Amoco Drilling Manual

Technology & Training
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Training
to
Reduce
Unscheduled
Events
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AMOCO
~~
Training to Reduce Unscheduled Events

was compiled by the
Amoco EPTG Drilling Technology Teams
1994, 1995, 1996 Amoco Production Company
Third Edition
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AMOCO
~~
The materials were prepared by Amoco Production Company.

Neither Amoco Production Company, employees of Amoco
Production Company, nor any person acting on behalf of either:
a.
Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied

with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness
of the information, contained in these materials, or that the
use of any information, apparatus, method, or process
disclosed in this report may not infringe third party rights: or
b.
Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for any
and all damages resulting from the use of, any information,
apparatus, method, or process in these materials.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES
TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES .. ............................................................
BASIC GEOLOGY .................................................. .................
CASING PROGRAM ........ ................ .......... ................... ...........

9
DRILLING FLUIDS .................................................................. 15
HYDRAULICS PLANNING ...................................................... 20
.,-
..
.. -...
~:-
.--
'
..
-. I ;
,..
- .
HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE ..................... ................ ................

DIFFERENTIAL STICKING ................ ......................................
WELLBORE GEOMETRY .................................................. .....
STUCK PIPE FREEING ................... ............ .............................
22
44
47
53
LOST CIRCULATION
LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS ............. ........................

SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS ............................................ ....
PARTIAL LOSS SOLUTIONS .................................................
TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS ............ .........................................
PILL SPOTTING GUIDELINES ... ............................................
56
60
61
61
63
RIO REPAIR
IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR ............................. 66
INTERGRATING PMP WITH WELL PLAN ............................... 68

DRILLING SYSTEM EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ............... 69
TOOL FAILURE CAUSES ........................................................
70
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOOL SELECTION ....................... 71
RIG-SITE TOOL SELECTION /INSPECTION CHECK LIST. ... 72
DRILL STRING FAILURE
DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING ..............
BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE ...............................

BHA CONNECTION STRESS RELIEF /BSR ..........................
DRILL CREW FIVE SECOND CHECKS ..................................
DRILL STRING CARE I HANDLING PRACTICES ...................
73
DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE .................................... 74

77
78
79
80
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DRILLING JARS
BASIC JAR OPERATIONS........................................................

PUMP OPEN FORCE .......... ................................... .................
COCKING I TRIPPING THE JAR ............................................
DRILLING ACCELERATOR ....................................................
JAR RULES I PLACEMENT GUIDELINES ..............................
PRIMARY WELL CONTROL .......... ......... .... .... ........................ .. 91
SWAB I SURGE PRESSURE ................................. .................. 92

SECONDARY WELL CONTROL .... .. .... .. ... .... .... .... ................... 95
KICK DETECTION TEAM . ........ ............ ...... .. . .......................... 97
TERTIARY WELL CONTROL .................................................. 111
OBM KICK DETECTION I GAS BEHAVIOR ............................ 115
WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET ................................................ 117
CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... 119

STANDARD EQUIPMENT................................................. ........ 121
81
82
83
86
87
EQUIPMENT I WELLBORE PREPARATIONS ........................ 122

CASING PRE JOB CHECKLIST ........................ ................... 125
RUNNING CASING GUIDELINES ........................................... 126
CEMENTING PRE JOB CHECKLIST ...................................... 127
TROUBLE SHOOTING CEMENTING PROBLEMS ................
HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES .................. ........................... 132
WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS ......................................... 131

HORIZONTAL DRILLING BHA ................................................ 133
HORIZONTAL WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET ........................ 136
DRILLER HANDOVER NOTES ................................................ 138
SHAKER HANDOVER NOTES ................................................ 139
TIGHT HOLE I STUCK PIPE REPORT FORM ......................... 140
LOST CIRCULATION REPORT FORM .................................... 141
EQUIPMENT SELECTION /INSPECTION FORM .................. 142
DOWN HOLE TOOL FAILURE REPORT FORM ........ .............. 143
DRILL STRING FAILURE REPORT FORM ............................. 144
WELL CONTROL REPORT FORM ......................................... 145
HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING ............................................ 134
TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES

TEAMS
WHAT ARE TEAMS
Two or more people worl<ing together
Work teams have a common goal
Team members develop "earned trust" through accountability
Teams are selfmotivated
Teams are performance motivated
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS
Technical expertise
Functional experienoe
Problem solving capability
Decision making skills
Interpersonal skills
PROBLEM SOLVING
HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS
Define the problem

Identify primary cause(s)
Develop alternative solution(s)
Implement action plans
Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan
WORKING STYLES
TEAM DECISION MAKING STYLES
COMMAND Decision is made by leader

CONSULTATIVE Decision is made by leader With team input
CONSENSUS Decision is made as a team
DELEGATION Decision is delegated down the chain of command
RESULTS
WHAT TEAMS DO
IMPROVE WORK QUALITY More expertise/skills are available
FLEXIBLE - Respond quickly to change
CREATIVE. Conbnously improve wort< processes
DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS -Better communications
REDUCE PROJECT COST
Page 1
WELL PLAN
An extensive depression in the earth~s surface

An estimated 90% of the wortds drilllngs occurs In offshore and inland
basins
A laterally continuous sequence of sediments that is recognizably distinct

and mappable
Land mass elevated above sea level Is weathered and broken down to
small fragments (clastics):
Mechanically by water, wind and temperature
Chemically by soluble minerals dissolving into the water
Rock fragments (sand. silt. clay) and dissolved chemical compounds

(silicates, calcite, iron, etc.) are transported to the basin by gravity,
flowing water and wind
The fragments are swept into the basin Where they settle to the ftOOf of
the basin and form water saturated beds or sand and clay
The weight of each successive sediment layer (overburden) compacts the

sediments below. Compaction squeezes the water out of the sediments and
back to the sea
As the water is squeezed out. the dissolved chemical compounds left
cements the fragments together to form sedimentary rock
Page 2
WELL PLAN
- -
--
CLAYSTONE
& SHALE
MARL
------
Lesslhan
4 microns
-------
Rocl<s formed from an accumulation of

day mine<als and silt size partldes
Rocks formed from an accumulation of

clay minerals and calcite (calcium carbonate)
Less than
4 microns
Mrl
BASIC GEOLOGY
-
SILTSTONE
SLst
4to60
microns
SANDSTONE
Sst
60 llliCtOI\S
to2mm
Sandstone comp<esslve sttenglh. +/- 9000 psi
CONGLOMERATE
Cgl
Greater than
2mm
Rocks formed from an accumulation of primarily

granule. pebble and boulder size particles
LIMESTONE
Ls
Rocks formed from an accumulation of

mineral grains (quartz)
Rocks formed from large deposijs of primarily

calcite (calcium carbonate) and dolomite (calcium
magnesium)
Chemical
Rocks
DOLOMITE&
CHALK
Comp<essive sltengths Limestone. +/- 20.000 psi.

Dolomite. +/- 24.000 psi. Chert. +/- 83,000 psi;
Chalk. +/- 6000 psi:
CHERT
Gypsum&
Anhydrite
Rocks composed of minerals that p<ecipitated

from solution during the evaporation of water
Evaporates
Compressive strenglh Anhydrite +/- 6000 psi
SALT
Sa
BASEM ENT
Bm
Rock fonned from the cooling of molten magma
Igneous
rock
VOLCANICS
Vole
FAULT
FH
A fracture in the rock caused by natural forces

resulting in failure and displacement of the
formation along the fault plane
OIL
Lquid hydrocarbon (5.0 to 7.1 ppg)
GAS
Native
formation
Gaseous hydrocarbon (2 3 ppg average)
Aulds
water (8.3 to 11 .7 ppg)
WATER
-~
---
Pagel
-- - - - - -
------
BASIC GEOLOGY
WELL PLAN
TYPICAL POROSITY REDUCTION BY

SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION
NOTE: Deviations rrom the
, average porosity can occur
25~~/-L~----~~'=~~=~~~====r===~
0
20
30
POROSITY%
The ability of a rock to flow fluids measured in units of darcies

A rock that is porous does not indicate that it is permeable
(i.e . shale with 10% porosity may exhibit only micro permeability.
1o-6 to 1()12 Clarey)
TYPICAL PERMEABILITY REDUCTION BY
SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION
0
..
PERMEABILITY (Oarcies)
Page4
WELL PLAN
BASIC GEOLOGY
A force Imposed to the rocK matrix measured in pounds of force per square inch
of area (psi)
Natural sources of rock stress originate from overburden stress. tectonic stress
and formation nuld pressure
The stress produced by lhe combined weight of the rocKs and formation fluids
overlaying a depth of interest
TYPICAL OVERBURDEN
STRESS VERSUS DEPTH
.,
,.L--"'""- -,,..,--,.--'"""....l..--:.
OVERBURDEN STRESS ppg
The stress produced by lateral (side to side) forces in the formation

Tectonic stresses are usually very high in mountainous regions
SIDE
VIEW
Page 5
WELL PLAN
BASIC
GEOLOGY
---
--
SOFT
(Ductile)
SHALE
HARD
(Brittle)
Generally occurs in deeper depth (10,000' +)

Hard and britUe due to low water content
Fracture pressure higher than injection pressure
Brittle texture prevents fracture from "healing"
Associated with hole pack-off/bridge
Generally occurs in the shallower depth(< 5,000')
High porosity (25% +)
High permeability (2 darcies +)
Associated with lost circulation, hole wash-out,
hole pack-off
CON
SOUDATED
SOFT
LIMESTONE/
DOLOMITE
(Chalk)
HARD
(Brittle)
Generally occurs In mid to deep depths (4000' +)

Porosity range (25% 1%)
Permeability range (2 darcies 10 milidarcles)
Associated with differential sticking, underguage hole
Low compressive strength
High porosity(+/- 40%)
Permeability range (2 darcies- 10 milidarcies)
\Mil dissolve In fresh water muds
High compressive strength, usually fractured
High porosity (20 - 40%). High permeability
lost
Associated with
Page6
differential
WELL PLAN
BASIC GEOLOGY
..
14-....:...--...L
, IUIIHOfUIIAL,
- ~-----~~---~-~
....... ....
. , . ..
..
FORMATlOH PMAUM (10M IMJ)

_,,,
-~
pore fluid Is squeezed out of the ahele to the adJacent
Formation prossijre lesslhan the normal pressijre expected for the depth of
interest
Lower-than-normal formation pressijre may exist in offshore basins dije to
production depletion, however. narumlly occurring subnormal pressure Is
rare. In Inland basins. native subnormal pressure is a common occurrence
-
- - - - - -- - - Page7
BASIC GEOLOGY
WELL PLAN
The bed of sediments in which the oil and gas was produced (shale,
limestone). Compaction squeezes the oil and gas to the reservoir rock
(primary migration)
The permeable formation which receives and stores the oil and gas volume
of primary migration
The elevation in reservoir rock to which the oil and gas accumulates
(secondary migration)
Traps formed as a result of uplifting, folding and/or faulting of the formation
layers
PageS
WELL PLAN
FUNCTIONS:
Drive or Structural
Casing
.....
PROVIDE HYDRAIAJC
WGRflY
. cmtacloo
PROTECTTHEWELLBORE
High f01111111on ,_,.
fli~Kku
. .::...-.:....-.:..
Liner Tie Back - -----;:,.,..::,-,...,"::r

Casing
.........
... ...... . ..
.... .....
. .. ..
PROTECT T1tE fORMATION
'
. ..... ....'
'
'
, .
' lnc-Ciblt WtUboft

flllds
:. Production liner
or Casing
l'loduction Zoot llolllioo

--~.;;.__-:..-..-,.
Page9
CASING PROGRAM
WELL PLAN
Shoe suength must support the hydrostatic. circulating and surge pressures and
PfOVide a sufficient kick tolerance for well control safety
In some instances. the only solution to a drilling problem may be to run
casing before the planned shoe depth is reached. This could be the next
planned casing string or a contingency liner
Casing may be set before or deeper than its planned depth to protect
potential production zones

Consolidated. Naturally cemented rock to avoid wash out and/or
hole collapse during cementing
As homogeneous as possible. Interbedded layers of d illerent
formation types weaken the rock and introduce the possibility of
permeability
fmpennuble. Water loss from the cement slurry can

nashsetting of the cement before it is in place
resu ~
in
If permeability Is present, the tme leakoff pressure or the wellbore

is difficult to establish
Lowest Rock Strength: Initial fracture gradient assumptions are

based on the weakest rock type
Clean shale is the ideal casing seat formation. tn the field, however, the formation selected for
the seat Is usually the best compromise between the Ideal and what is possible
DATA:
FUNCTIONS:
PIPE SIZES
Prevent Rig FOundation

Wahout
9-6/8"- 38"
Recycling ~oturn
Olverter ayatem
DRIVE PIPE
(Ortven to A:efusal)
Vertleal P ilot
STRUCTURAL CASING
(Orill.cl nd Cfl!"'ent~MJ)
Structural Support
conductor caalng
SHUTIN NOT
RECOMMNOEO
Page 10
WELL PLAN
Planned sening depth determined by anticipated hole instability, lost

circulation problems and to protect fresh water sands (land based)
Surface casing must provide sufficient fracture strength to allow drilling the
next hole interval with a sufficient kick tolerance
The casing is pressure tested and the shoe Is tested to a ma~imum anticipated pressure or to leak-off
Page 11
WELL PLAN
DATA:
PIPE SIZE
FUNCTIONS:
PROVIDE WE.LL
CONTROL CAPABILITY
5" ll-311"
SOLUTION FOR
DRILliNG PROBLEMS:
CEIIENTED BACK
lolt ~ulatloo
TO PREDETERIIINED
DEPTII
Oillt,..,tlat Sticking
CASING PRESSURE
TESTED
PROTECT FORMATIONS:
' LowiHigh Wtllbolt
Prttsure
' lncompotlblt Wtllbore
Fluids
SHOE PRESSURE
TESTED
Productloo Zone ls4latlon
SHUT~N RECOMMENDED
(Stlln P*'ure
Trensition Shalt!
WELL PLAN
CASING PROGRAM
Planned setting depth determined by minimum desired kick tolerance,

anticipated hole instability, lost circulation problems or protecting
production zones
If the liner is contingent on drilling problems, occurrence of the problem
determines the setting depth
FUNCTIONS:
DATA:
' PROVIDE WE.L.L

CONTROL CAPABIUTY
'
PIPE SIZE
SOLUTION FOR SPECIFIC
DRILLING PROBLEMS:
s -t t-314"
LO$t circulation
CEMENTED BACK
TO UNER HANGER
Formation Instability
' Dlfforentlal Slicking
Low/High Wellbore
Pressure
' LINER PRESSURE

TESTED
Incompatible Wollbore
Fluids
Production Zone Isolation
SHUT~N RECOMMENDED
The liner Is pressure tested and the shoe and liner top tested to a maximum anticipated pressure
leak-off
Page 13
or to
WELL PLAN
Planned setting depth determined by total depth of the well (TO)
FUNCTIONS:
DATA:
PROVIDE WELL
CONTROL CAPABILITY
PIPE SIZE
s .9-518"
PROVIDE A STABLE
WELLBORE:
CEMENTED BACK
TO PREDETERMINED
WeiiTosting
DEPTH
Production Operations
UNER I CASING I TIE

BACK CASING
PRESSURE TESTED
Protects Intermediate
casings
' PRODUCTION ZONE

ISOLATION:
' Selective Testing
Dual Completions
Page 14
WELL PLAN
DRILLING FLUIDS
A ftuid used to perform various functions during a drilling

operation
.
~
WELL CONTROL
HOLE STABILITY
HOLE CLEANING
TRANSMIT HYDRAULIC
HORSEPOWER TO BIT
FORMATION EVALUATION
.,.. : "
' .. .!.!;~~~0 1~-.

~.-;'t\"1",..,_.... ~~ f!,~.:-.
....
~\~ '"""''f'C.:"dYJ..,.,;.,.--~
' t ....
{ ~~-
~ ...... ,
Fluid weight
Chemically- Mud Inhibition
Mechanically - Fluid Weight
Yield Point (YP)
Gel Strength
Mud weight
,,
'
'
. , <P:h.
i~t-i-
Primary control or formation fluid flow

into the well bore
Minimize formation reaction
Prevents hole cave-in/collapse
Suspend and carry cuttings/cavings from
the wellbore and release the solids at
surface
Base fluid of the mud
Remove cuttings from below bit

race to improve penetration rate
Mud system type

and properties
Gather and interpret data

Provide early wamlng signs of problems
DRY AIR /GAS

MIST
FOAM
AERATED MUD
Drilling hard dry formations

Drilling lost circulation zone
NATIVE GEL
BENTONITE
BENTONITE/CHEMICAL
Low cost spud mud

Non-weighted system
Base lor more sophisticated
systems.
Most versatile system

Products readily available
LIGNITE/
LIGNOSULFONATE
(DISPERSED)
Filtration control
Easily maintained
Reduced penetration rate
Tolerance to contaminants
Applicable at all mud weights
INHIBITIVE (SALTS)
POLYMERS
Drilling water sensitive shales
DIESEL OIL
SYNTHETIC OIL
Drilling water sensitive shales

Drilling water soluble formations
Reduce stuck pipe potential
Corrosive environment
High bottom hole temperature
Page 15
lnaease penetration rate
Minimum !ormation damage

Continuous gas/oil detection
Basic system
chemical reaction or shales

Improved penettatlon rate
Completely inhibited system

Improved penetration rate
Formation stability
Torque & drag reduction
Environmental concerns
High cost
Logging! cementing concerns
DRILLING FLUIDS
WELL PLAN
The selected drilling fluid is usually the best compromise of the available choices
Seismic data
Offset data
Field experience
Mud company records
An "overl<ill" mud system Is generally

selected for exploratory welts
ENVIRONMENTAL
Regulatory requirements
May lim~ the choice of mud systems
WELL CONTROL
REQUIREMENTS
Seismic data evaluations

Offset well data
Foeld experience
Mud company records
The mud system must be capable of

minimum to maximum mud weight
requirements
Seismic data evaluations

Offset well data
Field experience
Mud company records
An inhibited system is selected to

avoid chemical reaction with water
sensitive shales and water soluble
formations (salt, anhydrite)
WELL TYPE
(Exploratory I
Development)
HOLE STABILITY
Chemical/ Mechanical
The optimum mud system Is

selected on development wells
The mud system must be capable of

minimum to maximum mud weight
requirements
TEMPERATURE/
CHEMICAL STABILITY
OF THE MUD
Offset well data

Foeld experience
Mud company records
The mud system must tolerate

formation temperatures w1thout chemical
breakdown
Must tolerate contamination from
formation fluids. minerals and solids
OPTIMUM DRILLING
AND ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE
Offset welt data

Field experience
Mud company records
Bit company records
Offset welt data

BASE FLUID I MUD
PRODUCT AVAILABILITY Mud company records
RIG EQUIPMENT
Contractor Inventory
Field experience
Page16
The mud system should provide an

acceptable penetration rate w~h
formation damage at the lowest cost
May limit the choice of mud systems

in remote areas
May lim~ the choice of mud systems
in remote areas
WEL!.PLAN
DRILLING FLUIDS
Active solids Clays
DRILL SOLIDS
Inactive solids - Silt. sand. limestone. chert, etc.
Sodium chloride. NaCI

Potassium chloride, KCI
Calcium chloride. cac1 2
Magnesium chloride, MgCI
2
Anhydrite. CaS04
EVAPORITE SALTS
Mixed satts at various concentrations
WATER FLOWS
Carbon dioxide, co2

Hydrogen sulfide,
ACID GASES
Light or heavy oils

Ugnne
Coal
HYDROCARBONS
Degradation of mud products
TEMPERATURE
~'-"~~,.~~::or,: .'C '?iT'?'" !>~~-""''"r '')<'~-~ ~
"'... :
..: '
r, ./-
'_:. ..:.
::.........._~;t.__!l~~
:, . : ,'- ~~
COARSE
Between 250 and 2,000 microns
MEDIUM
Between 74 and 250 microns
FINE
Between 44 and 7 4 microns
ULTRA-FINE
Between 2 and 44 microns
COLLOIDAL
Less than 2 microns
',.~,_,,-~~'"~.,-p~~~~
,_.;~;_.
t"-''';"11111{
. r"'
Greater than 2 000 microns
INTERMEDIATE
,.-:~'
,;..__- . ''. : ....~
-~~ j' ,.,.,.,,.,_ '';'1.'-<'V="-

-jlii,.~
=- . '
J. .... ,,ll.t;.e1:
..,:. :-. ...::~..:.,:~.~:-
r,
,;
--~
< '
~t;-~h --"
'il...''o.'' ....__..
"0W,
--~-,
. , .........
-~.J.J.,~;~;.~' ..::: .
._.,,.
..
r~~~--.- .
-~--~ _...J.i
.-L- _ _.:....~--
SHALE SHAKERS
~\lif;p
,I
,,1
..,_
~--~~
',d."
-:
.:.r
Down to 150 microns with 200 mesh screens
DESANDER
Down to 50 to 70 miaons (cone size dependent)
DESILTER
Down to 20 to 40 miaons (cone size dependent)
MUD C LEANER
CENTRIFUGE
Down to 74 microns
Colloidal solids up to 5 microns
Page 17
'~.11
--~
.'.A...J-,
WELL PLAN
~
- -'
INCREASE
Crill solids Increase, Heavy spot from barite sag, Over

treatment during weight-up
DECREASE
Formation flutd influx, Ught spot from barite sag.

Excessive water additions
INCREASE
Reactive shale dnlled. Crill solids increase. low water

contenL Calcium contamination from cement,
Anhydrite formation drilled
DECREASE
Formabon water ...nux. Excessive water content
INCREASE
Unconsolidated sand drilled, Drill sollds increase.

low water content
MUD WEIGHT
FUNNEL
VISCOSITY
PLASTIC
VISCOSITY
DECREASE
Formation water Influx. Excessive water additions.

Solids content decrease
INCREASE
Reactive shale drilled, Anhydrite formation drilled. Low

water content, Calcium contamination from cement.
DECREASE
Formation water influx, Excessive water add~ions.

