s dng nh danh a ch trm. Ngha l v
l thuyt c th c ti a 224 = 16.777.216 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit (phn a
ch trm gm ton bt 0 hoc ton bt 1) c s dng lm cc a ch c bit. Ngha l thc
t ch c ti a 16.777.214 trm trong mt mng lp A.
Cc a ch lp A c thit k cho cc t chc c s lng my tnh cc ln kt ni vo
mng. Tuy nhin, khng mt t chc no c s lng my ln nh vy do rt nhiu a ch b
lng ph.
a ch Lp B
Trong a ch lp B, 2 byte u c dng nh ngha a ch mng v 2 byte sau nh
ngha a ch trm. Tuy nhin, hai bt u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 10, nn ch
c 14 bt nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l c nhiu mng lp B hn lp A. S mng
lp B l 214 = 16.384.
Trong mt mng lp B, 16 bt c s dng nh danh trm, ngha l v l thuyt mi
mng c th c ti a 216 = 65.536 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit nn thc t mt
mng lp B ch c ti a 65.534 trm.
Cc a ch lp B c thit k cho cc cng ty c va, nhng cng ty c s lng my tnh
tng i ln. Tuy nhin cng ging nhng mng lp A, nhiu a ch IP b lng ph v rt t cng
ty c s lng my tnh ln nh vy.
a ch Lp C
Trong a ch lp C, 3 byte u c dng cho phn a ch mng v 1 byte cui c dng
cho phn a ch trm. Tuy nhin, 3 bt u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 110, nn
104
106
Gii thut nh tuyn vect khong cch xc nh hng (vect) v khong cch ti bt k
mt lin kt no trn lin mng. Giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch gi nh k cc bn sao
ca mt bng nh tuyn t mt router ti cc router hng xm (router ni trc tip). Nhng cp
nht u n ny gia cc router truyn t cc thay i v tp mng.
Gii thut trng thi lin kt (cn c gi l gii thut ng i ngn nht) to li chnh
xc tp ca ton b lin mng (hoc t nht mt phn ca lin mng m Router ni ti). Cc gii
thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, cn c gi l gii thut ng i ngn nht trc (SPF),
duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp v thng tin tp. Trong khi gii thut vct khong cch c
cc thng tin khng c th v cc mng xa v khng c hiu bit v cc router xa, th gii
thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt duy tr cc thng tin y v router xa v cch chng c
kt ni vi nhau.
Cc gii thut trng thi lin kt da trn vic s dng cc cp nht trng thi lin kt. Mi
khi tp trng thi lin kt thay i, cc router u tin bit c s thay i ny gi mt thng
tin mi ti cc router khc hoc ti mt router ch nh (ni cc router khc c th s dng cp
nht).
108
109
111
112
Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng c chia thnh cc phn t mng c
lp, cc phn t phn theo chc nng v pht trin mt cch c lp.
Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng.
Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi mng, thc hin mt
cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v.
Thu bao c th t b tr v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng quan tm n
mng truyn ti dch v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dch v v ng
dng c tnh linh hot cao.
NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht.
T trc n nay, cc mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay truyn hnh cp tn ti v
cung cp dch v mt cch ring bit. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng
ngh IP, ngi ta mi nhn thy l cc mng trao i thng tin ny cui cng ri cng tch hp
trong mt mng IP thng nht, l xu th m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao
thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s c th thc hin ni thng cc mng khc nhau; con
ngi ln u tin c c giao thc thng nht m ba mng ln u c th chp nhn c; t
c s vng chc v mt k thut cho h tng c s thng tin quc gia (NII).
Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v bt u c s dng lm
c s cho cc mng a dch v, mc d hin ti vn cn th bt li so vi cc chuyn mch knh
v kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp cht lng dch v m bo cho s liu. Tc
i mi nhanh chng trong th gii Internet c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu
chun m s sm khc phc nhng thiu st ny.