Oeaease in low grav~ solids. Additions of chemical
th1Mers
YIELD POINT
INCREASE
GEL STRENGTH
API/ HPHT
FLUID LOSS
pH
Formation water influx, Excessive water
DECREASE
additions, Additions of chemical thinners
INCREASE
Low gravity sOlids Increase. Flocculation from

cement, chloride. calcium contamination. Low gel content
DECREASE
Mud treatment taking affect
INCREASE
Addition of pH oontrol add~ives, Calcium

contamination
DECREASE
Addotion of mud products, Anhydrite formation drilled
INCREASE
Sa~ formation is drilled. Pressure transition shale is

drilled, Formation water influx
CHLORIDE
TOTAL
HARDNESS
CATION
EXCHANGE
CAPACITY
(CEC)
Reactive shale dnlled, Low watet content, CalCium

contamonatoon lrom cement. or anhydrite formation drilled
DECREASE
Water addrtions
INCREASE
Salt or calcium formation is drined, Formation water ...nux
DECREASE
Addotion of lresh water, Chemical add~ion
INCREASE
Reactive shale Is drilled, Addition of bentonite
DECREASE
Water additions. Solids removal equipment
Page 18
WELL PLAN
Page 19
DRILLING FLUIDS
WELL PLAN
HYDRAULICS PLANNING
..
\...
'lp>,.............
~ -
)'-,;,~
'
. -.-.~
..
. . .
-..:i-*
'
.&<=-
GEOLOGY
OPTIMIZE MUD TYPE AND PROPERTIES
OPTIMIZE BIT SELECTION
OPTIMIZE BIT HYDRAULICS
OPTIMIZE BIT WEIGHT AND RPM
DEFINE RIG EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS /CAPABILITY
DEVELOP ACTION PLANS FOR WELL
The calculated balance of the hydraulic components that will

sufficiently clean the bit and well bore with minimum horsepower
,_,...,r
'
. ..
'
~.,
MAXIMIZE
RATE OF PENETRATION
(ROP)
MAXIMIZE
HOLE CLEANING
Lost Circulation; Differential Sticl<lng; Hole Instability
In soft, unconsolidated formations. limit flow rate to mini mize

turbulence in the annulus if hole wash-out is a problem
Larger jet sizes may be required If there is potential for lost

circulation
HYDRAULIC EROSION
..rr-
'
In small a.nd/or deep holes. limit flow rate to minimize annulus
friction pressure and reduce the potential for.
In soft formations and high angfe holes, maximize ftow rate
for hole cleaning.
ANNULUS
FRICTION PRESSURE
BIT PLUGGING
In medium to hard formations, ma.ximize hydraulic

horsepower to increase penetration rate
"
. ,
.
PUMP PRESSURE I VOLUME OUTPUT
DEPTH I HOLE SIZE I MUD TYPE
DRILL STRING ID, OD, LENGTH
MUD WEIGHT I RHEOLOGY
DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT RESTRICTIONS
ANNULUS FRICTION PRESSURE
BIT TYPE I JETS
HOLE PROBLEM POTENTIAL
Page 20
WELL PLAN
HYDRAULICS PLANNING
Do not violate the flow rate rule to get more horsepower, jet velocity
Too low a How rate wilt "ball" the b~ and reduce effective hole cleaning
Too high a flow rate increases ECD and erodes soft or unconsolidatecr zones
Slow drilling with mud requires a minimum of 30 GPM per inch of bit diameter
Fast drilling with low mud weights requires 50+ GPM per inch of bit cliameter
Hydrolic horsepower is basecl on hole size/ROP. l arge bits require more HHP!In'
Fast drilling requires the maximum HHP/In~ even above 5 HHP/trl
Maximum HHP!In' should be consiclered when pump horsepower is

available
Do not waste fuel a ncr wear on tile pumps ~h excessive pressure
Many rigs do not have enough horsepower to provide the recommended HHP/In
Nozzle velocity (ftlsec) The velocity of the fluid exiting the bit jets
35% to 50% of pump pressure is lost through the clrill string a ncr annulus. Hydraulic
calculations are requlreclto determine these losses
If the total of drill string and annular pressure loss is greater than 50% of the
available pump pressure. Jet Velocity optimization is required. However, do
not operate below 30 GPM per inch of bit ella meter
Impact Force The product of fluicl j et velocity and fluid weight. Impact
is the force the drilling nuicl exerts to the formation toasslst bottom hole cleaning
Jet velocity will influence chipholcldown and penetration rate
Do not operate with a jet veloc~y below 250 ftlsec
For small holes (9 112" and smaller) and slow drlllin, consider running 2 jets versus 3
to improve bottom hole cleaning and penetration rate. Two large jets are less likely to
plug than 3 small j ets (same total flow area, TFA)
tr a long hole section is plannecl for the next ~. consider running 3 j ets and dropping
a diverting ball in the lower part of the hole section to maintain jet velocity
Asymetrical jets are often run to improve penetration rate versus using two jets
Page 21
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
Planned operations are suspended when down hole force(s) prevent pulling l.he siring
oul oflhe hole
Down hole force( a) reelncl siring movement above normal operaling condilions
(a usual warning indicator of a stuck pipe evenl)
MECHANISMS
oro;~
' .'
.....
--~;-.
-- ~ 7_~-i~~~r ...
SETTLED CUTIINGS
--~
DIFFERENTIAL FORCE
STIFF ASSEMBLY
SHALE INSTABILITY
KEY SEAT
UNCONSOLIDATED
FORMATIONS
MICRO DOGLEGS
FRACTURED
FORMATIONS
LEDGES
CEMENT RELATED
MOBILE FORMATIONS
JUNK
UNDERGAUGE HOLE
C AUSES
HOLE PACK-OFF: Foonafion solids (cultlngs. cavings) sellle around lhe dnll s1nng and pack oil
lhe annulus resulbng on sluck pipe
BRIDGE:
Medium 10 large poeces of hard formation. cement or junk falls inlo the wellbore
and jams the drill string resulting in stuck pipe
'-~~--T~~~~'
,
'.;11-....___.,:...
.rJ__
....._:--.-
Wk
..,.
; -"
SETTLED CUTTINGS
SHALE INSTABILITY
SHALE INSTABILITY
REACTIVE SHALE
GEO-PRESSURED SHALE
HYDRO-PRESSURED SHALE
OVER BURDEN STRESS
TECTONIC STRESS
OVER BURDEN STRESS

TECTONIC STRESS
UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATION S
UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS
FRACTU RED FORMATIO N S
FRACTURED FORM ATIONS
SOFT CEMENT
C EM ENT BLOCKS
JUNK
Page 22
HOLE PACK.QFF
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
CIRC ULATING TIME
DRILLED CUTTINGS ARE NOT TRANSPORTED

OUT OF THE HOLE DUE TO LOW ANNULAR
VELOCITY AND/OR POOR MUD PROPERTIES
WHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPED. THE
CUTTINGS FALL BACK DOWN THE HOLE AND
PACK.OFF THE DRILL STRING
HIGH ROP, LOW PUMP RATE, LlffiE TO NO

CIRCULATING TIME AT CONNECTIONS
TORQUE. DRAG AND PUMP PRESSURE
INCREASE
OVER PULL OFF SLIPS, PUMP SURGE TO
BREAK CIRCULATION
FILL ON BOTTOM
LIKELY TO OCCUR ON CONNECTIONS,

POSSIBLE DURI NG TRIP
CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE
FIRST A CTION:
APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 psi)

APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH
MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
CIRCULATE CLEAN TO AVOID RECUR.RENCE
PREVENTTVE ACnON:
CONTROL ROP, MAXIMIZE ANNULAR VELOCITY

MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT GEL STRENGTH AND YP
CIRCULATE 5 TO 10 MINUTES BEFORE
CONNECTIONS
CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOH
Page 23
STUCK PIPE
CAUSE:
DRILL CUTTINGS SETTLE ON THE LOW SIDE
OF THE HOLE AND FORMS A CUTTINGS BED
THE CUTTINGS BED BUILDS AND SLIDES
DOWN HOLE PACKING OFF THE DRILL
STRING
WHILE POOH, THE CUTTINGS BED IS
DRAGGED UPWARD BY THE BHA AND PACKS
OFF THE DRILL STRING
WARNING:
HOLE ANGLE GREATER THAN 35
DRILLING WITH A DOWN HOLE MOTOR
HIGH ROP. LOW PUMP RATE. INCREASE
TORQUE & DRAG, INCREASING PUMP
PRESSURE
INDICATIONS:
LIKELY TO OCCUR WHILE POOH, POSSIBLE
WHILE DRILLING
INCREASE OVERPULL ON TRIPS
CIRCULATING PRESSURE RESTRICTED OR
IMPOSSIBLE
FIRST A CnON :
APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (100- 400 psi)
JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, APPLY
TORQUE W ITH CAUTION
TO AVOID RECURRENCE
PREVENTIVE A CTION:
RECORD TREND INDICATORS FOR
INADEQUATE HOLE CLEANING
CONTROL ROP. MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES,
CIRCULATE AT MAXIMUM RATE, MAXIMIZE
STRING ROTATION
CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOH,
ESTABLISH AN OVERPULL LIMIT
Page 24
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PACK-OFF
TORQUE
DRAG
DRILLING
Increasing, erratic
PRESSURE
HOLE PROBLEMS
OTHER
Increasing
Pressure surges
Gradual decrease in ROP
Surge to start
Back pressure before

breaking connection
Back now
Increasing,
erratic
CONNECTION
Overpull off slips
TRIPPING
OUT
TRIPPING
IN
BACK
REAMING
Increasing, erratic
Overpull off slips
Swabbing
Increasing set down

weight
Overpull off slips
Begins with BHA below

depths ol35 hole angle
PUMPING
OUT
E2_:
i~--ifJ~'!
SHAKER
TRENDS
LOGGER
TRENDS
MUD
TRENDS
circulations
Increasing,
erratic
Overpull off slips

Erratic overpull
Overpull off slips
Increasing, erratic
Increasing
Surge to start circulation

String pistoning
Loss of ftuid possible
Increasing

String pistoning,
Loss of Ouid possible
-ti'EMII!IDIQ4110NI
Low cuttings return rate tor penetration rate, Erratic cuttings returns, No cuttings
retum. High cuttings retum on fine shaker screen and desilter I mud cleaner
Rounded, reground cuttings
Increasing plastic viscosity and yield point. Increase in low gravity s<>lids, Possible
mud weight increase
PREVEN1IVE ACTION
Maintain the required mud properties
Circulate at maximum recommended GPM for hole size
Place more emphases o n annular vetoc~y when designing the hyc!raulics for 12-1 14" and larger hole
sizes. Consider using a riser booster line when drilling 8-112" and smaller hole sizes
Do not allow I he penetration rate to exceed the ability to clean the hole
Record torque and drag trends for symptoms of Inadequate hole cleaning
Consider a wiper trip after drilling a long section with a clown hole motor
Wipe the hole at full circulating rate as low as possible (5 - 10 min) before connections. Rotate
at maximum RPM when possible
Maximize string motion when circulating the hole clean. Use maximum practical RPM. raise the drill
string slowly (5 minl std) and slack-off at a safe but fast rate (1 minlstd)
Consider pumping high-vis sweeps in low angle wells (<35''). Consider low-vis I high-vis sweeps
in higher angle wells (>3sj
DO NOT STOP CIRCUlATING UNTIL ALL SWEEPS RETURN
Circulate until the hole is clean. If the last sweep brings up excessive amounts of cutlings, continue
with hole cleaning operations, Several circulations may be necessary
Page 25
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
HOLE PACK-OFF
MINIMUMGPM
'7i!T
r-;;.
~ ~t-
26"
HOLE SIZE
17-1/2"- 16"
t.!i
12-1/4"
II~!,..
' 'I
.... ~ 't-: -
8-1/2"
ANGLE INTERVAL
0- 35'
700 GPM
500GPM
400 GPM
300GPM
35'- 55'
1250 GPM
950GPM
650 GPM
450GPM
1100GPM
750 GPM
500GPM
55'+
Minimum flow rate (GPM) for any gwen hole SIZe and angle Is greatly dependent on mud weight. mud
rheology and annulus geometry Maximum recommended flowrate is SO GPM per inch of bit diameter
MAXIMUMROP
rA'OPI
HOLE SIZE
VERSUS HOLE SIZE AND-. OLE

17-1/2"-16"
26''
8-1/2"
12-1/4"
ANGLE INTERVAL
0- 35
60
110
155
35"- 55
40
75
85
60
75
55+
240
125
100
Penetration rate guodelines are based on adequate mud properties
MINIMUM STROKES
~ CUL
,s
S.FACl OR fCSF\ TO CLEAN HOLE
26"
17-1/2"- 16"
0-35
17
35~ 55
2.5
25
HOLE SIZE
ANGLE INTERVAL
55+
8-1/2"
12-1/4"
1.4
-'--
1-
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.7
PROCEDURE:
1. Separate the wellbore into sectoons by hole angle from intetvals above.
2. Multiply each hole section length (Sect. lth) by CSF and total the adjusted measured depth (MD).
Adjusted MD= (Sect. Llh X CSF) +(Sect Lth X CSF) +(Sec/. Lth X CSF)
3. Calculate the minimum circulating strokes to clean the hate.
M1mmum C1rc Stks
Total Adusted MD x Bottoms-Ue, Stks

~easurea lJepl1i
Page 26
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PACK-OFF
ADJUSTED MD
= (SECT LTH ~ CSF) + (SECT LTH x CSF) +(SECT LTH x CSF)

= (4500x 1.4) + (2000 x 1.8) + (6500x2)
= 6300 + 3600 + 13,000
22.900 TOTAL ADJUSTED MD
MIN CIR STKS
= TOTAL ADJUSTED MD x BOTTOMS-UP STKS *

MEASURED DEPTH
22900 X 15 000
13,000
26.423 STROKE$
Page 27
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PACK-OFF
Maintain sufficient mud weight to stabilize the wellbore as hole angle and/or formation pressure
tncreases
Use proper low-End-Rheology for hole siZe and angle to maxim1ze hole cleaning
Circulate at maximum rate for hole size and hole angle
Limit the ROP to the maximum rewmmended for hole size and hole angle
Back ream each stand (or 1/2 stand) drilled with a down-hole motor
0
Rotate at high RPM (160+). Raise the dnll string slowly (i.e., 5 min/stand). l ower the drill string
at a safe but fast rate (i.e ., 1 min/stand)
Continue back reaming if hole conditions dictate

Consider a wiper trip after drilling a long section with a down hole motOf to mechanically agitate
and remove cuHings bed
Pump a sweep (p1ll) if hole conditions do not improve. Consider low-vis I high-density tandem sweeps.
Optimize sweep type. volume and frequency pumped
Consider reducing ROP or stop dnlling and circulate unbl hole conditions improve
Start and stop drill stnng slowly. Ensure adequate back reaming at full circulation rate prior to
connect1ons
Prepare crew and equipment to minim1ze connection time
Rewrd free rotating weight, pick-up weight. slack-off weight. off-boHom torque. and circulating pressure
for trend indications of inadequate hole cleaning
Pull th~ slips and slovvty rotate the drill string first, then increase pump speed slowly. Carefully lower the
drill string to bottom
C11culate 1 to 3 joints off bottom while c leaning the hole to avoid dropping bottom hole angle. Consider
sweeps (pills) to ai d hole cleaning
Rotate at high RPM (160+) while cleaning the hole. Raise the drill sUing slowly (o.e . 5 min/stand). lower
the drill sUing at a safe but fast rate (i.e .. 1 min/stand)
Ensure recommended min1mum circulat1on strokes for-hole size and angle are pumped, 2 to 4 times
normal bottoms.up may be required Circulate until the shakers are dean
Consider pumping a sweep (pill) to determine if additional circulation time is required
Inform the Droller ol the measured depth and stand count when the top of the BHA reaches the deepest
anticipated cuttings bed Maximum cuttings bed thickness is hkely between 45 and 6 5' hole angle
Determine a n overpull tlm1t pnor to pulling out of the hole (the lesser of 112 BHA weight or 30.000 lbs)
If overpull limit occurs. run in 1 stand and repeat hole cleaning g uidelines from present bit depth. When
the shakers are clean. continue pulling out of the hole. If the overpulllimit is again reached. repeat
procedure
CAUTIOUSLY BACKREAM OR PUMP-OUT STANDS WHEN A CUTTINGS B ED IS PRESENT!!
Be patient. several hole cteamng cycles may be required to safely pull the drill sting out of the hole
Record depths and stand count of high pick-up weights during the IJip. Compare these to the drilling
pick-up weights for the same depths to determine value of overpull
Page 28
STUCK PIPE
H OLE PACK-OFF
GEO-PRESSURED SHALE
REACTIVE SHALE
HOLE PROBLEM S
HYDRO--PRESSURED SHALE
OVERBURDEN
STRESS
TECTONIC
STRESS
WATER SENSITIVE SHALE DRILLED WITH UTILE

OR NO MUD INHIBITION
SHALE ABSORBS WATER AND SWELLS INTO
THE WELLBORE
REACTION IS TIME DEPENDENT
FUNNEL VISCOSITY, PV. YP. CEC INCREASE

TORQUE & DRAG INCREASE
PUMP PRESSURE INCREASE
CLAY BALLS AND/OR SOFT "MUSHY" CUTIINGS
AT SHAKER
OAY!I EXI'OS~IRE 1 OVER PULL & SWABBING

BHA BALLING (MUD RINGS)
GENERALLY OCCURS WHILE POOH. POSSIBLE

WHILE DRILLING
CIRCULATION IMPOSSIBLE OR HIGHLY
RESTRICTED
..
FIRST ACTION:
APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 400 PSI)
IF POOH. TORQUE UP A ND JAR DOWN WITH
MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
EXPOSURE I IF RIH, JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, DO

NOT APPLY TORQUE
PREVENTIVE ACTION:
USE AN INHIBITED MUD
MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES
PLAN WIPER TRIPS
M INIMIZE HOLE EXPOSURE TIME
.
Page 29
'
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
.....,.
DRILLER
CONNECTION
TRIPPING
OUT
TRIPPING
IN
BACK
REAMING
PUMPING
OUT
_,_
SHAKER
TRENDS
LOGGER
TRE NDS
MUD
TRE NDS
I OF.
TORQUE
DRAG
DRILLING
HOLE PACK-OFF
Increasing
Smooth
Increasing,
Smooth
PRESSURE
Increasing
Surge to start
circulation
Overpull off slips
OTHER
Pressure surges
Gradual decrease in ROP
Mud loss possible
Back pressure before
connection
Back flow
Increasing, Smooth
Overpull off slips
Swabbing
Increasing set down
Begins at depth of
problem formation
Mud loss possible
weight
Overpull off slips
Increasing,
Smooth
Overpull off slips
Increasing, Smooth
Overpull off slips
Increasing

String plstoning
Loss of mud
Increasing

String pistoning,
l oss of mud
RIG TEAM INDICATIONa .
Soft clay balls. Wet "mushy" clay (gumbo). Flow line plugging
Large quanty of hydrated shale cuttings. High value on shale swelling test
High funnel vis. & YP. Increasing PV. tow gravity solids & CEC. Possible mud weight
increase. Low inhibitor content
~-
PREVEN'fiVE ACTIQN
Addition of various salts (potassium, sodium, calcium, etc.) to reduce the chemical attraction of
water to the shale
Addition of various encapsulating (coating) polymers to reduce water contact
with the shale
Use of oil and synthetic base muds to exclude water contact with the shale
Minimize open hole time
Plan regular wiper I reaming trips based on time, footage drilled or the warning signs of reactive shale
Ensure adequate hydraulics for bit and hole cleaning
Maintain required mud properties and minimize low gravity solids
Page 30
STUCK PIPE
DRILLING PRESSURED SHALE WITH

INSUFFICIENT MUD WEIGHT.
THE STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES AND
CAVES INTO THE WELLBORE
SIGNS BEGIN TO OCCUR AS SHALE IS DRILLED

MUD LOGGER TRENDS INDICATE INCREASING
PORE PRESSURE
ROP INCREASE WHEN FIRST DRILLED
TORQUE INCREASE & DRAG ON CONNECTIONS
HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS. BRIDGES ON
TRIPS. SPLINTERY SHALE CAVING$
POSSIBLE BACKGROUND GAS INCREASE
cc.. ~'""""~"""'-'-1 LIKELY TO OCCUR WHILE TRIPPING. POSSIBLE
WHILE DRILLING
COMPLETE PACK-OFF LIKELY. HOLE BRIDGING
POSSIBLE
FIRST ACTION:
APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 400 psi)
APPLY TORQUE. JAR DOWN W ITH MAXIMUM
TRIP LOAD
ADJUST MUD WEIGHT BEFORE DRILLING

KNOWN PRESSURED SHALE
SLOWLY INCREASE MUD WEIGHT TO
STABILIZE SHALE
MINIMIZE SWAB I SURGE PRESSURES
Page 31
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEM S
HOLE PACK-OFF
CAUSE:
OVER TIME, SHALE PORE PRESSURE BECOMES
CHARGED BY HYDROSTATIC OVER BALANCE
DRILLSTRING MOTION AND WELL BORE
PRESSURE SURGES STRESS-CRACKS THE
UNSTABILIZED SHALE
THE SHALE FALLS INTO THE WELLBORE AND
. JAMS THE STRING
WARNING:
GENERALLY FOLLOWS A MUD WEIGHT
.REDUCTION
TORQUE & DRAG INCREASE
POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING

HOLE BRIDGING OR COMPLETE PACK-OFF
POSSIBLE

, APPLY TORQUE. JAR DOWN W!TH MAXIMUM
TRIP LOAD
---~--~~
CIRCULATION AT MAXIMUM RATE ONCE

CIRCULATION IS ESTABLISHED
~-;------.-~---.-- --~--
PREVENTIVE ACTION:
USE OBM. SBM OR GLYCOL BASE MUD IF
PROBLEM IS SUSPECTED
IF A WEIGHT REDUCTION IS NECESSARY,
REDUCE GRADUALLY OVER SEVERAL
CIRCULATIONS
MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES
Page 32
HOLE PACK-OFF
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
MUD WEIGHT IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT

THE OVER BURDEN
MUD WEIGHT IS NOT ADJUSTED AS HOLE
ANGLE INCREASES
STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES AND FALLS
INTO THE WELLBORE
HOLE CLEANING PROBLEMS

INCREASE TORQUE & DRAG
CAN OCCUR WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING

HOLE BRIDGING OR PACK-OFF POSSIBLE
RESTRICTED CIRCULATION OR NO
CIRCULATION POSSIBLE
APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 psi)

APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM
TRIP LOAD
USE MUD WEIGHT NEEDED TO STABILIZE THE

OVER BURDEN
INCREASE MUD WEIGHT AS HOLE ANGLE
INCREASES
Page 33
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PACK-OFF
HOLE PROBLEMS
CAUSE:
NATURALLY OCCURRING LATERAL FORCES
IN THE FORMATIONS
STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES, FALLS INTO
---~-' THE WELLBORE AND JAMS THE DRILLSTRING
-~--. SANDSTONE SQUEEZES IN CAUSING UNDER
GAUGE HOLE
:.....;:--~ MOUNTAINOUS LOCATION
=~:"J PROGNOSEO TECTONICS
e:!l1~1J;-:j.~
.:
,.:. ,. ERRATIC TORQUE & DRAG

BLOCKY SHALE CAVINGS
PREVENTIVE ACTION:
INCREASE MUD WEIGHT IF POSSIBLE
CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY SWEEPS
MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES
Page 34
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
~;#
~~_...I.
DRILLING
CONNECTION
TRIPPING
OUT
TRIPPING
IN
lncreas1ng, errat1c
lncreas1ng,
Jl ..
PRESSURE
Increasing
erratic
Surge to start
circ ulation
Overpull off slips
Ia
Jt
OTHER
Increase ROP followed
by gradual decrease.
Pressure surges
Hole fill
Increasing, erratic
Overpull off slips
Swabbing
Increasing set down

weight
Beg1ns at depth of
problem formation
Hole fill on bottom
BACK
REAMING
Overpull off slips
PUMPING
OUT
lncreasong, erratiC
Overpull olf slps
-.~I-
TORQUE
....._-1- --'D,_RAG
HOLE PACK -OFF
lncreas1ng.
Increasing
Surge to stan carculahon

Stnng p1stoning
Loss of ftuid possible
lncreasJng
Surge to start clfculatiOn

String plstoning
Loss of ftud possble
erratiC
lUG TUMIMDICA110N8
SHAKER
TRENDS
Large, spt1ntery or blocky shale cavings. Large volume of cavlngs
LOGGER
TRENDS
Large quanty of slllntery or blocky cavings with striations. Poss1ble indications of

increase in formation pressure Prognosed mechanically stressed shale
MUD
TRENDS
Possble st.ght ncrease
.n mud we!Qht and plastic viscosity
-.
Consider offset well data and/or computer models Which simulate shale failure limit& when planning
the mud weight tor each hole section
Mud weight increase with hole angle and 1VD specific to the area to maintain hole stability
Exploration wells, consult the Mud Logger for changes in formation pressure Increase the mud
weight cautiously until symptoms are no longer observed
If possible, increase mud weight slowly (0 .1 to 0.2 ppg per day) until the desired densrty for a g1ven
depth is reached. Th1s w111 manta1n an overbalance against hydrostatically sensitive shales
AVOID MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION after 1+ day exposure to hydrostatically senSitiVe shale If mud
weight reduction is necessary, reduce the mud weight gradually over a bme frame equal to the tJme
of exposure
Use the Shaker Handover Notes to determne trends of cuttings volume, size and shape
Maintaan mud properties to ensure hole c:~aning
Use sweeps to help c lean the hole
Stop drilling until the hole Is circulated clean
MinlmlZe open hole exposure t1me
Plan contin en
to case-off the problem
Page 35
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PACK-OFF BRIDGE
LIITLE OR NO FILTER CAKE

UNBONDED FORMATION (SAND, PEA GRAVEL.
ETC.) CAN NOT BE SUPPORTED BY
HYDROSTATIC OVERBALANCE
SAND/PEA GRAVEL FALLS INTO THE HOLE AND
PACKS OFF THE DRILL S TRING
LIKELY TO OCCUR AS THE FORMATION IS

DRILLED
INCREASE TORQUE & DRAG, PUMP PRESSURE

FLUCTUATIONS
HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS & TRIPS
GENERALLY OCCURS IN SURFACE HOLE

CAN OCCUR W HI LE DRILLING OR TRIPPING
SUDDEN PACK-OFF W ITHOUT WARNING
CIRCULATION IMPOSSIBLE

- JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD,
APPLY TORQUE WITH CAUTION
PREVENTIVE A CTION:
CONTROL FLUID LOSS TO PROVIDE A N
ADEQUATE FILTER CAKE
CONTROL DRILL SUSPECTED ZONE
SPOT A GEL PILL BEFORE POOH
Page 36
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE
DRILLING
CONNECTION
TRIPPING
OUT
TRIPPING
IN
Increasing. erratic
Increasing.
erratic
HOLE PROBLEMS
Increasing
Surge to start
Overpull off slips
circulation
Increasing, ettatic
Overpull off slips
weight
BACK
REAMING
Overpull off slips
PUMPING
OUT
IncreaSing, erratic
Increasing,
Increasing

Siring pistoning
Loss of fluid possible
Increasing

String pistoning,
Loss of fluid possible
erratic
Overpull off slips
RIGTEAIIINDICATIOHI
_0
SHAKER
TRENDS
Large volume of sand over shakers. Sand IJ'ap and desander overload.
LOGGER
TRENDS
Large q uantity of sand in samples. Prognosed unconsolidated formation.
MUD
TRENDS
Increase in mud weight and plastic viscosity. High % sand content
CTION
Provide an effective filter cake lor the hydrostatic overbalance to "push againsr' and stabilize the
formation
II possible, avoid excessive circulatmg time with the BHA opposite unconsolidated formations to
reduce hydraulic erosion
Slow down tripping speed when the BHA is opposite unconsolidated formations to avoid mechanical
damage
Start and stop the drill string slowly to av01d pressure surges to unconsolidated formations
Control-drill the suspected zone to allow time for filter cake build up, minimize annulus loading and
to minimize annulus friction pressure
Use sweeps to help keep the hole clean
Be prepared lor shaker, desilter. desander overtoads
Minimize seepage loss with fine lost circulation material through these intervals
Page 37
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE
NATURALLY FRACTURED FORMATIONS

PIECES OF FORMATION FALL INTO THE
WELLBORE AND JAM THE DRILLSTRING
PROGNOSED FRACTURED LIMESTONE,

SHALE AND/OR, FAULTS
MUD LOGGER FORMATION EVALUATION

BLOCKY CAVINGS AT SHAKER
HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS AND TRIPS
LIKELY DURING TRIPS, POSSIBLE WHILE

DRILLING
SUDDEN AND ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG
LIKELY JUST BEFORE STRICKING
CIRCULATION MAY BE RESTRICTED
DO NOT APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN W ITH

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY HIGH VISCOSITY
SWEEPS
SPOT ACID IF STUCK IN LIM ESTONE
--.o..~~ CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE DRILLING
,._:~~
AHEAD
MINIMIZE SEEPAGE LOSSES
SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS
SUSPECTED ZONE
Page 38
STUCK PIPE
DRILU!R
'ni!NDS"
DRILLING
~~-~
J~!.u.J.
TORQ UE
DRAG
Sudden. Increasing,
erratic
HOLE PROBLEMS
PRESSURE
OTHER
No change
Sudden.
eHahc
No change
Overpull off shps
Hole fill
CONNECTION
TRIPPING
OUT
TRIPPING
IN
Increasing, erratic
Overpull off shps
Begms at depth of
problem formaliOn
Hole fill on bottom
lncreastng set down

werght
r
:-1
BACK
REAMING
Overpull off slips
PUMPING
OUT
Overpull o ff shps
lncreastng, errattc
Increasing~
lncreasing,
errattc
erratic
No change
Drag decreases when

pumping
No change
Drag decrea~s when

pumprng
RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER
TRENDS
LOGGER
TRENDS
MUD
TRENDS
Blocky or angular cock fragments
Same as shaker trends Possible offset well data clues. Prognosed fractured
formation
No change.
PREVENTIVE ACTION
NOTE: With fractured lormatrons, mainlarnmg a good quality filter cake can help to support the formation
in some cases . Generally, fractured formatons requtre hme to stablltze Pnor to thts, the problem must
be controlled w rlh adequate mud propertres, sweeps and suffrcient crrculalion ltme to keep the hole clean
Other recommendations:
Circulate the hole clean before drilling ahead
Restrict tripping speed when BHA Is opposrte fractured rormatons and fault tones
Start I stop the drrll string slowly to avord pressure surges to the wellbore
Anticipate r eammg dunng trtps Ream fractured zone cautiously
Be prepared lor the potential of lost cuculauon when drrlllng fractured rormattons
Problem likely to slabrllze with lime
Page 39
STUCK PIPE
CEMENT BECOMES UNSTABLE AROUND

CASING SHOE, OPEN HOLE SQUEEZE PLUG
OR KICK-OFF PLUG
'-'- ---' HARD CEMENT CHUNKS FALL INTO THE
WELLBORE AND JAMS THE DRILL STRING
EXCESSIVE CASING RATHOLE
1-::~.~ CEMENT SQUEEZE JOB

CEMENT KICK-OFF PLUG
CEM ENT CAVING$ AT SHAKER AND/OR IN
MUD LOGGER SAMPLES
~~::::: PROBLEM CAN OCCUR ANYTIME

SUDDEN, ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG JUST
=- __ .,.. BEFORE
STICKING
ATTEMPT TO BREAK t;HUNK:S WITH JARRING

& TORQUE
JAR IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF STRING
MOVEMENT PRIOR TO STICKING
APPLY JARRING FORCE & TORQUE
GRADUALLY
CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY, HIGH VELOCITY
SWEEPS
PREVEN TIVE ACTI ON:

M INIMIZE CASING RATHOLE
ALLOW SUFFICIENT CURING TIME
~,._
REAM CASING SHOE AND OPEN HOLE PLUGS

-- THOROUGHLY BEFORE DRILLING AHEAD
~~~~~CASING
S~L~O~W:T~R~I~
P SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS
SHOE OR PLUG DEPTH
::
Page 40
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
CIRCULATION IS ATTEMPTED W ITH THE

BOTTOM OF THE DRILL STRING IN SOFT
CEMENT
PUMP PRESSURE CAUSES THE CEMENT TO
FLASH SET
HIGH PENETRATION RATE WHEN CLEANING
OUT SOFT CEMENT
TRIPPING IN HOLE AFTER SETTING AN OPEN

HOLE CEMENT PLUG OR AFTER A CEMENT
JOB
SET DOWN WEIGHT OCCURS ABOVE THE
THEORETICAL TOP OF CEMENT
BLEED TRAPPED PUMP PRESSURE

JAR W ITH MAXIMUM T R IP LOAD IN T HE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF STRING

PRIOR TO STICKING
MOVE,~E~H
IF SET DOWN WEIGHT IS OBSERVED WHILE

RIH, PULL 2 STANDS BEFORE CIRCULATION
START CIRCULATING 2 STANDS ABOVE TOP
OF CEMENT
CONTROL DRILL WHEN CLEANING OUT
CEMENT
Page 41
HOLE PROBLEMS
STUCK PIPE
POOR HOUSE KEEPING ON THE FLOOR, HOLE

COVER NOT INSTALLED
~=~;:;::J
JUNK FALLS INTO WELLBORE AND JAMS THE

DRILL STRING
GENERALLY OCCURS WHEN BHA IS IN HARD

FORMATION OR INSIDE THE CASING
SUDDEN AND ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG
~~;.:; LIKELY JUST BEFORE STRICKING
MISSING FLOOR TOOL OR EQUIPMENT

CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED. DEPENDING
ON TYPE OF JUNK
FIRST ACTION:
=;. . -
IF MOVING UP WHEN STICKING OCCURRED,

$ JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
APPLY TORQUE IF PROGRESS IS MADE
IF MOVING DOWN. JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM
TRIP LOAD, DO NOT APPLY TORQUE
GOOD HOUSE KEEPING ON FLOOR

INSPECT HANDLING EQUIPMENT
KEEP HOLE COVERED
Page 42
STUCK PIPE
CEMENT BLOCKS
PREVENTIVE ACTION
Limit casing rathole to minimize a source of cement blocks
Several squeeze jobs at the casing shoe Increases the potential for cement blocks
Allow sufficient cement curing time before drilling out
Ream casing ratholes and open hole cement plugs slowly and thoroughly before drilling ahead
Maintain sufficient distance between the paths o f platform wells to reduce the possibility of cement
blocks
Reduce ttipping speed when BHA is entering the casing shoe or opposite open hole cement plugs
Start and s top the drill siting slowly to avoid pressure surges to th e wellbore
FT CEMENT
Know the calculated top of cement (TOC) before tripping in hole
Do not rely on the weight indicator to find the top of the cement
Begin washi ng dowf\ 2 stands above the theoretical top of the cement
If set down weight is observed when tripping in hole after a cement operation, set back 2 stands
before attempting circulation
Pre~treat
Verify cement compressNe strength with cement company before drilling out
Control drill when cleaning out soft cement
the mud system wilfh chemiCal prior to d nllino out cement
JUNK
ACTION
Inspect slip and tong dies regularly
Use good house keeping pract1ces on the rig floor
Install drill string wiper rubber as qu1ckty as possible
Keep hole covered when out of the hole
M a intain rig floor equipment in good operating condition
Page 4 3
STUCK PIPE
A stlck.i ng Ioree developed when differentia l pressure (overbalance) forces a stationary drill string
into the thick filter cake of a permeable zone
FILTER
CAKE
PERMEABLE
FORMATION
~~~:T!!~~J;
Sandstone I
fractured lime-stone
. develops
A cake of mud solids
on the hole
. wall due to fluid loss
OVER
BALANCE
Wellbore pressure
greater than
formation pressure
STRING
CONTACTS
FILTER CAKE
STATIC
FILTER CAKE
Angled wellbore 1
unstabilized BHA
increases potential
STRING
MOTION
STOPPED
No string motion or
circulation develops
static cake
LOW
PRESSURE
AREA
TIME
DEPENDENT
Overbalance
pressure across the
contact area
determines the
d ifferential force
Page 44
DI FFER ENTIAL STIC KING
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
CAUSE:
DRILL STRING CONTACTS A PERMEABLE ZONE
WHEN STRING MOVEMENT STOPS. A STATIC
FILTER CAKE DEVELOPS
HIGH OVERBALANCE APPLIES A DIFFERENTIAl
STICKING FORCE TO THE DRILL STRING
CONTACT AREA
WARNING:
PROGNOSED LOW PRESSURE SANDS
LONG IUNSTABILIZED BHA SECTIONS
INCREASING OVER PULL, SLACK OFF WEI~HT
I
OR TORQUE TO START STRING MOVEMENT___j
l iND/CA TIONS:
OCCURS AFTER A PERIOD OF NO

STRING MOVEMENT
4"
STRING CAN NOT BE ROTATED OR

MOVED
, CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED
I FIRST ACTION:
200Sq In
Contact

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
Alta
SPOT A PIPE RELEASING PILL IF TH

STRING DOES NOT JAR FREE
DIFFERENTIAL
FORCE
(;;~,~~ PREVENTIVE A CTION:
MAINTAIN MINIMUM REQUIRED MUD

WEIGHT
1,200,000 LBS
4-
KEEP STRING MOVING WHEN BHA IS

OPPOSITE SUSPECTED ZONES
MINIMIZE SEEPAGE LOSS IN LOW
PRESSURE ZONES
MINIMIZE UNSTABILIZED BHA
SECTIONS, USE SPIRAL DC's & HWDP
CONTROL DRILl SUSPECTED ZONES
Page 45
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
DRILLER
TRENDS
DRILLING
CONN.ECTION
TRIPPING
OUT
TRIPPING
IN
BACK
REAMING
PUMPING
OUT
DIFFERENTIAL STICKING
I OF.
TORQUE
DRAG
No change
Possible increase
PRESSURE
OTHER
No change
No change
Increasing overpull
off slips
Increasing overpull
off slips
Increasing overpull
off slips
Increasing overpull
off slips
No change
No change
No change
Increasing overpull
off slips
RIG TEAll INDICATIONS
SHAKER
TRENDS
LOGGER
TRENDS
MUD
TRENDS
No change
High overbalance. Permeable formation depth, Permeability data to

estimate stricking potentiaL
Increasing mud weight. Increasing plastic viscosity and low gravity solids. High API
water loss. thick fiKer cake.
~-- ---------~
~
ACnaN
Design the casing program to minimize overbalance to shallower open hole formations
Limit mud weight to minimum required for hole stability and well control
Maintain Ruid loss within specifications
Minimize BHA length when possible
Limit the length of unstabillzed BHA. Use spiral drill collars
KEEP THE STRING MOVING. Consider rotating the string during d rilling and tripping connections
while BHA is opposite potential sticking zones
Preplan to minimize the down time for operations that require the string remaining static (surveys,
minor repairs, et<;.).
In zones with high sticking potential, minimize seepage loss with plugging agents
Keep a pipe releasing pill ready at the well site when d ifferential stricking potential is high
Page 46
STUCK PIPE
WELLBORE
Hole diameter and/or angle relative to BHA geometry and/or sliffness will not allow passage of the
drill string
STIFF ASSEMBLY
KEY SEAT
M ICRO DOGLEGS
MOBI LE FORMATION
LEDGES
UNDER GAUGE HOLE
;z~~~a~::::::~ BHA AT DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGE DEPTH

;:;;.Zi;;.;:::;::;:;~ UNRESTRICTED CIRCULATION
IF MOVING DOWN WHEN STICKING

~~~"! OCCURRED, JAR UP W ITH MAXIMUM TRIP
LOAD, DO NOT APPLY TORQUE

IF MOVING UP, TORQUE UP AND JAR DOWN
W ITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
PREVENTIVE ACTION:
MINIMIZE BHA CHANGES, CONSIDER A

REAMING TRIP
LIM IT DOGLEG SEVERITY
SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA
ENTERS SUSPECTED ZONE, PLAN TO
REAM
Page 47
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
WELLBORE GEOMETRY
DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGE
::0:~3i!~!'!~~~ ABRUPT CHANGE IN ANGLE OR
oi;:~~-~ DIRECTION IN MEDIUM SOFT TO

MEDIUM HARD FORMATION
~-=~,.;~ HIGH STRING TENSION AND PIPE
-.
ROTATION WEARS A SLOT INTO THE

FORMATION
WHILE POOH, THE DRILL COLLARS JAM

INTO THE SLOT
HIGH ANGLE DOGLEG IN UPPER HOLE

SECTION
LONG DRILLING HOURS W IT H NO
W IPER TRIPS THROUGH THE DOGLEG
SECTION
. . ,.CYCLIC OVER PULL AT TOOL JOINT
. INTERVALS ON TRIPS
~::':1m~
OCCURS ONLY WHILE POOH

SUDDEN OVER PULL AS BHA REACHES
DOGLEG DEPTH
UNRESTRICTED CIRCULATION
FREE STRING MOVEMENT BELOW KEY
~~~~~~
EA~T~DEPTH POSSIBLE IF NOT STUCK
: ::.:.;.:.. , ..., ....:- APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN W ITH

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
ATIEMPT TO ROTATE WITH LOW OVER
;:,;.;~~~~~~
PULLS TO WORK THROUGH DOGLEG
MINIMIZE DOGLEG SEVERITY TO 3/100'

OR LESS
LIMIT OVERPULLS THROUGH
' SUSPECTED INTERVALS
PLAN REAMER AND/OR W IPER TRIPS IF
DOGL.EG IS PRESENT
RUN STRING REAMER OR KEY SEAT
W IPER IF SUSPECTED
Page 48
W ELLBORE GEOMETRY
DIRECT ION I ANGL E CHAN GE
STUCK PIPE
HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED FORMATIONS

FREQUENT CORRECTIONS IN HOLE ANGLE
OR DIRECTION
BHA BECOMES JAMMED IN TH E
SUCCESSIVE MICRO DOGLEGS
. PROGNOSED HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED

FORMATIONS
FREQUENT ANGLE/DIRECTION CHANGES
DRILLING/SLIDING W ITH DOWN HOLE
MOTOR
ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG ON
CONNECTION
IF MOVING UP WHEN STICKING OCCURRED,

MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD
IF MOVING DOWN, JAR DOWN W ITH
MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, DO NOT APPLY
MINIMIZE DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGES

. . .. .. :. BACKREAM FREQUENTLY WHEN DRILLING
HARD/SOFT FORMATIONS
SUSPECTED ZONE
Page 49
HOLE PROBLE MS
STUCK PIPE
WELLBORE GEOM ET RY
DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGE
INTERBEDDED FORMATIONS.
SOFT ROCKS WASH OUT
HARD ROCKS IN GAUGE
FRACTURED I FAULTED FORMATIONS
STABILIZER BLADES AND TOOL UPSETS
BECOME STUCK UNDER LEDGES
PROGNOSED HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED

FORMATIONS
PROGNOSED FRACTURED/FAULTED
FORMATIONS
MII~IMII<:t
DIRECTION I ANGLE CHANGES
MINIIMI<~E BHA CHANGES
Page 50
WELLBORE GEOMETRY
HOLE DIAMETER DECREASE
STUCK PIPE
HOLE PROBLEMS
PRl:)GI~OS>ED
SALT OR PLASTIC SHALE
SUIJDEoN INCREASE IN OVER PULL OR SET

WEIGHT
:>UIJIJt:N TORQUE INCREASE W ITH FAST
un'""'"'
PLASTIC FORMATION
GENERAicLY OCCURS WHILE POOH

POSSIBLE WHEN RIH AFTER A LONG
PERIOD OUT OF THE HOLE
POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING IF FORMATION
MOVES FAST
STICKING OCCURS WITH BHA AT PLASTIC
ZONE DEPTH
CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED OR SLIGHT
RESTRICTION POSSIBLE
MOVING DOWN, JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM

LOAD. DO NOT APPLY TORQUE
FRESH WATER IF IN SALT. (CONSI
CONTROL)
COI~SI[lER
ECCENTRIC PDC BITS
TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS

SU::>PECTEcD ZONE
Page 51
STUCK PIPE
WELLBORE GEOMETRY
u"'""'"'..., HARD ABRASIVE ROCK WEARS

GAUGE PROTECTION
i C<)REDHOLE SECTION UNDER GAUGE
GAUGE PULLED BIT AND STABILIZERS

NEVER FORCE BIT THROUGH TIGHT SPOTS
REAM THE LAST 3 JOINTS TO BOTTOM
. BEGIN REAMING 3 JOINTS ABOVE CORE
HOLE SECTION
SUSPECTED ZONE
Page 52
STUCK PIPE
Problems are observed only when BHA Is moving in the hole
ECTION
Surge to start
circulation
Increasing, erratic
Momentary over pull &

set down
Increasing, erratic
overpull with BHA al
TRIPPING
OUT
TRIPPING
IN
BACK
REAMING
PUMPING
OUT
Momentary over pull &

set down
zone
lncreastng, erratic
set down weight
Erratic
Increasing.
erratic
Increasing, erratic
overpull
:::-= ..-
.:,. ".. '
'
. ':-;:_
No change
Momentary over pull
No change
Momentary over pull
~f&i:-:;;.=. ;._...
~ ~-.
~ ~
~....._ ~~.~ .. .-J:.:.~~-!$~~---..;jJ~.........~. . -~--=--"':'o.'
SHAKER
TRENDS
LOGGER
TRENDS
MUD
TRENDS
_: . ,
-~- _
.__i-~~-~ :
No change
No change
No change
Optimize BHA design (run only what is required) and when possible . minimize BHA stiffness
f'tan a reaming trip ff the new BHA is locked up andlor a note geometry problem IS suspecte<l
Slow down trip speed before BHA enters kick off or dogleg depth, depth of micro dogleg and/or
ledges, mobile formation depth
Minimize dogleg severity to 3/100' or less. M inimize rotating hours below a sharp dogleg without a
wiper or reaming trip
Consider using key seal wipers or drill string reamers if a key seat is suspected
limit the length of casing rathole to avoid key seating the bottom of the casing. Do not start angle
building operations too close to the shoe
M inimize sharp. frequent wellbore course changes
Avoid prolonged circulation In suspected micro dogleg section to prevent hole wash out and forming
ledges.
With mobile salts consider using a slightly under saturated mud system to allow a controlled washout.
If necessary. increase the mud weight to help slow down salt intrusion.
Consider drilling mobile salts with eccentric PDC bits. Plan regular wiper trips to keep the hole
section open
Use hard faced stabilizers and select bits with extra gauge protection if abrasive formations are d rilled
Gauge the old b1t and stabilizers as well as the bit and stabilizers picked up
Begin reaming 1 joint above a cored hole section. As standard practice, ream the last stand or 3 joint
back to bottom on every trip
Page 53
STUCK PIPE
INfTIAL ACnON:
1. If sticking O<XtJrred while moving up apply torque and Jar

OOWN with maximum trip bad.
It sbeking occurred wniie
moving dOwn, do not apply torquo and jar UP with
maximum trip load.
2. Stop Of rOduce cirei.Mtion when cocking lhe jar and when

jarring down.
NOTE: Pomp Pt<>..<Jro ..WI INCREASE lhe hydraulic jar up

blow, DECREASE the dOWI'\oblow.
3. Continuo Jarring until the string Is tree or an altemative

decision is made. Jarri"Q f-Qf 10+ hours may be necessary.
SECONOARY ACnON:
Spot acid if stuck in l imestone or chalk . Spot trash water
with mobile SO.It.
WHEN THE STRING COMES FREE:

\ , Increase circulation to maximum rate, rotate and work the
string.
2. Ream I backleam the hole Secl)()ll lhoro ughly.
ACnoN TO ESTABUSH CIRC:

1. Apply tow pomp ptessure (200
400 pst). Maintain pressure if
ACnON TO ESTABLISH CIRC:

1. Appty iQw pump pressure (200
400 ps1), Maintain pressure il
restricted circulation is possibl&.
restrided circutation i s possible.
2. 00 NOT JAR UP!!! APPLY

TORDUEIII Slacl< off 10
MAXIMUM set down weight. Alk>w
sufficient lime f01 a hydrau1ic jar to
ttlp (4 6 min for long cycle. see jar
manual) ..
2. DO NOT JAR DOWN!!I APPL Y
3. II the string OOC-s not come free.

DO NOT JAR UPII Jar DOWN
until the string comM tree Of an
attemative decision is made.
3, If tne ~ring <IOe$ not come freG.

DO NOT JAR DOWNIII Jar up
2 . Wori< M AXIM UM limit torque down to
the st\Jck Cfepth and hold the torque

in the
TOROOEIII Apply MAXIMUM

ovarpuU to &at. AlbN sufficient
time fOf a hydraulic jar to trip (4
8 min l or long cvcte. see jar
manual).
5. Allow sufficient time tor a hydraulic

jar t-o tfip (4 6 min tor king cydO.
see jar manual).
Jarring down tor 10+ hours may be
alternative docision is made.

Jarring up ftx 10+ hours may bG
necessary.
reQuired.
WHEN CIRC. IS ESTABLISHED:
1. Slowly increase pump speed to
maximum rate. When pos.sible,

wortc the Siring and circulate the
hote elean from bl1 depth.
lho Wing 8flef circulate the hole

dean from bil d&pth.
6. II the stMg doeS not come free. hotd

torquo in tl\0 string and continue
jarring down with maximum lrip toad.
SECONDARY ACnON:
If the string dOGs not como lroo aftor
S to 10 jar blows, conlinue
ma>c rate. When pos.sible. work
willie
2. Ream I~ sectJon until the hole is

dean.
Ream the section until the hole
3. If POOH to log and I or run casing,

return to bottom and circulate the
Continue RIH until oxoessive sel
4sclean.
hole clean.
QUESTION
minimum.
4. SlaCk OM 10 MAXIMUM seH:town
lim it!
until the string Is free or an
WHEN CIRC. IS ESTABLISNEO:

1. Sbldy inattase pump speed 10
3 . Stop or reduce pump spe&d 10
down woight is obsotVOd,

circulate the h ole dean.
ANSWER
2. Circolaua at maximum ra1e to crean

... hole.
3. Chock the proper mud spoclticatklns.
RESULTS
Moving up
The three numbers 2 . 0 , 2 a re circled in the Moving Up row.
Pipe motion a!!er slicl<lng?
Dn Impossible
The three numbers 0. 0. 0 are circled in the Down Impossible row.
Pipe ro tatioo a fter sticking?
Rot. Impossible
The three numbers 0. 0 , 0 are circled in the ROI. Impossible row.
Circ. press. after sticking?
Circ. Impossible
Pipe motion prior to stiO'ktng?
Add tlle numbers in 1he co4oums.
The three numbers 2 . 0. 0 are cirded in the Circ.lmpossible row.
TOTALS=
4, 0, 2
The probable sticking mechanism Is the column with the highest total number (4) , Pack-oil/ Bridge
Page 54
LOST CIRCULATION
Measurable loss of whole mud (liquid phase and solid phase) to
LOST CIRCULATION the formatlon. Lost circulation can occur at any depth during any
operation
ADVERSE EFFECTS ON DRILLING OPERATIONS

: U"'l 0:
PRODUCTION HOLE
INT
LSURFACE HOLE
Loss of drive /conductor
shoe
Loss of Huld level monitoring
loss of Huid level

monitoring
loss of formation evaluation

loss or formation evaluation
Hole cleaning problems

Hole bridge /collapse

Stuck pipe
Extended well bore exposure time
Extended wellbore exposure
Well control event

StucK pipe
time
Well control event
Stuck pipe
Under ground blowout
Well control event
Additional casing string
Underground blowout
Loss otwell
Additional casing string

Production zone damage
LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS

PRESSURE INDUCED
FRACTURE
Well bore pressure exceeds fracture pressure of the formation

caus,ing the rock to crack ope-n (fracture)
NATURALLY EXISTING
Over balanced wellbore pressure is exposed to a formation
FRACTURES I HIGH
with unsealed fractures or high permeability
PERMEABILITY
CAUSES OF LOST CIRCULATION
PRESSURE INDUCED FRACTURES NATURAL FRACTURES I PERMEABILITY
Excessive mud weight
Unconsolidated formation
Annulus friction pressure
Fissures I fractures
Wellbore pressure surges
Unsealed fault boundary
Imposed I trapped pressure
Vugular I cavernous formation
Shut-in pressure
Low formation pressure
Page 55
HOLE PROBLEMS
LOST CIRCULATION
MECHANISMS
PROGNOSEO LOSS ZONE

EXCESSIVE MUD WEIGHT
LOW FRACTURE STRENGTH
MAY BEGIN WITH SEEPAGE LOSS,

POSSIBLE TOTAL LOSS
PIT VOLUME LOSS
Page 56
LOST CIRCULATION
WELLBORE PRESSURE IS OVER

BAlANCED TO FORMATION PRESSURE
MUD IS LOST TO NATURAL FRACTURES
AND/OR HIGH PERMEABILITY
PROGNOSEDLOSSZONE
LOST CIRCUlATION CAN OCCUR AT ANY
TIME DURING ANY OPEN HOLE
OPERATION
MAY BEGIN WITH SEEPAGE LOSS,

TOTAL LOSS POSSIBLE
STATIC LOSSES DURING CONNECTIONS I
SURVEY
REDUCE PUMP SPEED TO 1/2

PULL DRILL STRING OFF BOTTOM, STOP
CIRCUlATION
ZERO STROKE COUNTER, FILL ANNULUS
WITH WATER OR LIGHT MUD
RECORD STROKES IF I WHEN THE
ANNULUS FILLS UP
MINIMIZE MUD WEIGHT

CONTROL PENETRATION RATE
MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE
SURGES
Page 57
LOST CIRCULATION
HOLE PROBLEMS
SEEPAGE LOSS
(< 20 BBLSIHR)
MECHANISMS
LOSS SEVERITY CLASSFICATIONS