NGN l mng c dung lng ngy cng tng v tnh thch ng cao, c nng lc
p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
Vi vic s dng nn chuyn mch gi v cu trc m, NGN c kh nng cung cp rt
nhiu loi hnh dch v, c bit l cc dch v yu cu bng thng cao nh truyn thng a
phng tin, truyn hnh, gio dc, V vy dung lng mng phi ngy cng tng p ng
nhu cu ngi s dng, ng thi mng NGN cng phi c kh nng thch ng vi nhng mng
vin thng tn ti trc n nhm tn dng c s h tng mng, dch v v khch hng sn c.
118
Cu trc
Giao din
chng
trnh ng
dng
Cung cp dch v
x l v lu tr
thng tin phn tn
Giao din
chng
trnh c
s
Cung cp
dch v
truyn thng
chung
Cc chc nng c s
Cc chc
nng
giao tip
ngimy
Cc chc
nng
x l v
lu tr
Chc nng
iu khin
Chc nng
truyn ti
119
Lp
ng dng
Lp
B iu khin
IP/MPLS
iu khin
B iu khin
B iu khin
Voice/SS7
ATM/SVC
...
Lp
Lp
chuyn
mch
Multiservice
qun
l
Lp thch
ng
TCP/IP
Cc giao thc ,
giao din
m rng
Video
Voice
TDM
FR
ATM
...
120
Giao din
dch v
s liu
Giao din
dch v tnh
cc
Giao din
dch v
ch dn
3.2.6. Kin trc phn lp mng NGN theo m hnh Call Server
Cho n nay NGN vn l xu hng pht trin mi, cha c mt khuyn ngh chnh thc no
ca ITU v cu trc NGN. Cc hng khai thc v cung cp thit b vin thng a ra mt s
m hnh khc nhau. Cc din n, hip hi v t chc vin thng khc cng ang c gng tin
ti nhng nguyn tc v chun chung cho mng NGN. T cc m hnh ny c th thy cu trc
mng vin thng th h sau c c im chung l bao gm cc lp chc nng sau: lp truy nhp
v truyn dn, lp truyn thng v lp iu khin. Nu xem xt t gc kinh doanh v cung cp
dch v th cn c thm lp ng dng dch v. Trong mi trng pht trin cnh tranh th s c rt
nhiu thnh phn tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dng dch v ny. Ngoi ra, trong m hnh
cu trc mng cn c lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut bn lp trn. Kt ni gia cc lp
chc nng l cc giao din lp trnh m API (hnh 3.11).
123
Lp ng dng
Giao din m API
Lp iu khin
Lp truyn thng
Lp qun l
Phn truyn ti
124
Lp ny chu trch nhim chuyn i cc loi mi trng (FR, PSTN, LAN, v tuyn, ) sang
mi trng truyn dn gi c p dng trn mng li v ngc li.
3.2.6.3. Lp iu khin
Lp iu khin bao gm cc h thng iu khin m thnh phn chnh l Softswitch cn gi
l MGC hay Call Agent, c kt ni vi cc thnh phn khc nhau nh SG, MS, FS, AS kt
ni cuc gi hay qun l a ch IP.
Lp iu khin c nhim v kt ni cung cp cc dch v truyn thng t u cui n
u cui vi bt k loi giao thc bo hiu no. Cc chc nng qun l v chm sc khch hng
cng c tch hp trong lp iu khin. Nh c giao din m nn c s tch bit gia dch v v
truyn dn, iu ny cho php cc dch v mi c a vo nhanh chng v d dng.
Hin nay lp iu khin vn rt phc tp, kh nng tng thch gia cc thit b ca cc
hng l vn cn quan tm. Cc giao thc, giao din bo hiu v iu khin kt ni rt a dng,
cn cha c chun ho v ang tip tc pht trin. Do vy, cn c thi gian xem xt v quan
tm n tnh tng thch ca cc loi giao din v giao thc khi la chn thit b mi.
3.2.6.4. Lp ng dng
Lp ny gm cc nt thc thi dch v (thc cht l cc server dch v), c chc nng cung
cp cc ng dng cho khch hng thng qua lp truyn ti. Cc dch v cung cp c th l dch v
mng thng minh IN, dch v tr tin trc, dch v gi tr gia tng Internet, v.v. H thng ng
dng v dch v mng ny lin kt vi lp iu khin thng qua cc giao din m API. Nh giao
din m ny m cc nh cung cp c th trin khai nhanh chng cc dch v trn mng.
Lp ng dng cung cp cc dch v c bng thng khc nhau v nhiu mc . Mt s
dch v s thc hin lm ch vic iu khin logic ca chng v truy nhp trc tip ti lp ng
dng, cn mt s dch v khc s thc hin iu khin t lp iu khin.
3.2.6.5. Lp qun l
Lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp t kt ni cho n ng dng. Ti lp
qun l ngi ta c th khai thc hoc xy dng mng qun l vin thng TMN nh mt mng
ring theo di v iu phi cc thnh phn mng ang hot ng. Cc chc nng qun l c
ch trng l qun l mng, qun l dch v v qun l kinh doanh.
3.2.7. Chc nng v hot ng ca cc phn t mng
NGN khng phi l mng hon ton mi c xy dng t u. Trong cu trc vt l ca
NGN cn c cc thnh phn m bo vic kt ni vi cc mng hin hnh v tn dng cc thit b
vin thng hin c nhm t c hiu qu khai thc ti a. Cc phn t chnh trong mng th h
sau c th thy r trn hnh 3.12.
125
126
Cc chc nng ti nguyn phng tin nh tch tone, tng hp thoi, phng tin
nhn dng ting ni, ...
Cc chc nng iu khin phng tin nh nhc, ghi bn tin, v.v.
Server ng dng phi cung cp s tch hp Web h tr giao din Web cho ngi
qun l, khai thc v bo tr.
iu khin cc phn t mng thc hin xc thc, cp php v cc kh nng tnh ton
cho cc dch v c cung cp;
Tr gip c ch ng k, c th l yu cu ng k SIP hoc H.323;
Cung cp cc dch v bo mt nh m ho hay xc thc m bo truy cp bo mt
ti cc dch v.
Qun l dch v, bao gm cc phn t lin quan n kim ton, c tnh dch v,
Qun l h thng, bao gm cc phn t lin quan n hot ng, qun l v khai thc
cc my ch ng dng (v d nh qun l cnh bo, gim st c tnh, bt gi v khi
phc h hng, ).
Qun l thi gian vng i dch v, bao gm tr gip s trin khai dch v, cung cp
dch v, thu dch v, kch hot v gii kch hot dch v, xc nh phin bn ca dch
v,
COPS
AIN or CS-x
SIP
Controllers
ISDN
xDSL
ATM
Controllers
BICC or SIP
Access Router
PTS
SS7
SS7
SS7
POTS
ISDN
xDSL
ATM
Access Gateway
Mng li
ATM/IP/MPLS
Trunk Gateway
NB
NB
PSTN
131
SG
SS7
link
C7/IP Sigtran
SG
H thng qun
l mng
Corba, SNMP, API,PINT
C7/IP Sigtran
link
BICC Sigtran
Softswitch
Softswitch
MGC
MGC
STP
H.248/Megaco Sigtran
H.248/Megaco
Sigtran
PSTN
STP
PSTN
MG
Mng
IP (ATM, MPLS)
MG
ATM
ISDN
SS7
ATM
Knh Trung k
Knh Trung k
ISDN
xDSL
xDSL
Nt truy nhp, MG
Nt truy nhp, MG
Hnh 3.15: Cu trc v cc giao thc iu khin bo hiu trong mng NGN
132
H thng
Qun l
Cc ng
dng
Mng bo
hiu SS7
H thng
Tnh cc
Chuyn mch
mm
Megaco
MGCP
IP
T
D
M
ATM
Media
Gateway
Mng gi
(Packet Network)
T
D
M
IP
ATM
Media
Gateway
133
Ch rng CA-F v IW-F l hai chc nng con ca MGC-F. Ring thc th Inter-operator
Manager c nhim v lin lc, trao i thng tin gia cc MGC vi nhau.