PARTIAL LOSS
TOTAL LOU
(> 20 BBLSIHR)
(NO UTUIIIUIS)
IMMEDIATE DROP IN FLUID
LEVEL WHEN PUMPING IS
STOPPED
GRADUAL LOSSES
OPERATION NOT
INTERRUPTED
SLOW TO REGAIN RETURNS

AFTER STARTING
CIRCULATION
POSSIBLE WARNING
OF INCREASED LOSS
SEVERITY
OPERATIONS USUALLY
INTERRUPTED
RETURN FLOW STOPS

IMMEDIATELY
PUMP PRESSURE
DECREASE
STRING WEIGHT INCREASE
OPERATION SUSPENDED
REMEDIAL ACTION REQUIRED
REMEDIAL ACTION
REQUIRED
METHODS FOR LOCATING I rut.'ll DEPTH

Successful treatment of lost circulation depends greatly on locating the depth of the loss zone
SURVEY METHODS
PRACTICAL
IIE1'HbD8
TEMPERATURE SURVEY
ACOUSTIC LOG
GEOLOGIST I LOGGER IDENTIFIES

POTENTIAL LOSS ZONE
RADIOACTIVE TRACER
SPINNER SURVEY
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
OFFSET WELL DATA
MONITORING FLUID LEVEL TRENDS

WHILE DRILLING
HOT WIRE SURVEY
FOR
0
SURVEY TOOLS NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE
CONSIDERABLE TIME REQUIRED TO RUN SURVEY
SURVEYS REQUIRE LARGE VOLUME OF MUD
RESULTS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO INTERPRET
POSSIBILITY OF LOSING SURVEY TOOL IN THE HOLE
Page 58
il
LOST CIRCULATION
SOLUTION GUIDELINES
ACT10N
MINIMIZE
MUDWT
FORMATION
"HEALING
TIME"
GUIDEUNES FOR LOST CIRCULATION SOLUTIONS

CONSIDERATIONS
RESULTS
Reduced wellbore pressure (the
driving force pushing mud into
the loss zone
More successful with pressure

induced fractures
Possible well control event or hole
instability problems
Reactive clays of loss zone swell with

water of WBM producing a plugging effect
More successful with fresh water mud

losl to shale formations
Soft shales deform with formation stress

helping to "hear' the fracture
Better results will1 LCM
Normal S . 8 hours walt time with string
in casing
LOSSCIRC
MATERIAL
(LCM)
Effectively bridges. mats and seals

small to medium fractures I
permeability
Less effective with large fractures,

faults
Ineffective with cavernous zones

Increase LCM lbslbbl with loss
severity
SPECIALTY
TECHNIQUES
A plug base is pumped into the loss zone

followed by a chemical activator
The two materials form a soft plug
Can be used in production zones
Increased risk of p lugging equipment

Plug breaks down with time
CEMENT
Cement slurry is squeezed into the toss

zone under injection pressure
The slurry cures
DRILLING
BLIND
Provides a "fit-to-form" solid plug at

o r near the stress of the surrounding
formation
to a solid plug
In some cases, the only practical solution

is to drill without returns
Not a consideration where well control

potential exist
Set casing in the forst compentent
formation
FOR SUCCESSFUL LCM RESULTS

Locating the loss zone and accurate pill placement is vital. Position the string +/-100 feel above loss
zone, do not stop pumping until the pill clears the bit
Insure the base mud viscosity will suspend the LCM volume added. Add fresh gel to a premixed LCM
pill immediately before pumping, fresh gel continues to yield after spotting
An effective LCM pill bridges, matts and then seals the loss zone. particle size distribution and pill
formulation must satisfy these requirements Consult the LCM product guide prior to applying the pill
Use large nozzle sizes if the loss potential is high. Keep the string moving during pill spotting
operation to avoid stuck pipe
Page 59
LOST CIRCULATION
HOLE PROBLEMS
..
RESTORING
CIRCULATION
LOSS CIRCULATION MATERIAL (LCM)

,
"
FINE (F)
A portion of the material will pass through the shaker
screens
GRADES
MEDIUM (M) Majority of material will screen-out at shakers.

COARSE (C) All material will screen-out at shaker Will plug jets and
down hole tools. Recommended with open-ended pipe
FIBROUS
&
FLAKED
Non-rigid materials that form a mat on the hole wall to provide a foundation for
normal filter cake development
GRANULAR
Rigid malenals that bndge and plug the permeability of the loss zone
LCMBLEND
A combination of fibrous. flaked and granular materials in one sack
CELLULOSTIC
Sized wood derived materials used to prevent seepage /partial loss
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
Sized limestone or marble (acid soluble) used for seepage /partial loss in productior
zone
- SIZED SALT
Granulated salt (water soluble) developed for seepage /partial loss in production
zone in salt-saturated systems
SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS (< 20 BBLSIHR)

FIRSTACnoN
RECOVERY
Add LCM pill In 5 10 PPB increments, Evaluate results over 2
circulations before increasing to next level of LCM concentration.
Mix in 30 to 50 bbl batches dictated by hole size, Consider spotting
LCM pill before POOH
Reduce ROP to limit

cuttings load
M inimize mud
rheology
NON-PRODUCTIVE INTERVALS
M tnimtze GPM
WBM:
Minimize wellbore
pressure surges
Minimize mud wt
Consider pulling into
casing and waiting
6 to a hours
OBM I SBM:
LCM Blend (F) 5 15PPB

LCM Blend (M) 5 15PPB
FlaKed (FIM)
10 20 PPB
Cellulosic (F/M) 2 -25 PPB
PRODUCTION ZONE EXPOSED

WBM:
OBMISBM:
L1mestone (FIM) 5 30 PPB
Cellulosic (FI M) 2 25 PPB

Limestone (F/M) 5 15 PPB
THE LCM M IXTURES SHOVVN HERE ARE INTENDED AS A GUIDE WHERE NO FIELD
EXPERIENCE EXIST, SOME SITUATION S MAY REQUIRE 2 6 PP8 LCM
CONCENTRATIO N IN THE TOTAL MUD SYSTEM. CONSULT YOUR MUD COM PANY
FOR AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND PILL FORMULATIONS BEST SUITED FOR THE AREA.
Page 60
LOST CIRCULATION
PARTIAL LOSS SOLUnONS (> 20 BBLSIHR)
FIRSTACnON
Reduce ROP to
limit cuttings load
Minimrze mud
rheology
Reduce GPM
RECOVERY
Add LCM pill in 5 -1 0 PPB incremen1s. Evaluate results over 2
circulatio ns before increasing to next level of LCM concentration. Mix
in 30 to 50 bbl batches dic1ated by hole size. Consider spotting LCM
pill before POOH
WBM:
Minimize well bore

pressure surges
OBM /SBM:
LCM Blend (M) 15 - 25 PPB

LCM Blend (C) 15 - 25 PPB
walnut (M/C) 10-20 PPB
10-25 PPB
10 -25 PPB
5 -15 PPB
Minimize m ud wt
casing and waiting
6 to 8 hours
Cellulosic (F/M)
Cellulosic (C)
walnut (M)
W BM:
OBM /SBM :
LCM Blend (F) 5 - 15 PPB

LCM Blend (M) 5- 15 PPB
Cellulosic (M) 5 - 15 PPB
Cellulosic (F/M)
Limestone (F)
2-25PPB
5 - 15 PPB
GUIDELINES
TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS
RECOVERY
FIRST ACTION
Pull off bottom, keep
Formulations for the specialty pill and cement are dictated by

conditions of each event
string moving
Ffll annulus .with water
or light mud
Record strokes ij I
OBM /SBM:
WBM:
30 - 40 PPB LCM Pill

Specialty Pill
Cement Squeeze
40 PPB LCM Pill

Specialty Pill
Cement Squeeze
when annulus fills up

the casing
Minimize wellbore
pressure surges
OBM /SBM:
WBM:
40 PPB LCM Pill
Specialty Pill
Cement Squeeze
30 - 40 PPB LCM Pill

Specialty Pill
Cement Squeeze
ADDRESS RESERVOIR
NEEDS
ADDRESS RESERVOIR
NEEDS
THE LCM MIXTURES SH6WN' HERE ARE IN11'ENDED AS A GUIDE WHERE NO FIELD
EXPERIENCE EXIST. SOME SITUATIONS MAY REQUIRE 2 - 6 PPB I!.CM
CONCENTRATION IN THE TOTAL MUD SYSTEM. CONSUl.T YOUR MUD COMPAN'I'
FOR AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND PILL FORMULATIONS BEST SUITED FOR T HE AREA.
Page 6 1
Page 62
LOST CIRCULATION
SPOmNO PROCEDURES FOR LOST CIRCULAnON MATERIAL (LCM)
Locate the loss zone
M ix 50 - 100 barrels of mud with 25 - 30 ppb bentonite and 30 - 40 ppb LCM
Position the d rill string +/-100 feet above the loss zone
If open-ended, pump 1/2 of the pill into the loss zone. Stop the pump, waij 15 minutes and pump the
remainder of the pill
Jr pumping through the bit, pump the entire pill and follow with 25 barrels of mud
If returns are not regained. repeat procedure If retu rns are not regained, wait 2 hours a nd repeat
procedure
If returns are not regained after pumping 3 pills, consider other options to regain circulation
SPOmNO PROCEDURES FOR SPECIALTY PILL
If possible, d rill through the loss interval . Pull out of the hole and return open-ended
Position the string +/-100 feet above the loss zone
Clean t.h e mixing pit thoroughly. Mix 50 barrels of desired specialty pill
Pump down the d rill string and place in the suspected zone. If annulus is not full. pump m ud down
the annulus white pumping pill down drill string
When annulus fills and squeeze is in place, apply 150 - 200 psi on annulus. This wilt "sofl squeeze"
the material into the loss zone
Jr possible, drill1hrough the loss interval. Pull out of the hole and return open-ended
Position the string +/-100 feet above the loss zone
M ix 100 sx of cement and 100 sx of bentonite with 50 barrels of diesel (slurry 1111- 11.5 ppg, yield1.39 cubic feet per sack )
Pump down the drill string, 15 barrels of water-free diesel ahead and behind the gunk slurry
When the lead diesel spacer reaches the bit, close the BOP and pump mud down the annulus
Pump 4 bblslmin down the string and 2 bblslmin down the annulus until the tail diesel spacer clears
the string
Reciprocate the string slowly, do not reverse circ ulate
Pull the d rill string clear of the squeeze. Mix and place the squeeze with a cementing unit,
possible
Wait 8+ hours for the gunk to cure, repeat procedure if returns are not regained
It may be necessary to d rill out the gunk before repeating the procedure
SPOmNO PROCEDURES FOR GUNK PILL
Page 63
LOST CIRCULATION
HOLE PROBLEMS
PREVENTION
SPO I liNG PROCEDURE FOR CEIENT

The cement slurty formulation should be tested by the cement company to determine the
thickening time
If possible, drill through the entire loss circulation interval

Pull out of the hole and return with open-ended drill pipe
Position the open-ended drill pipe approximately 11)0 feet above the loss zone
Mix and pump 50 to 100 bbls of cement slurty
Follow the slurry with a
Wah 6 to 8 hours and attempt to fill the a nnulus
It may be necessary to drill out the cement before repealing the procedure
suffoc~e nt
volume of mud 01 water to balance the UTube
Repeat the procedure d returns are not rega1ned
LOST CIRCULATION PREVENTION GUIDEUNE8

Prevention of lost circulation must be considered i n the wen plann~ng, dnlling and post analysis phases
Design the easing program to ease-off low pressure or suspected lot circulation zones
Ma1ntain mud weight to t.h e min1mum required to control known fOimation pressures.. High mud
weJQhiJs one of the major causes of lost circulation
Pre-treat the mud system with LCM when dnU1ng through known lost corculauon Intervals
Maintain low mud rheology values that are st1tl suffoc-t to clean the hole
RotittJng the drill slfiny when :.lartiog drw&ation hetp5 to break the gel$ end mtmmiz:o pymp pressure
surges
Start circulation slowly after connectiOns and periods of non-circulation
Use minimum GPM flow rate to clean the hole when drilling k nown lost circulation zone
Control drill known lost circulation zone to avoid loading the annulus with cuttings
Reduce pipe tripping speeds to minimize swablsurge pressure
Plan to break circulation at 2 to 3 depths white tripping in the hole
Minimize annular re,strictions
Consider using jet sizes 01 TFA that Will allow the use of LCM pills ( 12132"' tets +)
Be prepared for plugging pump suctiOns. pump d1scharge seteen. dnll string screens. etc
Be prepared for mud losses due to shaker screen plugging
Page 64
LOST CIRCULATION
HOLE PROBLEMS
DRILLING BLIND
PRECAUTIONS WHILE DRIWNG WITHOUT RETURNS

Circumstances may dictate drilling blind until 50 feet of the next competent formation is drilled.
Casing is set to solve the lost circulation problem. A blind drilling operation must have Drilling
Manager approval
Insure an adequate water supply is available
Use one pump to drill and the other pump to continuously add water to the annulus
Assign a person to monitor the now line at all t1mes
Closely monitor torque and drag to determine when to pump viscous sweeps
Closely monitor pump pressure while drilling for indications of pack-off
Conlrol drill (if possible) at one joint per hour
Pick up off bottom every 15 feet (3m) drilled to ensure the hole is not packing off
Keep the pipe mov10g at all times
Maintain a 400 500 bbl reserve of v1scous mud ready to pump
Consider spotting viscous mud on bottom prior to tripping or logg1ng
Stop dnlhng and consider pulling to lhe shoe if pump repairs are required
Stan and stop pipe slowly and minimize pipe speed
Consider spotting a viscous pill above the BHA prior to each connection
Prior to each connection, circulate and w1pe the hole thoroughly
Do not run surveys when drilling blind
If circulation returns. stop drilling. Raise the drill string to the shut-in position. Stop the pumps
and check the well for flow
If flow is observed, close the BOP a nd observe shut~ in pressures:
No pressure Slowly circulate bottoms up through 2 open chokes

Pressure Observed Slowly circulate the kick with the Circulation Method and present
mud weight. Be prepared for a n underground blowout condition
At all times to pump cement to the well
Page 65
RIG REPAIR
An interruption in planned operations caused by a breakdown In the drilling rig

equipment. Running rig equipment to failure is not cost effective for the
Contractor. Operator. or wellbore
UNSCHEDULED
RIG REPAIR
IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR

OPERATOR
DRILLING CONTRACTOR
WELLBORE
FINANCIAL PENALTIES
HIGH RISK OF OTHER

UNSCHEDULED EVENTS
COST OF EMERGENCY REPAIR

POSSIBLE PERSONNEL INJURY
EXTENSIVE EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE
INCREASED WELL COST

DELAYED PRODUCTION
EXTENDED EXPOSURE
TIME
LOSS OF PRODUCTION
LOSS OF HOLE SECTION

LOSS OF WELL
LOSS OF FUTURE CONTRACTS
PRIMARY CONTRACTOR AND OPERATOR OBJECnYES

CONTRACTOR
OPERATOR
NO PERSONNEL INJURY
NO PERSONNEL INJURY
NO WELL CONT ROL INCIDENT
NO WELL CONTROL INCIDENT
OPTIMIZE EQUIPMENT LIFE
OPTIMIZE DRILLING OPERATION
MINIMIZE RIG REPAIR
MINIMIZE UNSCHEDULED EVENTS
CONTROL EQUIPMENT COST
CONTROL FINAL WELL COST
LONG TERM DRILLING CONTRACT
COST EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE
PREVENnYE
MAINTENANCE
PROGRAM
(PMP)
A program designed to schedule regular Inspection, maintenance and/or repair

of drilling equipment prior to failure
The historical life expectancy of rig equipment is based on the frequency of
maintenance
FOUR COMPONENTS OF A PREVENnYE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

CLOSED LOOP
Management to rig
CREW FEED BACK RECORD KEEPING

Refining and tailoring
the system
AUDITING
Equipment history
Through Inspections
Rig to management
Equipment trends
Well designed
checklists
Roles defined
Equipment maintenance
Follow-up plans/
reports
Clear guidelines
Page 66
RIG REPAIR
-~~~--~~-~-------------
~------
--
COMPREHENSIVE PMP EQUIPMENT LIST

MAIN ENGINES
HIGH PRESSURE MANIFOLDS I VALVES I HOSES
GENERATORS I SCR SYSTEMS
HYDRAULIC OPERATING SYSTEMS
MOORING I STATION KEEPING SYSTEM
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM
BALLAST AND BILGE SYSTEM
TENSIONING EQUIPMENT
CRANES
PIPE HANDLING SYSTEM
BOPE I CONTROL SYSTEM
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
RISER I DIVERTER SYSTEM
BULK MIXING SYSTEM
HOISTING EQUIPMENT
TOP DRIVE SYSTEM
_:_~_o_r_A_R_Y_s_y_s_T_E_M_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MUD PUMPS
SOLIDS CONTROL SYSTEM
RIG COMPUTER SYSTEMs_ _ _ _ _ _ _...J
PMP FREQUENCY SCHEDULE

0
HOURLY
0 DAILY
WEEKLY
BI-MONTHLY
QUARTERLY
0
EVERY FOUR MONTHS
BI-WEEKLY
0
MONTHLY
SEMI-ANNUALLY
ANNUAllY
EVERY TWO YEARS
EVERY THREE YEARS

EVERY FOUR YEARS
0 EVERY FIVE YEARS
EVERY EIGHT YEARS
BENEFITS OF A SUCCESSFUL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM
Ensure equipment life .expectancy
Reduce down time for unscheduled rig repair
Lower well cosl
Reduce severity o l damage to equipment
less chance of personnel injury
Increase contractor profit margm
Component failure frequency records defines rig and shore base spare parts inventory
Increase operator awareness of the contractor's operational needs
Opportunity for contractor 1nput/ involvement during well planning
Maintenance is less costly than emergency repair
Reduce risk of s tuck pipe, well control problems. other unscheduled events
EVALUATE RIG REPAIR FAILURE SEVERITY

WHO SHOULD BE NOTIFIED
ARE PERSONNEL OR THE RIG IN DANGER
WHAT IMMEDIATE ACTION IS REQUIRED
IS THE WELLBORE IN DANGER
CAN NORMAL OPERATIONS CONTINUE
WHAT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ARE REQUIRED
CAN PARTIAL OPERATIONS CONTINUE
CAN THE FAILURE BE REPAIRED O N SITE
IS OPERATIONAL SHUT DOWN REQUIRED
Page 6 7
PREVENTATIVE ACTION PLAN
INTEGRATED PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM (IPMP)
,.. Sorvloe forwa1d Ule

,.. 80atS:
lftlg~Rcl, . -~- seM:eFt>c< SeMceBOPAcCU Chcng&s-~, . eo-
a. \tMlo
LEGEND
1
2.
LOW RJSK MAINTENANCE
3.
HJGH RISK MAINTENANCE
4,
15
..
'V
..
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,.. SorvloeMLitellocm ,, SeMce Or~itOfb
71
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eE
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14. RepjooO WIG 1loel
15. Setvlce ()pe(ala

9222pu
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CEW UN!J
5eiii!CO liOnS. #1 6- 5eiii!CO 1'\lmp # 1
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11
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SOMe& !tons. lf.2 9 SQMeo 1'\lmp #2
SeMce Engine
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Days From Spud
15
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S5
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16
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;::,.
13
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
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70
75
Depth
30"
1284'
20"
21100'
13-318"
5080'
9-518"
12.250'
14,540'
17112'" HOLE 13-3/S" CSG

Run Csg
woe
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Casing
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::1. (J)
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RIG ___,. 12 ,..-10-1229

IPMP
Well
n.
SEOMCE COM"""' .....N'I'ENANCt: LIST
PlANNED IAAJNTENANC
SERV~
IPMP
,. Seo. CoruL 1\.mpt;

... 4,6,6
22 Seo. ~ Ma111old
5e1v1C:e Man Enginelll Se1V1ce CoruL 1\.mpt; " Sol'llca Slalboad

Service GeneJtcn 4.5.6
crone
> SoMce./<1~- -~- -- Soritoecentl\mpt;
, Slfi:I'CUI M tN>
11 SoMcolop 0rt.e ~ . 1, SeMce Ft>c< IV
$ . SerW:;:e PQrr Oone ,, SGtVtee ~ 9f$1Qt'n,,. it:::llm
1
......
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RIG EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE I.IST:
RunC~og
woe
..... l~
........~
~......~.1./2'"..~
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7"
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RIG REPAIR
..
DRILUNG SYSTEM BREAK DOWN EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

If rig equipment failure shuts down a major drilling system, immediate action must be taken to protect
the personnel, rig and wellbore from associated events
DRILUNG SYSTEM
BREAKDOWN
STATION KEEPING
INITIAL
RESULT
SECONDARY
RESULT
Rig drifts or drives

oft location
Stuck pipe
Stop rota boo and cuwtauon
SOP I ns.er damage
Pos.tlon tooljoint above the

hangoff ram
Dnll stnng ts sheared-off

Onll stnng damage
1
Upper manne ns.e.r
connector unlatches
ACTION PLAN
Surface equpment
failufe I damage
Ck>se hong-off tam$ ~ncf $lack

off lo Pf8determl00d ......e.gru
lmtiate dnll1ng conuactO(s
e-mergency procedures
f-
TOTA~ RIG POWER
Loss of MattOn keep!~
R.g drlftoff dama~
S1an emergency generator
Loss ol ho~.ng.
Studt pipe
lnitlat& preliminary disconnect

procedure
rotation, ciccutatioo
Well eot~l rol
Surface equipment
Rai~o d(tll wing off bOttom w1lh moton
compensator
failure I demage
Ctrculate Wtlh cetnenting pump
Monitor well for
TOTAL DRilLING
POWER
Po~~!ble
ng drift c>fl
now
Possible loss of
station keep!OQ
lou of hoisting,
rotahoo, Cfi'Cutatton
Stuck pipe
Initiate pre-Jimlnary disconnect

procedure
Well control
Circulate with cemenhng pump
Start emergency generj tor
damage
If possible. rotJte drill string

Wllh power tongs
Monitor wen fOf
TOP DRIVE SYSTEM
(TOSl
Stucj( pipe
Pos.sii>Se lou ot
roahon, hO!stlnQ,
circulalion
Row
If pos.sible, trip to casing shoe tor
re-oalr
Well control
If not possib&e. set slips, tie stip

hand.'es and rotata- pipe in slips
If possible. og ~up to clrcu:late

Monitor well for
HOISTING S YSTEM
Can~c rai&e the

drill StrM19
Stuck pipe
flow
Contmue circulation I rotatton

Reciprocate dril suing with
motion compennt01
ROTATING SYSTEM
St~k. pipe
Canno-1 rotate the

dtil Slt it'\lg
Reciprocate d11ll string

Trip to casing 1hoe for repair
If possible, rotate drill string with

power tongs
Maintain fllll circulation
CIRCULATING
SYSTEM
WELL CONTROL
SYSTEM
C3nnot Ctrcul,le the

wellbore
Cannot shutin during

kCk
Slutk pipe
Trip to easing &hoe for repair
Wei oontrol
Rotate 1 r~lprocate lhe dnll string

if repair Is made while in open hole
Personnel l"jury
Non emergency .. &eet.Jre the well

to make repairs
Equlpmem csam8ge
Biowout
loss of well
Environment.al damage
Page 69
Eme<geney lnlti&te evacuation

procedures
DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE

An interruption in planned operations caused by drilling /evaluation tool failures
other than drill string failures. Down hole tool selection and operation is critical in
the reduction of tool failure
Drilling engineer specifies equipment
Drilling foreman orders equipment
Toolpusher inspects/checks equipment
Driller picks up/runs equipment

equipment
Rig team post analyzes
L---------------------_________________________
DOWN HOLE MOTOR

SHOCK sue
_J
Motor stops drilling
------~~--~-----------------------1
Seal washout
DRIUINGJAR
MWD /LWD
Dump valve, software, LCM plugging
LOGGING
SURVEY EQUIPMENT
SPECIALTY EQUIPMENT
not release, incompatible with other
PACKER I LJS I I 00LS
METAL FAnGUE
Cyclic stress reversals
IMPROPER TOOL SELECTION
Loads exceed design
IMPROPER TOOL OPERATION
Untrained personnel, inattention
EXCEEDED DESIGN LIMITS
Accidental llntentional over1oad
EXCEEDED DESIGN LIFE
Economic based, untrained personnel
TRANSPORTATION I
Untrained personnel
lim~s .
incompatible with other tools
HANDLING DAMAGE
HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT
H S, CO , high temperature, corrosive mud, high

hard abrasive formations
DESIGN I MANUFACTURING
Quality control failed
Page 70

Selecting the right tool for the job can significantly reduce too failure. Following a standardized tool
selection procedure ensures the right tool is selected
WELLBORE CONDITIONS
DOWN HOLE
ENVIRONMENT
TOOL PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
COMPATIBILITY
OPERATIONS
Temperature limitations of tools

H,S, CO,. Corrosion resistance
Oil resistant rubber goods
Hydrostatic pressure limitations
Hole angle limitations
Hole size versus tool size
DIMENSIONS
Length, OD. ID or tool
Weight and grade
Connection type
Special make up torque requirements, thread dope
Stress relief features
Connections compatible with other down hole equipment
Will tool wort< with other equipment
OPERATING PARAMETERS
Minimum J maximum flow rate

Minimum I maximum operating pressure
Torque I tension limitations
Recommended operating hours
Is a tool operator needed I provided
Special handling tools required
Are special operating instructions required/provided
Operating manual provided
Safety Recommendations
Settings I calibration data
Maintenance requirements
FISHING TOOL METHODS
FISHING
Tool dimensions diagram provided
Required fishing tools I ease ol fishing
Fishing records available
Tool lost-in-hole consequences
SUPPORT
QUALITY
CONTROL
COST
LIMITATIONS
Back up tools readily available I delivery time

Are spare parts needed I readily available
Transportation problems I hazardous cargo
Air transportable
Required deck space I deck toad
RELIABILITY OF TOOL
New o r rebuilt tool
Hours since last rebuilt/ inspection records
Performance record of loot on offset wells
Performance record ol tool worldwide
Operating/standby rental rates I repair agreements
Lost-in-hole charges I insurance
Success/failed performance rate
Depth I external pressure limitation

Yield strength
Drilling ftuid Oil, LCM. Hematite
Battery packs
Page 71

Following a standardized check lost when !he tool amves insures the light tool has been shipped and
was not damaged in transil
PAPERWORK
PHYSICAL
CONOm ON
- - -- 1COMPATIBILITY
Verily equipment quantities and types
Ensure serial/ model numbers on the tool agree with the order lorm,
cargo manifest and Inspection report tool
locate the operating manual, spec1alonstructoons (d any), settongs

and cahbratoon sheet, tool dlmensoons diagram and parts lost
Oamaged con1a1ners may tndicate damaged tool
MJSsing or damaged parts and spare parts
Thread protectors Installed on tools and crossovers
Thread and seal1ng shoulder damage
Tool bore and other circulating ports are free of debris
Explosive I corrosive tools and materials are clearly marked
Correct connections size. type and BSR
Connection stress relief features match features of the drill string
Handling I operabng tools are compatible with rig equipment
Plugs I wireline tools will pass through tool
Bolt pattern, bolts. ga&kels are correct
Functoon test values. Rappers. etc. before running tool in hole
Cross-over subs are correct, BSR's are checked
Identify and marl< new technology tools
~---------+--~--
OPERATION
UNFAMILIAR /NEW
TECHNOLOGY
TOOL
OPERATING
MANUAL
-------------
Hold a preJob safety meeting focused on the safe and proper operation of the
tool. If an operator is provided. allow the specialis11o make the presentation
Make available to the Oriller, an operations manual for each tool that nequires
special operat1ng procedures (i.e .. jars)
AWARENESS /
REFRESHERS
Pre-tour safety meetings woth wrrtten Tour Operations Plan, Driller Hand Over
Notes with current/next operations section. Discuss operation of unfam1har I
new technology tools
TOOL FAILURE
REPORT
When tool failure occurs. file a Tool Failure Report to share knowledge of the
failure and preventive action taken. A statistical data base can be built with this
information
SERVICE/
EQUIPMENT
Inferior service and tools provided by supply companies can account for a
substantial number of tool failures. Included In the Tool Failure Report, is a
section on supply company performance ratings, An alternative supplier should
be considered il ratings indicate high tool failure rate and/or poor service
DRIU. $TitiNG FAILURE
PLANNING
MINIMUM YIELD
STRENGTH (MYS)
The minimum load (lbs/sq in of metal} at which plastic deformation of the metal
begins
METAL FATIGUE
Accumulated metal damage caused by stress reversals
Fatigue damage is a naturally occurring process that begins when the drill pipe is put into service and
accumulates w~h use. Stress cracks form and continue to grow which eventually results in string failure
if not detec1ed by inspec1ion
DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING

COMPONENT
ATIRIBUTES
DESIGN
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
The d imensions and mechanical properties

built into the drill string components. Attributes
determine the loads that can be applied
Wall thickness. Yield strength,

Toughness, Upset geometry
The designed strength of the drill sting must

exceed the loads required to drill the well.
Operating below the design limits extends the
life or the drill string
Anticipated loads, Correct

selection and posmoning of
string components, Posting
max-imum tension and torsion

limits for tile Driller
INSPECTION
Onsite visual inspection,

Examine the drill string components to ensure
Electronic inspection based on
it meets minimum specifications. Inspections
detect wear before it results in a down hole failure drill siring and drilling conditions
OPERATIONS
Improper use, handling and storage of the drill

string results in premature s tring failure
Correct connection makeup

Calibrating gauges, Operational
use and handling practices
SURROUNDINGS
The chemical and mechanical environment in

which the drill string is operated. If the
Doglegs, Buckling, Vibrations,

Corrosion, High angle wells
S-urroundings. be<m& hostile , th e ins-pection
frequency should be increased to minimize

failures
The steps taken to prevent drill s tring failures is the sum of efforts in these five components. In
some cases. efforts in one component area must be varied to minimize problems in another area
DRILL STRING FAILURE CAUSES
BELOW MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH
ABOVE MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH
85% OF TOTAL FAILURES
15% OF TOTAL FAILURES
Drill Pipe Tube Fatigue
Tension
BHA Connec1ion Fatigue
Torsion
Connection Leak
Tension I Torsion Combination
Sulfide Stress Cracking
Collapse
Spl~
Burst
Box
Mechanical Failure of Specialty Tools

Welding Failure
Page 73
/JJl/U.. STRING FAII..URlE
DRILL PIPE FATIGUE
DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE

CAUSE
POINT OF AITACK LOCATION OF FAILURE

16" to 24" from pin and box end
Sharp change in wall thickness between

tootjoint and pipe tube
SLIP AREA
16" to 24" from box end
Usi ng one tong, stopping the string with

the slips, worn slips and bowl
TUBE MIDDLE
Middle section between pin and

box
Contact w~h abrasive formation while

rotating causing OD wear
First 5 stands above BHA
Stiffness change from BHA to d rill pipe,

possibility of compressional loading with
excessive WOB
INTERNAL UPSET
TRANSITION ZONE
FACTORS THAT ACCELERATE DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE
Slip cuts
No transition pipe
Doglegs and high angle holes
Corrosive mud, oxygen, H,S, carbon dioxide, chlo rides
Running bent pipe
Running drill pipe in compression
Bacl<reaming with high tension loads, torque and tension in combination
Drill string vbralions and vertical bouncing
E rra tic torque, slip/stick d rilling condition
PREVENTIVE ACTION
Maintain hole angle changes under 3/ 100'
Stop pipe, set slips and lower pipe slowly onto slips to prevenl slip cuts
Maintain sufficient levels of corrosion inhibitors and oxygen scavengers
Allow no more than 3' of p ipe length above the slips if possible
Always use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out connection
Ensure tongs are at 90 angle in two planes when torquing up connections
Do not run bent pipe, pipe with deep slip cuts o r corrosion pits
Go slow when bacl<reaming, minimize the overpull
Always use transition pipe (HWDP) between the drill collars and d rill pipe
Move the bottom stand of d rill pipe (HDWP) to the top of the drill string on each trip
Rotate the connection breaks on each trip
Use adequate BHA weight to p rovide bit weight
Check slip insert bowl, master bushing and rotary table for wear
Clean and inspect slip and tong dies frequently
Page 74
ORlU.. S YRI~G FAIUI~f:

TONGS AT
DRILL PIPE FATIGUE
ANGLE IN 2 PLANES
/
/
/
/
/
/
., _
/
.... ....
--
....
LOAD
CELL
CELL
r-----------------------------~~------"I~ S~ECJJQN_~QLQS_~QDE
DRILL PIPE I TOOLJOINT COLOR CODE IDENTIFICATION

TOOLJOINT AND DRILL PIPE
CLASSIFICATION BANDS
CLASS 1 ....................... 1 WHITE BAND

PREMIUM CLASS ........ 2 WHITE BANDS
CLASS 2 ....................... 1 YELLOW BAND
w
a..
0:
:;;
CLASS 3 ....................... 1 BLUE BAND

CLASS 4 ....................... 1 GREEN BAND
....z
0
....,
...J
.a
SCRAP .......................... 1 RED BAND
0
0
....
z
0
....,
...J
TOOLJOINT CONDITION STRIPS
SHOP REPAIRABLE ..... 3 RED STRI PS

OR SCRAP
FIELD REPAIRABLE ..... 3 GREEN STRIPS
Page 75
DRILL STRING FAILURE
DRILL PIPE FATIGUE
IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS ON TOOLJOINT