T ngha ca cc thc th chc nng c th thy MGC m nhim cc cng vic sau y:
134
iu khin cuc gi, duy tr trng thi ca mi cuc gi trn mt Media Gateway;
iu khin v h tr hot ng ca Media Gateway, Signaling Gateway;
Trao i cc bn tin c bn gia 2 MG-F;
X l bn tin SS7 (khi s dng SIGTRAN);
X l bn tin lin quan QoS;
Pht hoc nhn bn tin bo hiu;
nh tuyn (bao gm bng nh tuyn, phn tch s v dch s);
Tng tc vi AS-F cung cp dch v hay c tnh cho ngi s dng;
C th qun l cc ti nguyn mng (port, bng tn, ).
Trn y ch l nhng chc nng c bn nht. Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo nhu cu thc t m
MGC cn c th c b sung thm nhng chc nng khc na.
Qu trnh x l cuc gi
hiu r hn hot ng ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm, sau y trnh by khi
qut cc bc x l cuc gi trong trng hp thu bao gi i l thuc mng in thoi truyn
thng PSTN. Cc trng hp khc th hot ng ca chuyn mch mm cng s tng t.
C th cc bc x l cuc gi c thc hin nh sau:
(1) Khi c mt thu bao (thuc PSTN) nhc my v chun b thc hin cuc gi th tng i ni
ht qun l thu bao s nhn bit trng thi nhc my ca thu bao. SG ni vi tng i
ny thng qua mng SS7 cng nhn bit c trng thi mi ca thu bao.
(2) SG bo cho MGC trc tip qun l mnh thng qua CA-F, ng thi cung cp tn hiu mi
quay s cho thu bao. Ta gi MGC ny l MGC ch gi.
(3) MGC ch gi gi yu cu to kt ni n MG ni vi tng i ni ht ban u nh MGC-F.
(4) Cc con s quay s ca thu bao s c SG thu v chuyn ti MGC ch gi.
(5) MGC ch gi s dng nhng s ny quyt nh cng vic tip theo s thc hin. C th l
cc s ny s c chuyn ti chc nng R-F v R-F s s dng thng tin lu tr ca cc
my ch nh tuyn cuc gi.
Trng hp u cui ch cng loi vi u cui gi (u l thu bao PSTN):
-
Nu thu bao b gi cng thuc MGC ch gi, tin trnh thc hin tip bc (7),
Cn nu thu bao b gi thuc s qun l ca mt MGC khc, tin trnh thc hin theo
bc (6).
136
Nhc my,
nhn s
IAM
IAM
CRCX
OK
Invite
CRCX
OK
IAM
Ringback
tone
ACM
183
ACM
MDCX
OK
ANM
ANM
200
ACM
ANM
IAM
ACM
ANM
SS7
SIGTRAN
MGCP
Nhc my
tr li
ACK
m thoi
Rung
chung
m thoi
SIP
H.323;
Megaco/H.248;
Cc giao thc ny c hai t chc khc nhau xy dng v pht trin l IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force) v ITU (International Telecom Union). C th phn cc giao thc trn
thnh hai loi l: giao thc ngang cp (H.323, SIP) v giao thc ch t (MGCP, Megaco). Tng
giao thc c vai tr khc nhau trong vic thit lp cuc ni, chng cng c nhng th mnh v
im yu khc nhau.
Giao thc ngang cp H323, SIP c s dng trao i thng tin bo hiu gia cc MGC,
gia MGC v cc Server. Giao thc ch t MGCP, Megaco l giao thc bo hiu iu khin gia
MGC v cc Gateway (trong MGC iu khin Gateway). SIGTRAN l giao thc bo hiu gia
MGC v Signaling Gateway. BICC l giao thc m bo truyn thng gia cc server (hay
MGC). Mi giao thc s nh ngha cc thit b phn cng, ngn xp giao thc, cc loi bn tin,
lnh cng nh th tc thit lp, duy tr v gii phng kt ni khc nhau.