STANDARD WEIGHT DRILL PIPE
GRADES X, G & S
DRILL PIPE WEIGHT

CODE
~~ROVE NEAR BOTTOM!
NOMINAL STD or
SIZE WEIGHT TIWALL CODE
1
3-1/2" 13.30
STD
OFTOOWOINT
\
_../'
~~~HAL
U ET
~CODE
~ \ \ \ ~!
'
GAAOE
COOE
..............
WEIGHT
"'-1
MILLED
SLOT
THICK WALL DRILL PIPE

GRADES X, G & S
15.50
TW
14.00
STD
15.75
TW
4-1/2" 16.60
STD
20.00
TW
22.82
TW
19.50
STD
25.60
TW
21 .90
STD
24.70
TW
25.20
STD
4"
5"
5-1/2"
~~ROVE NEAR TOP

OFTOOWOINT
6-518"
...,....,
'r.
l [!J ~
INTERNAL
\SET
II
DRILL PIPE GRADE

CODE
E- E75
G - G105
X - X95
.......
S - S105
IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS ON TOOWOINT

DRILL PIPE IDENTIFICATION
Q ~/
BENCHMARK
-::
;:
;;::;;.
'"
AA:uss lllM_N s -p
CODE
uss
- Tooljolnt manufacturer
694
- Date of tool jooning

(June, 1994)
- Tube manufacture r
code (see RP7G)
- Drill pipe grade
5I
....=;J
Page76
DRill STRING fA ....tiRE

-
POINT OF ATIACK
BHA FATIGUE
BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE

CAUSE
PIN NECK
BOTIOMOFTHE
BOX
Tension from connection torque and BHA weight
Corrosion pitting
Bending load increases neck tension on the outer side of the bending
radius
Bending load applies circumferential stress

Box OD wear reduces box strength
Corrosion pittlng
FACTORS THAT ACCELERATE BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE

Over or under torquing the connection, under torquing is more common
Doglegs I high angle holes
Corrosion from oxygen. H,S. carbon dioxide. chlorides
Unstabllized drill collars in compression
Large diameter holes or washed out holes
BHA vibrations and vertical bounclng
High tension load or jarring on stuck pipe
No connection stress relief features

Damaged connection sealing surfaces
Incorrect Bending Strength Ratio (BSR)
Erratic torque, slip/slick drilling condaions
PREVENTIVE ACTION
Maintain hole angle change under 3/ 100'
Maintain sufficient levels of corrosion inhibitors and oxygen scavengers
Apply recommended make-up torque with tongs at so angle in two planes and calibrate tong gauges
frequently
Correct recommended make-up torque (RMUT) for dope friction factor

RMUTeo.= RMUT x Dope Friction Factor
Minimize BHA vibration/buckling wah stabilizers. shock subs
Inspect the BHA at recommended intervals and after severe eircumstanoes
Cold-roll BHA connection thread roots
Specify stress relieved pins and bore back boxes
Maintain bending strength ratio (BSR) near value recommended for drill collar size
Page 77
ORILL STRING FAILURE
BHA FATIGUE
STRENGTH RATIO (BSR)

The r-.tio of box stifrness to pin stlfrnu After applyong proper torque. bendong strength of
connection is balanced when the box silliness os 2.51lmes the pin stiffness
A BSR of 2.5 represents a balanced conneC1ion for the average size collar and connee110n type.
As collar 00 decreases. BSR should be reduced to compensate for a weaker pin. As collar 00
increases, BSR sho uld be increased to compensate for a stronger pin
1.0
2 .0
BENDING
2 .5
STR E N GTH RATI O
3 .0
3 .5
(BSR)
---Page 78
DRILL STRING I=AiLURE
CARE/HANDLING
DRILL CREW 5-SECOND CHECKS

DEVELOP A REGULAR HABIT OF DOING 5-SECOND CHECKS THESE CH ECKS CAN BE MADE
0111 THE PIFIE RACK, V-OOOR. RIG FLOOR, WHILE ORi l liNG.ITRIPPING, AND LAYING DOWN THE
DRILL STRING MARK AND SET ASIDE BAD JOINTS
BOX END INSPECTION
Use a soft bristle brush and solvent to clean the threads and shoulder for a visual inspection
for minimum required OD. Inspect for cracks. eccentric wear (out-of Caliper
roundness). severe tong cuts or unusual damage
l ook for small or missing connection bevel
Visually inspect the sealing shoulder a nd threads for impact damage. pitting. galled surfaces, correct
connection
type, and belled boxes
Check the BHA connections for bore-back feature
TUBE INSPECTION
Visually inspect the slip area for deep slip cuts. severe pitting, bent joint
Visually inspect the pipe bore for debris, scale. Rabbit all d rill pipe before use
Caliper the middle of the tube for minimum required OD and eccentric wear (out-of-roundness)
Visually inspect the tube for corrosion pits or unusual damage
Check pipe for straightness when rolling on the pipe rack
PIN END INSPECTION

Use a soft bristle brush and solvent to clean the threads and shoulder for a visual inspection
Check pipe weight I grade stencils on pin neck I flat
Compare grooves on toojoint for pipe identification
Caliper minimum required OD
Inspect for eccentric wear (out-of-roundness), severe tong cuts or unusual damage
Visually inspect the sealing shoulder and threads for impact damage. pitting. galled surfaces, correct
connection type, stretched pin
look for small or missing connection bevel

Check the BHA connections for stress relief g roove feature
look for abnormal connection ID's that are not consistent w ith the string
Page 79
DRIU
CAREIHA N DUNG
ST~JNG
FAJUJRE
DRILL STRING FAILURE WARNING SIGNS

CAUTION
When failure occurs, others may follow
Drill string history is unknown
Pulling or jarring on stuck pipe
Picking up unfamiliar equipment
HIGH RISK
Mud corrosion level is high

Doglegs a re present
Abnormal torque, drag. vibration
H19h angle hole
RECOMMENDED DRILLSTRING CARE AND HANDLING PRACTICES

DRILLING
TRIPPING
Keep the mousehote and rathole clean
Alternate and record the break on eaCh trip
Visually inspect kelly saver sub at frequent

intervals
Do not let the slips ride the dnll sting
Clean and inspect tong and slip diet at frequent

1ntervals
Stop the pipe, set slips, slowly set pipe weight

on slips to minimize slip cut depth
Keep handling subs clean and free of damage
AllOw no more than 3 feet pipe length above

slips
AllOw no more than 3 feet of pipe above sl1ps

when making/breaking
AlWays use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out
Use correct dope compound for the spectfie

connection. Dope threads and shoulder
generously
connections. Use a p1pe spinner to &pln.c.tp

and back-out conneenons
Never apply the tongs on the dnll pipe tube
If :;:~ conneebon requtrea excJve bfeak--out
Do not roll the pin into the box. pick up and

re-stab
Amays use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out

connections
torque or the connection has dry or muddy

threads on break-out:, clean and visually
inspect the pin and box for damage
Use a pipe spinner to spin-up and back-oul
Shoulder damage Wom or mining bevels

Belled box
Galled or burned threads
Stretched pin
Eccentric box/1ube wear
connections
Use proper make"up torque for the spec.fic

connection
Torque connections w~h tongs at goangle 1n

two planes
Correct recommended make up torque (RMUT)

for dope lriction factor
Use a steady pull to torque-up the connection
Keep pipe set back area clean Rinse mud off

outside and inside of pipe, Install pipe w1per as
soon as possible
Do not use a hammer or pipe wrenCh to move

stands on the pipe rack. use a pipe lack
Do not roll the pin into the box. pick up and

re.stab the connection
Monitor both make-up and break-out torque,

break-out torque should be 80 . 100% of
make-up torque
RMUT.,.,. = RMUT x Dope Friction Factor
watch for these signs on trips:
Pag e 80
DRILLING JARS
DRILLING JAR
ADVANTAGE
A drilling tool designed to deliver high impact "hammef' blows to the stuck
drill string
Higher probability of recovery with immediate and cof18cf application of jar
blows
A OPEN
INNER
MANDREL-
8"
I COCKE D
8"
OUTER
BARREL
V cLoseo
SPLINE
DRIVE
_ LATCH
MECHANISM
LOWER
SEAL
- WASH
PIPE
DRILLING JARS
PUMP OPEN FORCE (POF)
Force of circulatong or trapped pressure pushing the jar to the open position
PRESSURE DROP = 2001 psi

WASHPIPE AREA = x10 sq in
P/0FORCE : 20,000 lbs
BOTIOMAREA
OF WASHPIPE,
10 SQ INCHES
See jar manual for POF information for your jar make, model and size
POF AFFECT ON COCKING THE JAR (MECH OR HYD)
COCKING FROM
OPEN POSITION
More difficult or 1mposs11>fa to cock. Slow /stop pumps or bleed trapped

pressure before cocking
COCKING FROM
Makes the jar 9&sl6r to cock
[cLOSE POSITION
POF AFFECT ON MECHANICAL JAR BLOW
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
Less stnng tensoon requred for an up-jar blow

More set down weight required lor a down-jar blow. Slow I stop pumps or
bleed trapped pressure when janing down
POF AFFECT ON HYDRAULIC JAR BLOW

ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
lnlensifies the up-jar blow

Dampens the down-jar blow. Slow /stop pumps or bleed
trapped pressure when janing down
Page 82
DRILLING JARS
COCKING THE JAR
MINIMUM WEIGHT INDICATOR READING TO COCK THE MECH I HYD JAR
COCKING FROM OPEN POSinON
COCKING FROM CLOSED POSITION

Last recorded pick-up wt
- BHA wt below jar
+ Internal jar friction
Wt. Indicator load
= 330,000 Lbs
= 30.000 Lbs
= 10,000 Lbs
= 310.000 Lbs
POF will ASSIST cocking the jar
Last recorded slack-off wt

= 330,000 Lbs
- BHA wt below jar
= 30,000 Lbs
- Internal jar friction
= 10,000 Lbs
- Pum~ O(len force
= 20.000 Lbs
= W . Indicator I Ui
= 270 000 Lbs
POF will OPPOSE cocking the jar, slow down or stop
the pumps or bleed trapped pump pressure to make
the jar easier to cock
The force required to move the inner mandrel through the seals
CALC ULATING TRIP LOAD

MECHANICAL JAR
UP.JARBLOW
DOWN-JAR BLOW
=
=
=

330,000 Lbs
30,000 Lbs
- BHA wt below jar
- On-jar trip load setting
= 40,000 Lbs
- Pum~n force
20,000 Lbs
WI. Indicator load
= 240,000 Lbs
Slow down or stop the pumps or bleed trapped
pressure to reduce the slack-off weight required
to trip the jar
= 330,000 Lbs
30,000 Lbs
- BHA wt below jar
+ Up-jar trip load setting
= 80,000 Lbs
- Pum(l Qi!en force
20,000 Lbs
= Wt. Indicator load
360,000 Lbs
After cocking the jar, pump pressure can be increasec
to reduce pick-up weight required to trip the jar
=
=
=
HYDRAULIC JAR
UP.JARBLOW
DOWN-JAR BLOW
=
=
=

330,000 Lbs
- BHA wt belOW jar
= 30,000 Lbs
50,000 Lbs
- OESIIREO trip load
- Pumf! Of!en force
= 20,000 Lbs
Wt. Indicator load
230,000 Lbs
Slow down or stop the pumps or bleed trapped
pressure to reduce the slack-off weight required
to trip the jar

- BHA wt below jar
+ DESIRED" trip load
- Pume Oe!n fgrce
=Wt. Indicator load
= 330,000 Lbs
= 30,000 Lbs
= 80,000 Lbs
= 20,000 Lbs
= 360,000 Lbs
After cocking the jar, pump pressure can be Increased

to reduce pick-up weight required to trip the jar
DESIRED The trip load selected by the jar operator
TRIPPING THE JAR

MECHANICAL JAR
DOWN-JAR BLOW
UP.JARBLOW
After cocking the jar, slack off to the calculated

weight indicator load
No delay time Is required, the latch will trip

w hen the preset trip load is applied to the jar
If the jar does not trip. slow down or stop the

pumps or bleed trapped pump pressure to
reduce pump open force
If the jar still does not trip, slack off additional

weight (10,000 to 20, 000 lbs)
After cocking the jar. pick up to the calculated

weight i ndicator load
No delay time is required. the latch will trip
when the preset trip load is applied to the jar
If the jar still does not trip, increase circulating
pressure to maximum to increase the pump

open force. Do not apply trapped pressure
Page 83
If the jar does not trip, pick up additional

weight (10,000 to 20.000 lbs)
DRILLING JARS
HYDRAUUC JAR
DOWN-JAR BLOW
UP..JARBLOW
After cocking the jar, slack-off to the

calculated weight indicator load
After cocking the jar, pick-up to the

calculated weight indicator load
Lock down the brake and wait for the

jar time delay to elapse. See your jar
manual (30 60 sec short cycle, 2 8
min long cycle)
Lock down the brake and wait for the

jar time delay to elapse. See your jar
manual (30 60 sec short cycle. 2 8
min long cycle)
If the jar does not trip, stop pumping or

bleed trapped pressure. Recock the jar
and apply trip load
If the jar does not trip, circulate at max

rate and allow additional time {do not
apply trapped pressure)
If the jar still does not trip, slack-off more If the jar still does not trip, stop pumping
weight and allow more time
and recock the j ar and apply trip load
(31
WEIGHTIS
SLACKED
Off
I~
(~
OflllSTRING
CONTRACTS
BIIAMASSIS
A~CELRATED
BY
GRAVITY
(6)
IIHA MASS IS
ACCEI.WltD
(4)
JAR
(2)
JAR
LATCH
TRIPS
(2)
JAR
COCKS
(6)
IIIPACT IS
(4)
JAR
LATCH
TRIPS
(7)
IIIPACTIS
Page 84
DRILLING JARS
. lA~ ~~~~
REASONS FOR JAR NOT TRIPPING

HYDRAULIC JAR
MECHANICAL JAR
Jar not cocked
Jar not cocked
Stuck above jar
Not waiting long enough
Jar failure
Stuck above jar
Pump open force not considered
Jar failure
Pick-up /slack-off weight incorrect
Pump open force not considered
Unknown /incorrect trip load setting
Pick-up /slack-off weight incorrect
Excessive hole drag
Excessive hole drag
Right-hand torque trapped in torque

sensitive jar
.l A~
LIA"'"''"'"
JAR HANDLING RECOMMENDATIONS

If a service connection is found loose, call the shop for recommended torque.
Do not use tooljoint torque on these connections
Do not tie the chain hoist. apply the tongs or set the slips on the exposed
polished section of the inner mandrel
A mechanical jar is shipped in the oocked position. Run the jar in the extended
or cocked position
Rack a mechanical jar in lhe derrick in the cocked position at any position in the stand
A hydraulic jar is shipped with a safety clamp on the inner mandrel. The jar
mu&t be run in the open position
Rack a hydraulic jar in the derrick with the safety clamp at any position In the stand
DRILLING ACCELERATOR
An energy storing device designed to opti mize the drilling jar assembly for maximum up
and down jar-blow i ntensity
ADVANTAGES
Allows optimum jar placement
Intensifies the jar blow
Protects the drill string and rig surface equipment from

h igh impact loads
Compensates for insufficient d r ill string stretch in shallow

holes
Compensates for excessive dra g in high angle holes
Page 85
DRILLING JARS
INNER
MANDREL
OUTER
BARREL
SPLIN E
DRIVE
NITORGEN
NITROGEN
(2000 psi) --
BY APPLIED
OVERPULL
LOWER
SEAL
WASH
PIPE
BHA MASS
ACCELERATED
1
WEIGHT
SLACKED
OFF
3 ~
OVERPULL
APPLIED
4
ACCELERATOR
STROKES OUT
2
JAR
COCKS
6
BHA
ACCELERATED
JAR LATCH
TRIPS
JAR BLOW
DELIVERED
DRILLING JARS
BASIC JARRING RULES
STRING STA TIC When sticking occurred
~>>
JA R DOWN
STRING MOVING UP when sticking occurred
~>>
JAR DOWN
STRING M OVING DOWN when sticking occurred
~>>
JAR UP
In 70% of sticking occurrences, down jarring is required. Jar /accelerator placement programs
are available through jar service companies
DRILLING JAR ASSEMBUES (< 60 HOLE ANGLE)

JAR ASSEMBLY
JAR I ACCELERATOR ASSEMBLY
W EIG H T FOR
UP AND DOWN
JAR BLOW
WEIGHT
FOR DOWN
EQUAL TO
D OWN-TRIP
LOAD
1.2+ OF
DOWN-TRIP
JAR BLOW
LOAD
WEIGHT
FOR UP
J AR BLOW
0 .2 OF UPTRIP LOAD
Page 87
DP
DRILLING JAR I ACCELERATOR PLACEMENT WORKSHEET (0~- 60'

iiiiAT:
0
Hole Angle At BHA: _ _
BF_ _ X AF
X 93
= Wt Factor: _ __
1. 45'< hole angle, select a mechanical jar (non-torq sensitive, highest pump-open force, longest jar stroke).
Select highest recommended trip load settings (do not exceed 60% of string over-pull limit).
Down Trip Load: -
Up-Trip Load:
--
> 45" hole angle, select a hydraulic jar (highest pump-open force, longest jar stroke).
Jar Make /Type: - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - :MECH
DOWNJAR
STANDS:
2. A drilling accelerator (recommended) increases jar impact by 30% 50%. Match the jar and accelerator
00 to the 00 of the BHA section the tool is placed in.
Jar OD: - - - - -
..
"U
STANDS
ABOVE JAR:
: HYD
tl
::0
Accelerator OD: - - - - -
;::::
,....
3. Do not run stabilizers / reamers above the jar. Place the jar /accelerator above or below the neutral zone.
HWOP
ACCElERATOR
tl2
......
UPJAR
STANDS
Neu Zone,= WOB
X 1. 15 + Lbsift_ _ + Wt Factor
Stands from bit
Neu Zone ,: WOB
X 0.85 + Lbs/ft_ _ + W I Factor
Stands from bit
(j)
HWOP
::0
(/)
1.
BELOWJAR
WEIGHT:
If key seat potential is high, consider a string reamer. Do not place jar /accelerator in the neutral zone.
Place a minimum BHA weight above the jar equal to 1.2 times the down-jar trip load ( On-Jar Stds).
Dn-TripLoad
X 1.2 +lbs/Ft_ _ +WtFactor _ _
= _ _ Dn-JarStds
2. Place a BHA weight of 0.2 times the up-trip load between the jar and accelerator (Up-Jar Stds).
STANDS:
Up-Trip Load
BELOW JAR
Wt
X 0.2 + Lbs/Ft__ + Wt Factor__ = _ _ Up-Jar Stds

DC
If an accelerator is not used, position the jar for a 70% probability of down-ja rring. Place the jar (above or
below the neutral zone) with a BHA weight above the jar equal to the down-trip load.
WOB:
STANDS:_ _
On-Trip Load
+ Lbs/Ft _ _
+ WtFactor _ _ = __ StdsAboveJar
l wos:
DRILLING JAR I ACCELERATOR PLACEMENT WORKSHEET(> 60u)

Hole size:
BHA II:
RECOMMENDATIONS
Select a hydraulic jar (highest pump-oJ;en force. longest jar stroke).
Jar Make / Model: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
' A DOUBLE-ACnNG drilling accelerator is required. Match the jar and accelerator OD to the OD of the HWDP.
Accelerator OD: -
Jar OD: - - - - -
----
2 . Place the jar at the top of the steerable assembly. Place HWDP above the jar equal to 0.2 of the maximum down-jar trip load.
On-Trip Load
DOWNJAR
STANDS:
,..
"'..
X 0.2 + Lbs/Ft + 93 =
Jarring Stands
3. Place the accelerator above the jarring stands. Run standard-wall drill piJ:e from the accelerator to the 60 hole angle section
(considering the bit at ir s maximum an:icipated depth).
4.
Run collars / HWDP above the so hole angle to provide weight for down-jar trip load (plus estimated dow n-drag between the so
hole angle and the accelerator).
(Dn.Jar Trip Load
+ Hole Drag
+ LbsiFt
[ ~L'?s:'.':~~~~:-:; .':~c:i.:~~~ ~~~~!A J
: BF
: AF
+ 93 = ___On-Jar Stds
~ ~e5.~-~~~C::fr!:Ol~~~<?1~~~ ~!;~~~
rr-
(j')
CD
::0
s. Consult with lhe jar service company if angle build rate exceeds 6 11oo
Standard wall OP:

Stands
JARRING
STANDS:
DOUBLE-ACTING
ACCELERATOR
BIT AT
MAXIMUM
ANTICIPATED
DEPTH
WELL CONTROL
l.~
The control of formation fluid flow (kick) into the wellbore
THREE PHASES OF WELL CONTROL

.
PRIMARY
First Line Of Defense
Control of kicks with hydrostatic pressure (HSP) only
Drill to total depth without

a well control event
SECONDARY
Second Line Of Defense
Control of kicks with HSP

assisted by blowout
preventer equipment
Safely kill the kick without

the loss of circulation
TERTIARY
Third Line Of Defense
An underground blowout
Avoid a surface blowout.

Regain primary well
control
The ultimate goal of well pressure control is to prevent a surface blowout

DDIUADV
. ,.
, PRIMARY WELL CONTROL
IHURG!I'iitOS_f'REIIURE
I''
~ o;
PPG
The pressure developed by the height and density

of a non-moving fluid column
=Pounds per gallon fluid density
0.052 = PPG to PSI/FT conversion factor

TVD = True vertical depth (FT)
HSPPSI
=MUDpPG X
= 10.0
.052 X TV(\,T
.052
10,000
=5200 psi HSP

To prevent formation fluid flow into the wellbore (kick), hydrostatic pressure must
be at least equal to the highest pressured permeable zone of the open hole
WELL CONTROL
PRIMARY
The piston affect of upward string movement

causing a decrease in
wellbore pressure which
can induce a kick
SWAB
The piston affect of down- Maximum surge pressure occurs at

the bit and is equally imposed to the
ward string movement
bottom of the wellbore
causing an increase in
wellbore pressure which
As string motion is started, additional
can result in loss of
surge pressure is imposed to break
circulation
the gel strength of the mud and
accelerate the mud column
SURGE
The pump pressure

required to break the
gel strength of the mud
and accelerate the mud
column
PUMP
SURGE
a:
As string motion is started, additional

surge pressure is imposed to break
the gel strength of the mud and
accelerate the mud column
The hydrostatic pressure overbalance

overbalance
pressure (i.e., 300 - 500 is more often dictated by hole
psi) to compensate for
instability (i.e., 800 - 2000 psi)
swab pressure
MARGIN
Maximum swab pressure occurs at

the bit and is equally imposed to the
bottom of the well bore
Pump surge pressure to break

circulation may be greater than the
normal circulating annulus friction
pressure
STEADY CIRCULATION
l!!
~ STEAOY SPEED
~<
a:
0..
Page 92
WELL CONTROL
PRIMARY
The mud weight equivalent to the sum of hydrostatic and annulus friction
pressures at a true vertical depth of interest
ECD
PPII
( Ann Frlc..., ) + MWPPII

TVDFt X .062
2500'
= (10,:X .052 ) + 100

= 10.8ppg ECD
5000'
7500'
10,oooL-.,--------,----=:::~
0
2
3
4
5
6
PRESSURE (1000 pal)--+
Built-in safety factor during a kick killing
Penetration rate decreases as ECD
operation
increases
Safety factor if circulating near or

slightly under balance to formation
Increases potential for lost circulation ,

differential sticking, wellbore instability
Indicates the next casing depth to maintain well control safety

Input to risk analysis if decision is made to drill ahead
Page 93
PRIMARY
WELL CONTROL
Monitor the well for signs of changing

formation pressure
Driller
Mud Logger
Shaker Man
Geologist
Drilling Engineer
Company Rep
Ensure mud weight is correct before

drilling into known high or low pressure
zones
Company Rep
Mud Logger
Toolpusher
Geologist
Drilling Engineer
Ensure means of disposing of

contaminated nuids to avoid
contaminating the mud system
Mud Engineer
Shaker Man
Derrick Man
Driller
Toolpusher
Company Rep
Shaker Man
Derrick Man
Driller
Mud Engineer
Ensure proper mud weight is used to fill

the hole during trips
Maintain pit valve seals to avoid
accidental dilution
Maintain degasser capacity to handle
full returns
Ensure proper hole fill during trips

Use a calibrated trip tank. Appoint a
dedicated trip tank man. Record hole
volumes during round trip
If correct fill-up is not taken (swabbing
indicated), now check the well. If not
nowing, return to bottom and circulate
bottoms up
Driller
Mud Logger
Trip Tank Man
Company Rep
Drilling Engineer
Toolpusher
If correct displacement volume does not

return while tripping in (lost circulation
indicated), stop tripping and observe
the well. If circulation is lost, pump fluid
down the annulus. If the well is nowing,
shut-in immediately
Maintain mud box seals, ensure drain
is plumbed to the trip tank or annulus if
filling with pump strokes
AID
Floor Men
Company Rep
Toolpusher
Maintain hole full during non-circulating

operations
AID
Driller
Company Rep
Tool pusher
Pag e 94
WELL CONTROL
The loss of hydrostatic pressure control of formation fluid

flow into the well bore
The control of formation fluid flow by the use of hydrostatic
pressure ASSISTED by blowout preventer equipment
PERMEABLE ZONE IS DRILLED

WITH MUD WT INSUFFICIENT TO
CONTROL FORMATION
PRESURE
PROGNOSED ABNORMAL
FORMATION PRESSURE
GEOLOGIST I MUD LOGGER

ABNORMAL PRESSURE TREND
CHANGES
TORQUE/DRAG INCREASE
DRILLING BREAK
POSITION DRILL STRING FOR

SHUT-IN
ADJUST MUD WEIGHT PRIOR TO

DRILLING KNOWN ABNORMAL
PRESSURED ZONE
Page 95
WELL CONTROL
CAUSE:
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IS
REDUCED BELOW THE FORMATION
PRESSURE OF A PERMEABLE ZONE
(SWABBING. LOST CIRCULATION.
LIGHT
PROGNOSED LOSS CIRCULATION

POTENTIAL
HIGH MUD WEIGHTS INCREASE
POTENTIAL FOR SWABBING
A kick was
swabbed in &
the drill string
stripped to
bottom
INDICATIONS:
LOSS OF CIRCULATION DURING ANY
OPERATION
HOLE NOT TAKING CORRECT FILL-UP
DURING TRIP
- --.,.j
=--::::-.. . .:=
WATER/GAS-CUT MUD WH ILE

CIRCULATING
WELL FLOWING. PIT GAIN
FIRST ACTION:
SOUND KICK ALARM
~ :::======:-::-:-=-j-'
POSITION DRILL STRING FOR SHUTIN, STOP CIRCULATION
=:=:::::::=:==~
SHUT-IN THE WELL
MAINTAIN PROPER MUD WEIGHT

KEEP HOLE FULL
PROPER HOLE FILL-UP ON TRIPS
~~==:;:s::::~ MINIMIZE LOST CIRCULATION

~
POTENTIAL
Page 96
"'0
"'
V>
KICK ~$1GNS
C1I,ITlMGS Rfl\JRH, ~ R.OW

FORMATION
PRESSURE
PRWCTION
..
.,"0
....
"'
I""
I""
~+"'
CONFIRM
GEOlOGICAl
r?/
<I
PLAH
,.,,.-_{i
....
~-")'
(,o+Q
f<,.,
0~
,;>
~.#
.o.
_,v
/'
<::
i1
flo+'
~~0
. .q~
.T
EVACUATION
~.-!
""- ......
IIIECHAHICAL UMITS, RIG I VESSEL CONDITIONS
J!.;,qq
<;
V>
STANDBY
VESSEL
m
0
0
z
~
~
~CON DARY
WELL CONTROL
QRILL!NG KICKS
CAUIES'OF-ICH:KaWHLB:DRII fiND
'--~ ;,_,.~
UNDER BALANCE lOCK
INDUCED IGCK
~. ",
Drilling into a permeable zone with a
mud weight insufficient to control
formation pressure
Lost circulation
Light mud pumped down hole
Swabbing while worlling the string/
making connection
Core volume gas cut mud
LOGGER TREN DS d exponent decrease. Shale

density decrease, Splintery shale
INDICATE FP
cuttings, Connection /background
INCREASE
gas increase
Indicates a new formation exposed
DRILLIN G BREAK to the well. Under balance kicks
are usually preceded by an abrupt
ROP change, increase or
WELL FLOW
PIT VOLUME
Kick fluids displace mud from the

1WE~!Ibore increasing the return flow 1:-;n,aKo~r
causing well flow with pumps off 1n o,.,;,,.,
kick fluids flow into the wellbore
volume addition is detected by
pit volume totalizer (PVT)
Lower density kick fluids decrease
Driller
annulus hydrostatic pressure
allowing the drill string mud to
Mud Logger !,:;'~~;~~~
U-tube into the annulus
Page 98
WELL CONTROL
DRILLING KICKS
SECONDARY
INDJ.CAIIONS
- -
INDICATIONS OF INDUCED KICKS

LOUO,-.UD WIEIGHT-
.li ~'MUD PUMPED, SWABBED GAS , CORE GASl

1 :~~~- NOTIFY
NOTE
INDICAnoN
PUMP PRES SURE Lower density kick fluid decreases

Toolpusher
Driller
DECREASE/SPM annulus hydrostatic pressure
Derrick
Man
Mud Logger
allowing the drill string m ud
INCREASE
Mud
Eng
column to U-tube into the annulus
WELL FLOW
PIT VOLUME GAIN
Kick fluids displace mud from the

wellbore increasing return flow
or causing well flow w ith pumps
off
Driller
Mud Logger
Shaker Man
Derrick Man
Drl Crew
Co Rep
Toolpusher
Mud Eng
As kick fluids flow into the wellbore, the voulume addition is

detected by the pit volume
totalizer (PVT)
Driller
Mud Logger
Shaker Man
Derrick Man
Drl Crew
Co Rep
Toolpusher
Mud Eng
LOSS OF COLUMN HEIGHT

(TOTAL LOSS OF CIRCULAnoN, NOT KEEPING HOLE FULL)
INDICAnoN
NOTE
MUD COLUMN
LEVEL
DECREASE
Loss of hydrostatic pressure may

induce a kick
SIBILITV
NOTIFY
Driller
Mud Logger
Shaker Man
Derrick Man
Drl Crew
Co Rep
Toolpusher
Mud Eno
FLOW CHECK GUIDE .INES WHILE DRIWNG
_SIJ
CESTACK
SUB SEA STACK
Drill 3 to 5 feet into the break,

observe for flow
Drill 3 to 5 feet into the break,

observe for flow
If flow is detected, initiate shut-in

procedure
procedure
Raise the kelly /top drive to the shut- Raise the kelly /top drive to the shutin position
in position
Stop circulation and observe well for

flow 5 to 10 minutes
Maintain slow rotation to prevent

sticking

procedure
Stop circulation, line-up trip tank and

observe well for flow 5 to 10 minutes
sticking
procedure
Page 99
WELL CONTROL
SECONDARY
DRILLING KICKS
DIWRTER GUIDILINI!8 WtR.E DRilliNG
auag&-...,
Sound the kick alarm
Raise the kelly /top drive to shut-in

position
Raise the kelly /top drive to shut-in

position
Maintain full circulation
Maintain full circulation
Open down-wind diverter line and

close the diverter
Prepare to abandon the location
Monitor the sea surface for gas. MovE

the rig up-wind of surfacing gas
Open pump suctions to the heavy
mud reserves and pump at maximum
Fill pits with sea water
rate
Build additional heavy mud volume
Prepare to abandon the rig
--
Gas zone depletion may take

several hours or days
~ QUIDPI
Continue pumping the heaviest fluid

available at maximum rate
111!8 wta.E DRill . .

SUB 8I!A STACK
Raise the kelly flop drive to the shut- Raise the kelly /top drive to the shutin position
in position
Stop circulation
Stop circulation
Open the choke line valve
Open the choke line valve
Close the upper pipe rams or

annular preventer
Close the upper annular preventer
Record SIDPP and SICP every 2

minutes
If necessary, adjust annular
preventer closing pressure for
stabilized SICP
Record SIDPP and SICP every 2

minutes
If necessary, adjust annular
preventer closing pressure for
stabilized SICP
Page100
WELL CONTROL
Occurs only while drilling

Abnormal formation pressure produces an under
balance kick
SIDPP is some value above standpipe hydrostatic
pressure
Can occur during any open hole operation
INDUCED KICK
All formation pressure classifications can produce an

induced kick
SIDPP is equal to standpipe hydrostatic pressure
WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD

CIRCULATION METHOD (DRILLER'S)
WITH BALANCE KILL MUD WEIGHT
WITH PRESENT MUD WEIGHT
A constant bottom hole pressure

method to prevent second kicks
A constant bottom hole pressure

method to prevent second kicks
Minimizes kill pressures imposed

to the wellbore and equipment
Minimizes kill pressures imposed

to the wellbore and equipment
Kills the kick in one complete

circulation
Kills the kick in one bottoms up

circulation
CIRCULATION METHOD (DRILLER'S)

WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD
WITH PRESENT MUD WEIGHT
WITH BALANCE KILL MUD WEIGHT
AS GAS REACHES SHOE
AT SHUT-IN
If shut-in pressures are contained

without formation fracture, the
probability of a successful kill is
greater than 90%
The depth of the influx at shut-in is

seldom known. Actual bit-to-shoe
strokes cannot be determined.
Follow Circulation Method kill
procedure
Page 101
Cl)
,..
0
~
ASSIST MUO ENGINEER
ASSIST AS NEEDED
,.....
,.....
"0
"'
.....
,,o~
,/0{1-
'~ ..
i10
Ov,.
"'
~ OPERATIONAL PUN, MECHANICAL REQUIREMENT:
. . . . . .<
(')
IIECHANICALLMTS, RIG / 1/ESSEL CONDmONS
,.....
EVACUATION
READINESS
l
STANDBY
VESSEL
"'0
"'
Cl)
WELL CONTROL
KILL METHODS
...
~.,.~ ,:;;;:??!:?'~~::.
L_._ ~ I.-!d ___ _.:_1 .t. ,___, :...:~...
._ -
SECONDARY
._...
: -:
'
Monitor shut-in pressures for gas migration while making preparations for the
kill operation
If observed, bleed mud from the annulus to maintain SIDPP at stabilized shutin value plus 50 - 100 psi safety factor
Calculate kill mud weight (KMW)
Over balance in the KMW or additional choke pressure is not recommended or

required for a safe kill operation
Construct a drill pipe pressure schedule

When preparations are complete , start the kill operation
Surface Stack - Hold casing pressure at shut-in value while increasing the
pump to kill rate
Sub Sea Stack - Hold kill line pressure at shut-in value while increasing
pump to kill rate
Hold pump speed at kill pump rate (KPR) and adjust the choke for proper
drill pipe pressure schedule
When KMW reaches the bit. continue holding pump at KPR and adjust the
choke for final drill pipe pressure until KMW returns
Sub Sea Stack - Remove gas trapped in the BOP stack, displace riser with
KMW
Open the BOP and check the well for flow. Condition the mud system,
Monitor shut-in pressures for gas migration while making preparations for the
kill operation
If observed, bleed mud from the annulus to maintain SIDPP at stabilized shutin value plus 50 - 100 psi safety factor
An increase in the present mud weight or additional choke pressure is not

recommended for a safe kill operation
When preparations are complete, start the kill operation

Surface Stack - Hold casing pressure at shut-in value while increasing the
pump to kill rate
Sub Sea Stack - Hold kill line pressure at shut-in value while increasing the
pump to kill rate
With pump at kill pump rate, record the observed circulating drill pipe pressure
Sub Sea Stack - Remove gas trapped in the BOP stack
Hold pump speed at kill pump rate and adjust the choke to maintain the
recorded drill pipe pressure value until bottoms up strokes are pumped
Check the well for flow, condition the mud system
Page 103
SECONDARY
WELL CONTROL
KICKS
Close the lower pipe rams to isolate the wellbore from the stack gas clearing
operation
Open the kill line fail-safe valves. U-tubing pressure from kill mud weight
(KMW) in choke line will be observed if choke line fluid density is greater
Displace the kill line with KMW pumping down the choke line and return
through the kill line
- Hold kill line pressure constant and increase pump to kill rate
. Record circulating pressure
Hold pump speed constant and adjust choke to hold circulating pressure
constant until KMW returns
Displace only the choke line with water. Allow pump pressure to increase as
water is pumped
Close the kill line fail-safe valves
Open the choke line completely to allow the trapped gas to expand into the
choke line
Line up the trip tank to maintain the riser full
When expanding flow from the choke line stops, open the annular preventer
completely to allow the riser to U-tube into the choke line
When U-tubing stops, close the choke line fail-safe valves
Close the diverter and open the down-wind overboard line or flow line
degasser
Open the kill line fail-safe valves and displace the riser with KMW. Displace
choke line with KMW
Open the lower rams and check the well for flow
Page 104
WELL CONTROL
TRIPPING KICKS
-~
"'"'-':-
i<- .~.o;,.
'
SECONDARY
CAUSES.OF KICKS WHILE TRIPPING
ionty fnduced1ck:ka a.n occur during a tripping operation

Swabbing (#1 cause of kicks)
Improper hole fill procedure
Loss of circulation
Filling the hole with light fluid
Weighting material sag
. .
~--:-"-
IIUicA110N
INDICATIONS OF INDUCED KICKS

~~~~~NOTE
NOTIFY
The volume of steel pulled from

Mud Eng
HOLE NOT TAKING the hole is greater than the mud Driller
volume required to fill the hole Trip Tank Man Co Rep
CORRECT FILL-UP
Mud Logger Toolpusher
Overpull usually associated w ith
swabbing
WELL FLOW
PIT VOLUME GAIN
Kick fluids displace mud from

the well bore causing well flow
with pumps off
Drilling Crew
Driller
Mud Eng
Trip Tank Man
Co Rep
Primary well control is lost when Mud Logger Toolpusher
the well begins to flow
As kick fluids flow into the wellDriller

bore, the volume addition is
Trip Tank Man
detected by the pit volume
Mud Logger
totalizer (PVT)
Drilling Crew
Mud Eng
Co Rep
Toolpusher
Set the top tooljoint on the slips
Install and close the full open safety

valve

valve
Observe the well for flow 5 - 10

minutes
Line-up the trip tank and observe the

well for flow 5 - 10 minutes

sticking

sticking
If flow is detected, initiate shut-i n

procedure
If flow is detected, initi ate shut-in

procedure
Page 105
WELL CONTROL
SECONDARY
TRIPPING KICKS
DIVERTER GUIDBLINU WHILE TRPPIIIG ..

-.SI!AjrACK
SURFACE STACK
' .
Install and close the full open safety Install and close the full open safety
valve
valve
Open down wind diverter line and

Make-up kelly /top drive and open
safety valve
Make-up top drive /kelly and pump

the heaviest available fluid at
maximum rate
close the diverter
Open pump suctions to the heavy

mud reserves and pump at
maximum rate
Build additional heavy mud volume
Prepare to abandon the rig
Prepare to abandon the location
Fill pits /tanks with sea water
Continue pumping the heaviest fluid

available at maximum rate
Monitor the sea surface for gas.

Move rig up wind of surfacing gas
Gas zone dep letion may take

several h ours or days
SHUT-IN GUIDE' ltEI WilLE TRIIPING

r-----'~""'CE STACK
SUB SEA_STACK
~---"'1
! Sound the kick alarm

valve

valve
Open the choke line valves
Open the upper choke line fail-safe

valves
Close the annular preventer with

1500 psi closing pressure
Close the upper annular preventer

w ith 1500 psi closing pressure
Record SICP every 2 minutes
Adjust annular preventer closing

pressure to stabilized SICP
Record SICP every 2 minutes
Adjust annular preventer closing

pressure to stabilized SICP
Maintain string movement to preven

sticking
'-------'-----------!
Maintain string movement to preven

sticking
Page106
WELL CONTROL
TRIPPING KICKS
KICK
SECONDARY
EVALUATE 'fttiiE:OFF BOMOM KICK COiaTIQN

'
... :.::: .. ...... ..
iDII.
:._ ~
.._
HEAVY PIPE
The weight of the drill string is greater than the hydraulic

force of shut-In pressure acting to push the string out of
the hole
LIGHT PIPE
The hydraulic force acting to push the string out of the

hole is greater than string weight
NO PIPE IN HOLE
The drill string is pulled out of the hole before the kick
is detected
STRIP AND BLEED

Strip the drill string to
bottom and kill the kick
using the Circulation
Method with present mud
weight
SNUBBING
Snub the drill string into
the wellbore until string
weight is sufficient for
stripping operation
SNUBBING
Snub the drill string into
the wellbore until string
weight is sufficient for
stripping operation
IF SIIWPING OR INUB.JG. NOT POtii.LB U.,
anJCK......,
VOLUMETRIC METHOD VOLUME TRIC METHOD VOL UMETRIC METHOD

Allow the gas to migrate
above the bit. Kill the kick
us1ng the Circulation
weight
Allow the gas to migrate

above the bit. Kill the kick
using the Circulation
weight
Allow the gas to migrate to

surface. Kill the kick using
the Dynamic Lubricate and
Bleed procedure
IF THE GAS ..GRATES LAST RESORT OP"RRN

'IOIURMCE
HEAVY M UD CAP
Circulate kill mud weight
of sufficient density to kill
the casing pressure
Open the BOP and run
to bottom
Kill the kick using the

Circulation Method with
present mud weight
LUBRICATE AND BLEED

Pump present mud weight
across the wellhead,
th rough the choke and
back to a small calibrated
pit
B ULLHEAD
Use only under special
conditions
Pump present mud weight
to fracture pressure and
inject influx into formation
Decrease casing pressure

by PSIIBBL equivalent per If shoe fractures first. an
under ground blowout will
barrel of mud loss in the
occur
pit
Page107
WELL CONTROL
SECONDARY
KICKS
Calculate the maximum allowable surface pressure (MASP) to avoid formation fractur
MASP
=(Fracppa
M udPPG ) X .052 X TVOshoe
Calculate the maximum casing pressure limit (MCPL) to determine when to stop
stripping and circulate a portion of the influx out of the wellbore
M CPL
=MASP
x .8
Calculate displacement volume per stand of pipe stripped into the

hole
Bblslstd =(Pipe disp + cap) X Stand Length
Route the returns from the choke manifold to the trip tank. Sub Sea Stack: If
necessary, displace the choke line with present mud weight
Adjust the annular preventer closing pressure for stripping. Route the lubricating mud
volume to the trip tank
Apply 100 - 200 psi safety factor. Hold the choke closed and strip 1 2 stands until
safety factor is reached (SICP + SF). If necessary, bleed SICP to safety factor value
Strip in a stand and alternately bleed out the bbllstd volume. SICP w ill return to the
safety factor value if the bit Is above the influx
SICP will increase as the BHA enters the influx and decrease as the BHA moves
below the influx.
Continue stripping to bottom. Use the Circulation Method with present mud weight to
kill the kick
11-
____________ .MAQP_::..11.00..P~L------ ------------
1(}
Overbalance restored
o g.
MCPL = 880 si
as bit reaches bottom
~ ----------------------~----------------~-71
>< 8
/!
// L.,./
7-
Ol
..../j
... L- ........
-1
.~
.'
..
L.----..
'\
.......1
:'
.~
. -- . , __....
Bit below
1'nflu.x
C 6 .....~-
../ '-"'~
: .-.-:
'iii
"'j
...1I
'
-. - -_:._.-.-----
~
'
.
'
....
..
Influx pushed up
h0 Ie bY pipe
d'
ISp
ftl
() 5-
BHA enters influx
Bit on
bottom~
4 -~----.----,r----,-----.----~----~----~~~~
10
11
12
13
14
Stands Stripped
If maximum casing pressure limit Is reached (MCPL). stop stripping operation. Use
the Circulation Method with present mud weight and 100 -200 psi safety factor to
circulate a portion of the influx out. Continue stripping to bottom
Page108
WELL CONTROL
KICKS
'
_-'"":"'>'
-r-~r
~ - -
Route returns from the choke manifold to the trip tank

Calculate the maximum allowable surface pressure (MASP) to
avoid formation fracture
MASP = (Fracppg- Mud ppg) X 0.052 X TVDshoe
Calculate the required barrels to bleed (8/BBLs) before allowing
casing pressure to increase by 50 psi
B/BBLs = Bbls/Ft 0 pen hole
50+ Mud ppg + 0.052
Hold the choke closed and allow the migrating gas to increase
casing pressure by a 100 - 200 psi safety factor. If accessible,
drill pipe pressure will show an equal increase
When calculated casing pressure is reached (SICP + SF), bleed
mud through the choke to maintain casing pressure
After bleeding the calculated barrels (8/BBLs), hold the choke
closed and allow casing pressure to increase by 50 psi
When calculated casing pressure is reached (SICP + 50 psi),
bleed mud through the choke to maintain the new casing pressure
If shut-in off bottom, continue repeating this procedure until shutin pressures indicate the gas has migrated above the bit
Use the Circulation Method with present mud weight and 100200 psi safety factor to circulate the gas out of the hole
If shut-in with no pipe in the hole, continue this procedure until the
gas migrates to surface.
Use the Lubricate & Bleed guidelines to remove the gas
11
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ll/IA9.,P
_
; ..l.:!.Q.Q..Q.i ______________ _
1().
. ii 6
en
c:: s .
(..) 4
3-
Page 109
WELL CONTROL
SECONDARY
KICKS
Line-up returns from the choke manifold to the gas buster and on to a small
calibrated pit. The cementing unit is ideal for this operation
Line-up the pump discharge to the kill line
Calculate the barrels of pit level decrease required before allowing the casing
pressure to decrease by 50 psi (LUB BBLs)
LUB BBLs
= Bbls/Ftcsg x
50
Mud ppg + 0.052
Construct a schedule for barrels lubricated into the well bore versus casing pressure
decrease. A 50 psi safety factor is recommended
When preparations are complete. zero the pit level indicator and start the kill
operation:
- Adjust the choke to hold casing pressure at it's shut-in value while increasing the
pump speed
- Increase pump speed to 1 - 2 barrels per minute. Maintain SPM constant during
the kill procedure
Apply a 50 psi safety factor. Adjust the choke to maintain casing pressure at it's
shut-in value until the pit level decreases by the LUB BBLs
Continue holding the pump speed constant and allow the casing pressure to
decrease. As the lubricated mud volume increases hydrostatic pressure, casing
pressure will decrease accordingly
8-
Total LUB _ .,;_

BBLs
~
7- .........
6-
0
0
.... 5)(
._.
-1/1 4-
' , '
/'
.....
Calculated Cag
Prenure
.....
Q.
Cl 3-
c:
Ill
"' 2-
10-~~--~~---r--~~--~--r-~--~--~-r--~~
15
3o
45
60
75
90
105 1io 135 1so
165 1ao
195
LUB BBLs
,
When the total barrels are lubricated into the well and casing pressure has decreased
to +/-50 psi (safety factor). stop the pump and allow casing pressure to bleed to zero
Open the BOP and check the well for flow
------------------------Page 110
WELL CONTROL
An underground diversion of high pressure kick fluids

Methods employed to contain an underground blowout
and regain primary well control
CAUSE:
WELLBORE PRESSURE EXCEEDS
FRACTURE STRENGTH RESULTING
IN LOSS OF CIRCULATION
KI CK FLUID FLOWS UPWARD TO

SHALLOW LOW PRESSURE ZONE
POSSIBLE WHEN SHUTTING IN FOR

A KICK OR DURING KICK KILLING
OPERATION
SICP STOPS INCREASING AND/OR
BEGINS TO DECREASE
KILL THE KICK ZONE BEFORE

ATTEMPTING TO TREAT THE LOSS
ZONE
PREVENTIVE ACTION:
MINIMIZE MUD WEIGHT
MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT KICK
TOLERANCE
Page 111
TERTIARY
WELL CONTROL
UGB
LOSS OF CIRCULATION OCCURS IN

THE LOWER SECTION OF THE OPEN
HOLE
REDUCED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
INDUCES A KICK

LOW OR SUBNORMAL FORMATION
PRESSURE
POSSIBLE WHEN SHUTIING IN FOR A

KICK OR DURING KILL OPERATION
,._...,'!!"'~-"""!1
PARTIAL OR TOTAL LOSS OF

RETURNS
MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE

SURGES
CASE-OFF POTENTIAL KICK ZONES
BEFORE DRILLING INTO POTENTIAL
LOSS ZONE
Page112
WELL CONTROL
UGB
Shut-in pressure build up begins to

decrease
Casing pressure fluctuations during
shut-in stabilization period
Shut-in casing pressure continues
to increase while shut-in drill pipe
pressure remains constant
TERTIARY
Total loss of circulation

Electric wireline surveys can be used
to determine if a down-flowing UGB is
occurring
Shut-in pressures are zero initially
Partial or total loss of circulation

Shut-in pressures fall to zero psi
The loss zone must be repaired before remedial action can be taken at
the kick zone
TREATING THE LOSS ZONE
Consult your Mud Engineer for the most applicable "flash setting" lost
circulation plug(s)
After pumping the LCM plug in place, start filling the annulus with the
present mud weight to control the kick "one
When the annulus fills up, stop the pump and check the well for flow
If possible, keep the hole full
If flow is observed, shut-in and record pressures
KILLING THE KICK
Use the Circulation Method (Driller's) with present mud weight to kill the
kick zone
Page 113
WELL CONTROL
TERTIARY
UGB
GUIDELINES FOR UP-FLOWING UGB

Kick zone pressure must be controlled before remedial action can be taken
at the loss zone
HEAVY PILL
Determine the true measurement between the kick zone and loss zone
(TV~.J
Determine or estimate the formation pressure of the kick zone (F~tcK)
Determine or estimate the formation pressure of the loss zone (F~055 )
Calculate the kill mud weight required to kill the kick zone (KMW PPG)
KMWPPG
F~oss )}
= (~KTVDKLx .052
+ SAFETY FACTORPPG
If KMWppc equals the density capacity of the weighting material, refer to the
Heavy Pill /Gel Pill Guidelines.
If KMWppc is greater than the density capacity of the weighting material, refer to
the Barite Plug Guidelines
Build KMWppc volume equal to 2 to 3 times the open hole volume. If possible,
remove the bit jets
Pump sea water at maximum rate, 3 to 4 times the open hole volume ahead of
the heavy pill
Pump the heavy pill at maximum rate
HEAVY PILL I GEL PILL COMBINATION

Pump the heavy pill down the drill string at maximum rate while pumping the gel
pill down the annulus to increase injection pressure at the loss zone
Adjust the annulus pump speed to place the gel pill at the loss zone as the heavy
pill reaches the bit. Continue to pump the heavy pill at maximum rate
BARITE PLUG
A barite plug works best with gas blowouts. High flow rate salt water blowouts
wash the barite into the loss zone. Bit plugging and/or stuck pipe may occur
Consult your Cementing and/or Mud Engineer for detailed recipes and application
procedures
Page 114
WELL CONTROL
OBM
Gas that has dissolved into the base oil of oil base mud
The pressure /temperature condition that will allow gas
to break out of solution
/<
/
...
OfTotal Expansion / '

,.: .....
,.,
.. /" /
,./
.!' / . . . . . . ...; ,.:.. ,
No Expansion
Gas expansion allows kick detection

well before the kick reaches surface
Solution gas does not expand until a

near-surface bubble point pressure is
reached
Gas solution in OBM does not hinder detection of large volume kicks (> 5 bbls),
normal kick detection applies. After shutting in the well , normal kick killing
Page 115
.
.
.
WELL CONTROL
n Do::D'\TIONS
OPERATIONS THAT CAN MASK A KICK

Seepage /partial loss of circulation
Mud weight adjustments and transfers while drilling
Solids control and degassing the mud system
Spills and leaks in surface equipment
Loss of volume on connections !trips
Pump start-up and shut-dow n volume change
Kicks of 5 barrels or less can occur completely undetected under normal

ope rating conditions
INFLUX GUIDEUNES
If an influx Ia s uspected, stop the operation and circ ulate all o r part of
bottoms up strokes through the c hoke manifold
Open the choke line valves and open one choke completely
If the position of the gas in the annulus is not known, close the BOP and
circulate bottoms up strokes through the choke manifold
If the position of the gas in the annulus is known. circulate 80% of bottoms
up strokes, close the BOP a nd circulate the remaining strokes through the
choke manifold
DRILLING
Drilling operations have the greatest potential of circulating solution gas to surface
Adjust the high /low level mud monitoring alarms as sensitive as possible
Stop drilling for mud wt adjustments, coordinate mud transfers with connections
Use recommended procedures to circulate bottoms up after flow-checking a

suspected drilling break and for all unaccountable pit gains
_DIPPING
Tripping has the least potential of solution gas erupting at surface as solution gas will not
migrate. Use recommended procedure to circulate bottoms up after all short or round trips
ltnlllllUN
GASAT IIJRFACE
If rapidly accelerating well flow oc curs, t he Driller must respond i mmediately
Regardless of kelly /top drive position, stop the rotary and pumps, close the
annular preventer (Sub sea, close the diverter)
Strip the drill string to the proper shut in position
Use standard well control procedures to kill the kick
Pa ge 116
(C) CALCULATIONS
(A) WELL DATA

Original Mud W eight
PP9
True Vertical Oepth (TVD)
h
Kill Pump Pressure (KPP)
---,
Kill Mud Weight (KMW)

KMW = (SIDPP
(E) DRILLPI PE PRESSURE

SCHEDULE
""''l
Gn~ OKES
+ TVD + .0 52) + O rigin al Mud Weight

+
KMW -
ICP = Kill Pump Pressure + SIDPP
( I)
(2)
""'
Kill Pump Rate (KPR)
..
"'..
apm
"D
-....
Surface to Bit Strokes
--
ICP =
.ill
- -- - -
(8)
FCP = Kill Pump Pressyre x KM W + O M W
FCP ;
I
I
( 5)
.,..
Fma l Creulatng Pressure tFCP)
(4 )
1'4
I<ll tCP
+ 0 52) + - - -
lmtual C reulaung Pressure (ICP)
PRESSURE
-'-
!=:
( 7)
;.
(")
.I IKI]
StkltO
(D) WAIT & WEI GHT PROCEDURE
Bit
<II
FCP
1. Raise mud weight in pit to Kill Mud Weight value
2. Moni tor shut-tn pressures for gas migration. If

necessary, bleed mud to maintain SIDPP at initial
shut-in value.
(B) KICK DATA

Shut-In Drillpipe Pressure (SIDPP)
pol
Shut-In Casing Pressure (SICP)

r--
pol
3. When kill preparations are complete, refer to Pump

Start Up procedure and bring the well on choke.
4. Hold kHI pump rate (KPR) constant and adjust lhe
choke to m atntain the Drillptpe Pressure Schedule
until Kill Mud Wetght returns.
5. Stop the pump. close the choke and check shut-tn
pressures. Sub Sea Stack - Clear gas from BOP and
kill riser.
Pn Gatn
bbllj
6. Open the BOP and check for flow
INSTRUCTIONS
1 Record ICP, FCP and Stks to Bit In spaces
tndicated.
2 Calculate strokes u>erease per Increment

Stks to Bt ;. 10 Slks Inc
Add Stks Inc to each oncrement unnl Stks
to 81t reached
3 Calculate dfltlplpe pressure decrease per

tncrement
(ICP. FCP) ;. 10 =
PSI Dec
From ICP, subtract PSI Dec from each
increme nt until FCP is reached.
<:
I""'
PUMP 81'4l'lllT..UP PROCEDUIUES
I I
CAPACIT IES
(BBLS/FT)
[ -
'0
LENGTHS
(FT)
Ofillpipe
Heavyweight
~----
CAPACITIES
(BBLS/FT)
-fl.-1 1+-
SURFACE STACKS
(1) Open the choke slightly while

observing casing pressure
r---
(2) Just as casing pressure begins to

decrease. start the kill pump
D rill Collars
(3) Adjust the choke to maintain casing

pressure at shut-in value as pump
speed is slowly increased to kill
pump rate
c.:-~
....
DRILL STRING VOLUMe (BBL8)
<:: 111 1(1) Casing by Dr' I String
(1)
"U
tC
I
I
I
I
(2)
(3)
(4)
Open Ho e by Drill Stnng
(2)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
X
X
=
=
=
=
Drill Sttl ng Vo l
B.tt to
(4 ) When the pump reaches KPR ,

adjust the choke for the proper
Drillpipe Pressure Schedule
(1) Open the choke slightly while

observing the kill line pressure
Add colu.mn for

Total Drill String Volume =
---
StkS to B it
+ IBBL..SISTKI
Surf~co
Annulus Vol
SUB SEA STACKS
Surfa.eo to Bit Strokes
L=-:J
.......
(3) Choke Line Volume (subsea only)

I =
X I
Ackl column for
Total Annulus Volume
Strokes
:1:
BBLSIST K
Add column for
(2) Just as kill line pressure begins to

decrease , start the kill pump
(3) Adjust the choke to maintain k ill line
pressure at shut-in value as pump
speed is slowly increased to k ill
pump rate
(4 ) When the pump reaches KPR .
adjust the choke for the proper
Drillpipe Pressure Schedule
I""
I""
<:
CASING /CEMENTING
CEM
API provides nine classes of cement to allow for various pressure /depth /temperature
conditions
Depth Range (ft)
Class
0 - 6000
6000 - 10,000
10,000 - 14,000
10,000 - 16,000
A, B&C
G&H
0 - 8000
12,000 - 16,000
Cement classes are modified with accelerators or retarders to adapt to job requirement
0
A wide range of cement slurry densities can be obtained using various additives
Page 119
CASING /CEMENTING
-
--------
-----
--------
IMPROPERLY
DRILLED HOLE
Small hole 10, doglegs, washouts /breakouts, wellbore unstable,

incorrect casing seal selection
POOR MUD
CONDITION
High gel strengths and yield point, high fluid loss, thick filter cake
high solids content, loss circulation material, mud /cement
compatibility
LOST
CIRCULATION
Loss zones not sealed before cementing. Excessive circulating

annulus pressure causes cement loss. Scratchers remove
protective LCM
ABNORMAL
PRESSURE
Complicates well planning /drilling. Heavy tubulars reduce

clearances, high density slurries require more control , pipe
movement more
liner
SUBNORMAL
PRESSURE
Differential sticking, cement filtrate loss , low density slurries,

reduced strength
WATER
SENSITIVE
Sands with clay sensitive to fresh water filtrate, water block in

dry gas zones
HIGH
TEMPERATURE
Mud gelatin, flash sets cement without retarder, casing

elongation /contraction problems, down hole tool limitations,
cement strength retrogression
Condition mud to stabilize wellbore and to achieve optimum but safe rheological
values
Continuous pipe motion during mud conditioning and cementing operations
Pump as much spacer as practical ahead of the cement
Utilize as many centralizers as practical to center the casing in the wellbore
Properly design cement slurry rheology
High displacement pump rates improve cement placement. Formation conditions
determine the pump pressure window
Prevent cement /mud contamination
Know wellbore formation fracture pressure limitations
Shoe pressure test
Tracer survey
Temperature survey
Production test
Cement bond log
Page 120
CASING / CEMENTING
RUBBER PLUGS
{TOP & BOTTOM)
GUIDE SHOE
Page 121
CASING /CEMENTING
Ensure thread protectors are installed when handling casing

Ensure casing is racked safely. Use adequate stripping for each casing layer to
prevent bending /buckling. Rack casing with collars toward V-door
Grades N-80 and higher should not be handled on metal racks and catwalks
Place casing on the racks in the proper order of running in. Verify mixed weights
and grades are in the proper running order. There must be no doubt as to the
weight and grade of the casing. Unidentified joints should not be run
Ideally, the casing should be cleaned, inspected, measured and drifted before the
next layer is placed on the rack
Remove thread protectors, clean the box and pin and protectors. Clean any
debris from inside the casing . Reinstall clean pin and box protectors hand tight
Any damaged joint and those that do not drift should be marked with red paint
and laid aside
Four persons are required to measure casing. One person on each end of the
tape, another in the center to prevent tape sag and a fourth to visually check
each call and record the measurement
Measure, record and number all joints, crossovers and in-string components to
permit ready identification
Two or more of the heaviest weight joints should be held out to run at the top of
the casing string to serve as a gauge ring and for wear purposes
Measure several pin and threads of thread and coupled casing to determine the
average thread length
Casing should arrive on location already electronically inspected and pressure
tested
CASING /CEMENTING
Record bottom hole temperature on logging runs, trip back to bottom after logging
operations prior to running casing
Circulate hole until shaker is clean prior to pulling out of the hole to run casing
Make a wiper trip, above hole problem depths and check for cavings, tight spots.
hole fill on bottom. Circulate bottoms up checking for gas or water cut mud and
mud losses. Stabilize any losses if possible before running casing
Measure the drill string while pulling out of the hole to obtain an accurate depth
measurement
Condition the mud as required . This generally consists of lowering gel strengths,
plastic viscosity and yield point, removing drilled solids, lowering the fluid loss and
improving wall cake properties
If a hole problem is encountered on the trip out, the problem must be corrected
before running casing . Reaming and mud conditioning until the hole stabilizes is
the proper treatment
Record drag /set down trends on the trip out to run casing. These values will be
used to evaluate the drag /set down trends when the casing is on bottom and
reciprocation begun
Requirements for successful wellbore cementing are:
- Wellbore that has a diameter at least 1-1/2" (preferably, 2" - 3"} larger than
casing OD
- Near gauge wellbore without washouts
- Wellbore without severe doglegs
- Stabilized wellbore without hole problems, lost circulation. gas, water flow or
well control problems
Select a competent casing shoe. Consider the casing strap and space out
accordingly
At casing point TD, condition hole w ith GPM rates at least as high as the expected
cementing pump rates
Page 123
CASING !CEMENTING
Install proper casing rams in the correct position in the BOP. Test the opening and
closing of the BOP
Verity rating of substructure and traveling equipment is adequate to handle casing
and cement load
Verity rating of substructure and traveling equipment is adequate to handle casing
and cement load
Ensure elevator bails are of the proper length for the job
Ensure good condition of the drill line. Ensure proper number of block lines are
strung to handle the casing hook load in air
Visually inspect dead line anchor, hook, traveling and crown blocks. Magna flux
or ultrasonic inspection should be considered for heavy hook loads
Inspect breaking system on the drawworks
Visually inspect derrick pins and bolts for wear. Plumb derrick if necessary
Ensure mud pumps and centrifugal pumps are in proper working order
Rig tongs should be checked for correct head size and new tong dies installed
if necessary
Visually inspect the slip bushing /bowl for proper operating condition
Ensure stabbing board is available and in proper operating condition
Ensure adequate size casing fill-up line w ith control valve is riggt!d up
If necessary, clean a mud pit for spacers or pipe releasing pill
Ensure adequate water storage available for cement job and possible loss of
circulation
Remove wear bushing before running casing
Page 124
CASING !CEMENTING
Casing cleaned, tallied and drifted

Casing joints numbered in order of running by thread type and weight
Crossover subs checked . Damaged joints laid aside
Calculate the casing strap for landing joint space out. Casing collar should be ten
feet minimum distance from casing head flange. Ideally, cementing head should
be 5- 15 feet above the rotary table.
Rathole below the casing shoe should be +/- 5 feet for surface wellheads, 15 - 20'
for sub sea wellheads and mud line suspension operations
Maximum safe tension load calculated on weakest upper casing joint /coupling
Cementing head on location. Proper thread type and function tested
Guide /float shoe. float collar on location . Proper thread type and function tested
Stage cementing or liner hanging equipment on location. Proper thread type and
function tested
Centralizers /scratchers on location. Type /size /number /spacing determined
from electric logs /well plan
Cementing plugs on location. Type /size and rupture pressure on bottom plug
verified
Casing head /slips /hanger /ring gasket /pack-off on location. Size /type /pressure
rating verified. Flange bolts size /number checked
Casing slips /elevators on location. Size /type verified
Power /manual casing tongs on location. Heads /dies /condition checked
Stabbing boards on location, in good operating condition
Proper casing thread compound and thread locking compound on location

All snub lines checked for operational safety
Clamp-on thread protectors /size /number on location
Pipe rack area /pipe handling equipment inspected for safety
Combined casing /drill string /cement loads within rig's rating. If not. string up
additional lines or lay down set back weight
Wear bushing removed /casing rams installed
All service companies notified for timing sequence of events (cementing and
casing crews, inspection services, nipple-up services, test companies)
Page 125
CASING /CEMENTING
Clamp-on thread protectors are recommended when picking up casing