Hnh 3.19 cho thy v tr v mi quan h gia cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong
mng NGN. Giao thc H.323 phin bn 1 v 2 h tr H.245 trn nn TCP, Q.931 trn nn TCP v
RAS trn nn UDP. Cc phin bn 3 v 4 ca H.323 h tr thm H.245 v Q.931 trn nn UDP.
Giao thc SIP h tr c TCP v UDP. Trong mng NGN cc cuc gi thoi u l cc cuc gi
VoIP.
138
139
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt
140
T y
ngha
AAA
Authentication/Authorization/
Accouting Server
A/D
Analog-Digital Converter
ADSL
AG
Access Gateway
AS
Application Server
My ch ng dng
ATM
B-ISDN
Broadband-ISDN
BRAS
BW
Bandwidth
Bng thng
CAS
CATV
Cable Television
Truyn hnh cp
CCS
CGI
COPS
CPL
Ngn ng x l cuc gi
CS
Call Server
My ch cuc gi
DNS
H thng tn min
DSLAM
DTE
FR
Frame Relay
FS
Feature Server
My ch c tnh
FTP
GE
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Gigabit
GK
Gatekeeper
GSM
GW
Gateway
HTML
Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn
HTTP
IETF
Thut ng vit tt
Internet
IP
Internet Protocol
ISDN
ISP
ITU
International Telecommunication
Union
ITU-T
ITU Telecommunication
Standadization Sector
LAN
Mng ni ht
MCU
MG
Media Gateway
MGC
MGCP
MIME
Giao thc th in t
MS
Media Server
My ch phng tin
NGN
N-ISDN
Narrow-ISDN
ISDN bng hp
OSI
Kt ni h thng m
PBX
Tng i c quan
PC
Personal Computer
My vi tnh c nhn
PLMN
Mng di ng mt t
POTS
QoS
Quality of Service
RAS
RFC
RSVP
RTP
RTSP
SAP
SDH
Phn cp s ng b
SDP
SG
Signalling Gateway
Cng bo hiu
SIGTRAN
Signaling Transport
SIP
SS7
Signalling System No 7
H thng bo hiu s 7
141
Thut ng vit tt
142
TCP
TDM
TG
Trunking Gateway
TMN
Telecommunication Managament
Network
UDP
WDM
WG
Wireless Gateway
Kt ni mng li vi mng di ng
WLAN
XML
Mc lc
MC LC
CHNG 1: C S K THUT TRUYN DN ...................................................3
1.1.K thut iu ch v ghp knh ............................................................................3
1.1.1. Cc phng php m ha v iu ch ........................................................3
1.1.2. iu ch xung m PCM ..............................................................................4
1.1.3. K thut ghp knh ...................................................................................14
1.2.Thng tin quang ..................................................................................................30
1.2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin quang............................................................30
1.2.2. Cc loi cp si quang ..............................................................................32
1.2.3. My pht tn hiu quang ...........................................................................40
1.2.4. My thu tn hiu quang .............................................................................46
1.3.Thng tin v tuyn ..............................................................................................55
1.3.1. Cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn ..................................................55
1.3.2. H thng truyn dn vi ba s ....................................................................58
1.3.3. H thng thng tin di ng .......................................................................69
1.3.4. H thng thng tin v tinh ........................................................................78
CHNG 2: C S K THUT CHUYN MCH.............................................81
2.1.Chuyn mch knh..............................................................................................81
2.1.1. Tng i chuyn mch s .........................................................................81
2.1.2. Chuyn mch thi gian k thut s...........................................................86
2.1.3. Chuyn mch khng gian k thut s .......................................................88
2.1.4. Chuyn mch ghp....................................................................................91
2.2.Chuyn mch gi ................................................................................................93
2.2.1. Nguyn l chuyn mch gi ......................................................................93
2.2.2. Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni ................................................94
2.2.3. Cc c im ca chuyn mch gi..........................................................96
CHNG 3: C S K THUT MNG IP V NGN .........................................99
3.1.C s k thut mng IP........................................................................................99
3.1.1. B giao thc TCP/IP .................................................................................99
143
Mc lc
144