Observe correct make-up procedures. Ensure torque gauge on tongs is accurate.
Use API thread compound
Ensure casing cementing head is properly dressed with top /boom plugs and
proper cross overs
Install centralizers /scratchers according to predetermined plan
Utilize a casing running schedule to monitor casing displacement trends for
losses /gains
Run surge /swab pressure calculations. Communicate the proper running speed
to the Driller. Running speeds of 0.75 - 1.5 fl/sec are typical
With conventional float equipment, break circulation after running the first 2 - 3
joints to verify proper working order
Apply thread lock compound to the pin ends of float equipment and shoe joints
Pick-up /set-down weights for casing string should be recorded for each joint for
early detection of sticking
Bring casing string to a complete stop before setting slips. Do not allow elevators
to get ahead of casing through tight spots
Ensure proper stabbing procedures are used to minimize thread damage
Fill casing every five joints minimum depending on casing size. Communicate fillup :;~;hedul"' to casing crew
The casing should be landed no further than 20 feet form bottom
For surface wellheads , measure the last joint of casing in the hole to prevent a
casing collar being located across the wellhead
Page 126
CASING / CEMENTING
-- - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - -----
-----------------
Determine maximum allowable cement density to prevent formation fracturing. If

allowed, cement density should be at least 1 ppg heavier and preferably 2 - 3 ppg
heavier than the drilling fluid
Determine bottom hole cementing temperature from logs
Design cement slurry for specific job using company or industry specifications
Design preflush /spacers to be displaced in turbulent flow. Contact time at the
top of the pay zone should be a minimum of 10 minutes
Use same mix water and cement in testing that will be used on location
Check compatibility of cement slurry, drilling mud and spacers at room and
bottom hole circulating temperatures
Go to cement company bulk plant to check quality control on cement blending
operations
Batch mix all cement slurries if possible using ribbon or paddle type blenders.
Do not use conventional jet type mixers for cement slurries
On location, collect 1 gallon samples of dry cement and 2 gallon samples of mix
water. Hold until out come of job is determined
Calculate cement volume to be pumped and volume of mixing water required to
mi.x cement
Calculate time, volume and strokes to pressure equalization point after start of
displacement
Calculate time, volume and strokes to bump plug. Same calculations should be
made for stage collar cementing
Calculate the theoretical weight of the casing in 1000 feet intervals
Calculate time, volume and strokes required to displace pipe after casing is on
bottom and to circulate one complete circulation
Calculate the volume of mud required to displace cement
Estimate the annulus cement velocities anticipated during the various stages of
the job
Estimate the top of cement in the annulus
Double check all volume calculations with cement company representatives on
location prior to cementing
Page 127
CASING / CEMENTING
Drilling Forman should identify top and bottom wiper plugs. Make sure the plugs
are properly installed in the cementing head
Cementing head should be installed in the V-door if possible. All connections to
the cementing head should be in place and ready for immediate hook-up
Pressure test all lines from cementing unit to casing head to 3000 - 5000 psi
Begin reciprocation and mud conditioning immediately after the casing reaches
bottom. Casing reciprocation need not be fast. Select a stroke length between
15- 30 feet that will not position a coupling in the wellhead. Take 1 - 3 minutes
to complete a stroke cycle depending on hole conditions.
Ensure that full returns are present or rate of mud losses are consistent with
losses noted earlier
Condition mud such that gel strengths . plastic viscosity, yield point and mud
density are as low as possible without dropping out solids or creating a wellbore
stability problem
Condition hole with GPM rates equivalent to anticipated cementing pump rates
Circulate and condition mud /hole for a minimum of 100% hole volume or 1 - 1-1/2
casing volume. In-and-out mud weight should be equal and the shakers should
be clean
Monitor pick-up and slack-off drag trends while reciprocating. Stop reciprocation
with casing near bottom if drag trends ind icate sticking tendency
Batch mix the spacer and cement slurries if practical. Observe mixing operation,
collect wet and dry samples. Weigh and record slurry continuously using a
pressurized balance and an in-line densitometer during the job. Observe surface
setting time and free water separation of wet samples
Record surface pressure /pump rate on a continuous recorder for the entire job.
Record total cement mixing and displacement time
A typical cement job sequence of events: pump the spacer, release the bottom
plug, pump the cement, release the top plug, clean cement from surface lines and
displace cement until the top plug bumps
As soon as all cement has been pumped, drop the top plug, Check valves I
indicators on cementing head to verify plugs did release. NEVER ALLOW THE
CEMENT IN THE ANNULUS TO STOP MOVING WHEN PLUG IS RELEASED
Observe mud returns for losses, gains, return of preflush or cement to surface
Slow the pump rate to bump the plug on the float collar. Bump the plug with the
proper pressure, 500- 1000 psi over circulating pressure or sufficient for a casing
pressure test. Hold 5 -15 minutes, release the pressure and check the floats
If floats hold, leave casing open during WOC time. A small amount of back-flow
is expected due to heat expansion
If plug does not bump at the calculated pump strokes, over displace the plug by
more than the volume between the float collar and shoe
Page 128
CASING /CEMENTING
If float fails, shut in and apply approximate pressure the plug was bumped with.
Hold pressure until initial cement strength is developed, monitor shut-in pressure.
Heat will cause pressure build-up, bleed if necessary to maintain initial pressure
Center surface casing strings in rotary immediately after plug is bumped and
woe
For mud line suspension systems, land out on the mud line hanger, open wash
ports and circulate the annulus above the hanger with sea water
Casing normally should be landed with the same hook load as cemented. The
only slack-off weight should be what is necessary to set the slips or hang the
casing
For mud line suspension systems, the casing should be overpulled to a pre
determined value prior to selling the slips to prevent buckling the landing joint
Check mud pit and BOP for cement contamination, address immediately
Ensure landing joint is compatible with slip and seal assembly, caliper casing OD
A wellhead manufacture's representative should be present for slip, packoff and
casing head installation. Test casing head prior to nippling up the BOP equipment
If temperature survey is run to locate cement top, check with cementing company
for the recommended WOC time before runn ing
Clean casing head and flanges. Ring gasket and groove must be clean, dry and
free of burrs or nicks. Do not grease the ring gasket
All nuts and bolts should be clean and the correct size . All nuts should be
tightened evenly for a proper seal
Check all nipples, valves and lines on the wellhead and BOP stack for correct
pressure rating and proper test procedures
Cement drill-out practices should not jeopardize the integrity of the cement job
Do not impose any forces on the casing that would alter the cement bond . Do not
enter the casing until the desired cement strength is reached
Calculate the top plug depth and communicate data to the Driller before drill-out
Drill the plugs, float collar, cement and shoe with reduced weight and RPM to
avoid shock loading the casing
A formation equivalency or leak-off test in the new hole is necessary to determine
the effectiveness of the cement seal and the formation fracture gradient
Page 129
CASING ! CEMENTING
Monitoring cement jobs by continuously measuring pump
rate, rate of returns, surface densities and pressures can
provide early detection of some cementing problems
----'
....-, -~.-.~?Jt ' .. ~lr

. ~ '-.)" ~\!.;..~!; ' "
CEMENT
CHANNELING
UNSUSPECTED
WELLBORE
WASHOUT
.
.
.
.
.
-,....,~-~~
~ ;", - t
::.
! '
.. .
Mud poorly conditioned before start of cementing operation

Cement free-fall period ends before anticipated due to higher
annulus pressure
Surface pressure higher than expected
Lower rate of returns through free-fall stages
Cement free-fall period remains longer than anticipated due to
decreased annular pressure
. Surface pressures are lower than anticipated after free-fall
Reduced rate of returns when washout encountered followed

by increased returns rate in near gauge annulus
Erratic returns after free-fall period

Well comes out of free-fall later than expected
LOST
CIRCULATION
.
.
Surface pressures are lower than anticipated

Rate of flowline returns is lower than expected
. Free-fall inside casing is strong due to reduced annulus hydrostatic pressure. Might be indicated by strong vacuum at
cementing head
INFLUX
CONDITION
. Well comes out of free-fall later than anticipated

. Surface pressures are tower than expected
. Rate of returns are higher than anticipated during and/or after
free-fall period
Well goes on free-fall later and comes out of free-fall sooner

than expected
DOWN HOLE
RESTRICTIONS
CEMENT
SLURRY
DEHYDRATION
. Surface pressures higher than expected

. Rate of returns lower than anticipated during free-fall stages
. Erratic rate of returns. First are higher than expected during
deceleration, then level off before coming out of free-fall
. Free-fall starts approximately when expected but ends pre-
maturely due to higher frictional pressures

Surface pressures are higher than expected
. Rate of returns normal until dehydration starts then begins to

decrease
Page 130
HORIZONTAL DRILLING
HORIZONTAL WELL
A wellbore drilled parallel to the bedding planes of

a roduction zone
LIMIT PRt::>DlJCTIONI
OF UNWANTED
FLUIDS
MAXIMIZE
PRODUCTION
PENETRATE
VERTICAL
FRACTURES
INCREASE
PRODUCTION
Page 131
HORIZONTAL DRILLING
Page 132
HORIZONTAL DRILLING
Page 133
HORIZONTAL DRILLING
HCIIaON'fAL-.&.. PLAN FOCUS
CONSIDERATIONS
PLANNING
GEOLOGY
Formation type
Rock strength /stress

Porosity /permeability
Formation dip angle
Mud type
Inhibition
Hole cleaning
Mud weight
Drill string size
Down hole tool restrictions
Pump capacity
Washout/breakout
DRILLING FLUID "
HYDRAU LI CS
WELLBORE
STABILITY
Formation pressure
Rheology
Formation type
Over burden stress
Trajectory profile
Lost circulation /Gas influx

Cuttings bed
Hole closure
HORIZICIC1'AL OPI!RA110NI FOCUS

CONSIDERATIONS
OPERATIONS
RIG
DRILL STRING
WELL CONTROL
WELL LOGGING
CASING
CEMENTING
Solids control equipment
Drilling jars
Inspection frequency
Kill calculations
Top drive
Pump capacity
Drill pipe size
BHAdesign
Down hole motors
Torque /drag
BOP equipment
Kick detection
MWD/ LWD
Casing design
Slotted liners
Predicted pick-up /slack-off weights
Slurry design
Centralizers
Mud condition
Contamination
Gas behavior
Drill pipe conveyed /Coil tubing
Pump down method
Page 134
Pipe movement
Gas will migrate to the high side of the wellbore and become trapped. To flush out the
gas, AV must be increased to turbulent flow. When the gas enters the build-up section,
slow the pump rate to normal
:t
0
:::0
i':i
0
<:
"0
"'..
Ill
-""''
i!
,...
0
:::0
;:::
,...
~
C')
HORIZONTAL.Ym_LL CONTROL KILL SHEET
Tru~
KMW (SIOPP
KMW l
I_
-"'
w
+ .052) ..
--~
ICP KJII P ump Presaure
Kill Pump Pressure
FCP
.~
Strokes to KOP
.tk.
(B) KICK DATA
...
Shut-In Casing Pressure (SICP)
~~l
--Pit Gain - 1
ICP
i.l
KCP
:131
--
KMW
"
Stka to ._.
KOP
PSI
+ OMW
ltn
ItS)
19)
....
{(_ -_ )x =-)-(
(D) WAIT & WEIGH T PROCEDURE

1. Raise mu(lweight in ph to Kill Mud Weight value
bleed mud to maintain StOPP at initial shut-in value.
3 Refer to Pump Stan Up procedure, bring well on choke.

4. Hold KPR constanl and adjust the choke to maintain the
Drillpipe Pressure Schedule unlit Kitl M ud Weight returns.
5. Stop the pump, close the choke and check shut-in

pressures. Sub Sea Stack - Clear stack gas and kill riser.
6. Open the BOP an(! check for flow
r.
0
FCP
INSTRUCTIONS
:X:
0
::0
Suc.a to ... 110)

Bot
KCP ICP + (<FCP- K':J x KO~) _ ((SIOP~ KOib)
5)
ile)
2 Monitor shut- in pressures for gas migration. If necessary,
Shut-,l n Onllpipe Pressure ( SIOPP)
r-
SIOPP
KOP C11culatmg ressure (KCP)
Kill Pump Rate (KPR)
F tnel Ctrculetlng P,.aaure (FCP)
....
Surface to Bit Strokes
'14 )
....,
:12)
""
---
ICP
Kill ~p Pressure (KPP)
--
I -
STROKES PRESSURE
!1_11
KOP Measured Depth (KOP" 0 )
+ Orig.inal Mud Weight
lnttlel Ctrculauon Pressur ( ICP)
KOP Vertical Depth (KOP""')
II
+ TVO + 052)
(E) DRILLPIPE PRESSURE

SCHEDULE
Vertical Depth (IVD)
Cl
Kill Mud Weight (KMW)
Original Mud Weight
(C) C A LCULATIONS
(A) WELL DATA
Rec:.ord ICP. KCP, FCP, Stka to KOP and

Slks to Bit in spacea lncllc.ated
Calculate Strokes I ncrement to KOP

Stk s to KOP + 5 a
S tk Inc
~
,...
1:)
From 0 sUes. add Stkl to each Increment
~
,...
u n til Stks to KOP le reaehed

3 Calculate Strokes Increment to BIL
(Stks to Bit - Stks to KOP) + 5 _ _ _Stk Inc
C')
From Stks to KOP, add thoe&e at.ks to e<Jeh

tncrement unti Stks to Btt is reac:hed.
CaJc:ularte dnllp.~ ~ssure reduction per
tncrement fro I P 10 KOP
(ICP - KCP) + 5 ~
psi
From ICP. sublract the pret-aure reduction
from e.-ch increment vn1il KCP is reached5. Catculate drillpipe preasure reduction per
increment from KCP to Blt
(KCP FCP) + 5
psi
From KCP. subtr&c-t the proaaure reduction

from eac:h increment unul I=CP Is reached
Measured
Depth
True Vertical
Depth
CAPACITIES
tg
(BBLSJFT)
OP x Casing
Drill pipe
L
J
[ --=:J
c--
I
I
DPxOH
Heavyweighl
Drill Collars
" --'
DC xOH
/ KOP
Select the approximate

MIDDLE of the kick-off
section
:X:
0
.. ..... J
''
t-;:-:-:-~...
'
. ~
-]
N
0
<:
~
r-
....
...
"D
cc
w
....
0
I
I
l4> I
I
I
(2)
(3)
I
I
I
I=
I=
X
Add Column fot
Total Drill etring Volume
-=
I
I
I
(2)
Add Column for

Sttlng Volume to KOP
= ~
X
X
X
I
I
I
I=
r-
I
I=
G)
I
I
I
I
X
X
X
X
I
I
I
I
I:
I=
I=
Choke Une Volume (&u.bs.ea only)
I
I
I
Open Hole by Drill String
I
I
I
I
(3)
I=
Add Co'umn for

Total Annulu t Volume
Strokes to m iddle
of KOP
Strlng Vol
toKOP
bblslalk
~ lksto
KOP
INVESTIGATION PACKAGE
lftDII I
IW ELL '
ntDIII
>UMP #
I OD ~D"
ITIE
:II
~~01::
HOLE SIZE'
MAX 0/DIII
.)aroaL
>liMP t
PIIMP I 1
I <"D
PIIMP 1
OD
~-
:01
PUMP : 2
UMP#
, OD
toP
- =--- -
~311
:01
!31
~
!31
~
:31
~
:3d
=~
:Gil
~
,jill
:311
-1111
~:Ill
!lid
:ml
=-:~
~
iTYPe &CEPTH Of PROOLEII ;
P PG:
WT 1>0::1 n YU .lA I>
L'
.6./n
M D
.6.STCSGOD'
SPN
lB! o ATE:
nDIIIO::D
RIG'
II NITIAL
O:D
'"'
lrM ' nmt! Of PROBlEM ;

!... - ...
Page 138
t!!
.:.;..;...
[*
INVESTIGATION PACKAGE
CIIT1IIGS 1Yl'E: CLAY fCl~ SH.II.E (114}. WIO flO~ GAAV!L fG\\~ LIIESTOIE flSI SAlT ISAI. talENT fCIIT), IMI89 (RU8l.IETAL fllj
CIIT1IIGS OESCRIPTIOii: ROtMl,fl.IT CIIT1IIGS (QJW~ IPliiTW CAVIHGS fC.IV,S~ BI.OCKY CAVIHGS fCAV,B~ ClAY lAW fCL8Lj.IMIII CLAY fiiSH)
Pa ge 139
fl811'HOLifmiCKJIIIEI REPORT DATE
WELL:
REPORT#
RIG:
I!VENT DEPrH:
DATE:
LOCATION:
TillE:
WELL DATA: (when event occurred)

Csg Size:
Hole Size:
#1 KOPMD:
KOP Bottom #1 MD
Shoe Test:
STRING DATA: OKelly
Shoe Anglo _ _ _ Bit N:
MD:
TVD:
MD:
TVD:
Deg/100' _ __ 112 KOP MD:
KOP Bottom #2 MD:
MUD DATA: ( report ACTUAL mud propenles )

I'll:
...:
--
-..
O Rotatlng
O Mud Motor
OPERATIONAL DATA : (directly before event occurred)
11\/t'
Auld Loss
YP. _ _ Gets ___J___J_ _ pH - -- OM/ Ratoo
Concentrahon
Inhibitor Type:
O Top Orivo
Type:
Size:
BHA: C!Bultd C!Hold ODrop
Last Trip M D:
DC Size:
Length:
DC S ize
Length:
Deg/100'- - Jar Size: _ _ _ CHyd. OMeeh. Trip Setting.: UP
Down.
AngleCTD _ _ Jar PosittOn (from bit):
O Tenalon C:X::ompreslon Neutral Point
Aec:eterator Position (from J&t) .
HWOP Size
Length:
DP ODIWt/Gr.
!___)
Ft
DP ODIWt/Gr.
I
Ft:
I
Types & Depths of Problem FOnation(a) :
Mud Type:
EVINT tev!RITY:cnGHT HOLE IJinJCK Pill

DRILLING REPORT t:
I!VINT CAUSE:
CEC
Rotaung WL
Drag Trend:
RPM
Other.
Tor~uo
Shaker Evidence
GPM:
Off/B Tq:
On/B Tq
\'1108
Trend:
Cir Press
INDICATIONS:
Pipe Motion Prior To Event
O Rotating
O Up
O Oown
O Stalic
Pipe Motion After S tlcklng CIDown Poaaible O Oown Restricted
O Oown lmpoa.alble
FREEING TECHNIOUE: OSucceu:ful OJna~JCXessful
0
0
0
0
O
Unconsolidated Form.
Fractured/Faulted Form .
Cement B locks
Soli C ement
Junk
DESCRIBE ACnON TAKEN:
'
'
'
PRE\IENTTVE SUGGESnOH:
(when event occurred)
DRILLER:
TOOLPUSHER.
D we:LL80RE GEOM ETRY
SUSPECTED CAUSE(S):
0 Settled Cuttings
Pipe Rotation After Sticking: 0 Rot Pouible 0 Rot. Restricted 0 Rot tmpoulble
0 Reactive Shale
C ir, Pressure After Sticking CJProas. Nonnal O Pre.s.s. Res-tricted 0 C t . lm polliblo 0 Gao-Pressured Shale
D Hydro-Pressured Shale
SPM
C irculating Preuure:
0 0/Burden Stress
WiUTheJarTrip?O YM O No
II "No", why nol:
0 Tectonic Stress
Other.
I
I
0 DtFFERE NTIA~ STICKING
COMPANY REP:
::::!
~
STICKING MECHANISM:
Q HOLE: PACK .OFFJ9RtDOE
P ress Trend:
Other-
Operation When Event Occurred.
::::!
Sf() 11\/t'
PIU IM
0
0
0
0
0
Stiff Assembly
Key Seat
Micro Doglegs
Ledges
U/Gauge hole
(j)
rn
WELL:
LOST CIRCUlA110N
IREPORT DATE:
LOSS SEVERITY: OSEEPAGE D PARTIAL DTOTAL
LOCATION:
RIG:
LOSS DEPTH:
DATE:
Csg Size:
MD:
Hole Size:
MD:
nME:
CAUSE OF LOSS:
Shoe Test
WEL.L DATA: (when event occurred)

TVD:
TVD:
REPORT #
MUD REPORT t:
STRING DATA: O Kelly O Top O(ive O RotatJng O Mud Motor Hole Size: - - DC Si:e;
Length:
DC Size:
Lel\gth:
S hoeAng~:
Last Trip M D:
Stal:>ilizer Positions:
DP ODMit. ___)_ _ Ft:
Types & Depths of Loss Zone(s)!
HWDP SiZe:
Length:
DP ODM/t: _ _I _ _ Ft:
Other:
MUD DATA: (report ACTUAL m u d properttes)

Fluid Loss:
PV: _ _ YP: _ _ Gets: _ _/_ __/_ _ pH: - - - 0/W Ratio:
System L C M ; _ _Lbslbbl Polymer Type~
....-o
...
CQ
...
Operation;
rn
Depth Loss Started:
GPM:
Cir Press:
CEC.
Slip-To-Slip Pipe Speed:
_ _ _ LbslbbL _ _ Gel: _ _Lb&ibbt Other:
Concentratjon:
Inhibitor Type :
OPERATIONAL DATA: (when event oaurred)
Wt:
M ud Type:
Fl/Se<o
ECD@ Lou Zone.

M ax Csg Press Before Loss:
:::r
G)
)).
Other.
:j
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LOSS. D PRESSURE INDUCED FRACTURES D NATURALLY EXISTING FRACTURES/PERMEABILITY OTHER:

CAUSE(S): D Welt Control Oper. DGes Migration O Excessive Mud Wt 0 Excessive Cuttings Load ClHigh EC.O D High Surge Pressure D lmposed Pump Pressure
Other:
O Oepleted Zone O Unconsolidate<l Form. Q.Fractured Form. t:Faulted Zone DVugular Form O Cavemous Zone CHote In Csg.
MUD LOSS DATA:

SEEPAGE < 20 SblsJHr
PartlaJ = > 20 BblsJHr
BblsJHr: _ _ _@ _ _ _ GPM Static Loss: _ _ _Bbls/Hr
Total= No Rotum.s
Depth:
Depth:
Depth:
Depth:
Sbls/H r, _ _ _@
GPM Statie Loss: _ _ _Bbl.s/Hr

GPM Static Loss;
Bbls/Hr
Sbls/Hr:
Bbls./Hr,
@
G PM Static Loss:
Sbi&IH'
@
SPOTTING RESULTS: 0 Successful
O Partialty Successful
o unsuccessful
Vol:
Gel Content:
Lb&/Bbl
Pill# 1: O WBM O OSM Wt'
MD _ _ _TVO Wait Time: _ _ _
Bbls Spoued:
Depth:
Pill Type: O LCM O Cement o:;onk[JSpeciatty Pill Other.
n FineO Med O Cor Lbs/Bbl: _ _ _ SQUEEZE RESULTS: O Successful
0 Partially Suecessful 0 u n succes.sful
M aterial:
IIFfne O Med O Cor Lbs/Bbl: _ _ _ Bbls Squeezed: _ _ Depth:
MD
TVD Press Held: _ _ _
M aterial:
- --
O Fine O Med O Cor lbs/Bbt:
Material:
Pill# 2: D WBM D OBM
Wt:
Vol;
Gel Content: _ _ _Lbs/Sbl
W&it Time:
Notes;
SPOTTING RESULTS: 0 Successful

CJ PartiaUy Successfvl
O Unsu ccessful
Bbls Spone<l _ _ _ Depth:
TVD
wait Tima:
MD
Pill Type:D LCM D Cement OOunk CSp ecia1ty Pill Other:

O Fine O M ed O Cor Lb s/Bbl: _ _ _ SQUEEZE RESULTS: O Successful
M aterial:
M aterial:
O F;ne O M ed O Cor Lbs/Bbt: _ _ _ Bbls Squeezed: _ _ Depth:
M aterial:
TOOLPUSHER:
O Fin e O M ed O Cor lb&IBbl.
MUD ENG:
waitnme:
- --
0 Partially Successful 0 U n successful

MD
TVD Press Held : _ __
No-tes:
COMPANY REP:
<:
(')
G)
11'1
DIMENSIONS I PROPERnES I REPORTS:

l ength :
00;
10:
VVVFt:
Grade; - - -
Conn Size 1 Type:
Stres.s ReHef: yes no Bore Restrictions:
H SJC0 R&&ista nt : yes no Oil

2
2
Resistant
Inspection Report: yes no
yes n o Temp Limit: _ _ Batl l tfe : - -
.
"'....
.,
0 Inspection Report
O Supply Co Paper \Nork
O Fishing Dimensions Sheet
O Operat'ons M anual
Settfng Calibrations Sheet
MATCH SERIAUMODEL #ON TOOL W ITH ALL PAPER WORK
Settings & Ca.librations:
O the-r:
-o
PAPER WORK:
LOCATE: 0 Ca rgo Manifest
CORRECT TOOL
0 INCORRECT TOOL
:j
Commen ts:
OPERATIONS:
C H ECK: O D amaged Container O Exptosive/COosives M atked
Special Handling I Operations I M aintenance:
Safety R&eommendations: - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Make-Up T q:

FVLbs Thread Compound: - - - - - - - - - - - 0 /Pull Limit:
Tq Limit
Pump P ress Limi t - - - - - GPM M in~ _ _ _ Max : _ _ _ Hydro Press Limit: - - - -M ex Rota ting Hrs:
Angle limit: - -
Other.
D Battery pack
O Hazardous Material Secured 0 Pres sured Vessets Seeured Other.: - - - - IN SPECT TOOL FOR: 0 Thread Protectors 0 Thread Damage O lmpact damage
0 Bent I M ashed Tube 0 Water Damage
Other. - - - - - -- - - -- -
VERIFY WITH MANIFES ~ Q Back-Up Tool O Spare Part(s)
0 H andling Tool(&)
'Other. ==~==~~====---================
0 Operati"g Tools
O Cros.sovers
Other. - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -
INSPECT: O Tool Bore O Aocess Ports O Safety Clamps
Tools included w/shipment: yes no Available In Area: - -- - - - - - - - - - -
Fishing Records Available: yes no

SUPPLY COMPANY RAnNG:
R ep. Helpfulness: 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 6
Fi-shing Dimension
Sheet Shipped: yes no
FUNCTION TE Sl': O Vatves
Fl~ppers
Rep. A vailability: 1 2 3 4 5 6+ ' Tool Arrival Condition 1 2 3 4 5 e
Knowledge Of Tool: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spare Parts Condttion: 1 2 3 4 5 6

123456
::!
OPERATIONS:
Ft&hing Tools R.equlred: - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(I)
0 Tool Conn Size/Type
Other - -- - - -- - - - - - - Tool Operating Condition: 1 2 3 4 5 G

Tool Operator Knowtedge: 1 2 3 4 s 6
Ci)
"'
WELL DATA: (when failure occurred)
S TRING DATA: 0 Kelty
Csg Size:
MD:
TVD:
Hole Size:
M D:
TVO:
To:
Hole Wa.shollt %: _ _ _ MD From:
Dogleg MD From:
Length: - - - - DC Size: - - - - Length: - - - - DC Size

Jar Position (from bit):
Accelerator Position (from j ar) - - - - - - -
To: - - - - -
Si~e
Neutral Point: (from b it)
BHA O Build 0 Hold 0 Drop
HWOP Size.
OP ODMitJGr - - -'- - - ' - - - FL

Other.
Length : - - - - - -
D P 00/Wt.JGr ___1___1 _ FL
Rot_a t_in g VVt: - - - - - - - P/U WI: - - - - - - - - - - - S/0 WI. -
----
Sack-Up Tool: O OnSite O Avaflable

Spare Parts : CJ On-S1te () Available
Oehvery rime: - - - - - - - - - - -
Delivery T!rne: - - - - - - - - - - -
Oown-Time H ours: _ _ _ Supply Co Respon se Ra t ng : 1 2 3 4 5 6 O Not Apphcable
Drag Trend - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

RPM: ____
01!/B Tq:
WOB: - - - - - - -On/B Tq - - - - -
1- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Torque Trend:
GPM:
C 1r Press:
Pre-ss Trend :
Failed Tool: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Failed P~ut: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - -
OescribeFailure: __________________________________________________________________
Cause(s): ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
lfJ.-
TOOLPUSHER:
::!
C)
}I.
::!
0
4:!
(")
FAILURE DESCRIPTION:
'llfM!JI7M
Cl)
RECOVERY:
OPERATIONAL DATA: (when event occurred)
..e
O Mud Motor O Shock Sub
Angle@ TO. - - - Deg/100': - - - -
Opemt~n= -------------------------
"'..
0 Rotatmg
Bit it. - - - Type:
omec _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __
.,..
O Top Dnve
Shoe A ngle : _ __
rJCIMI:
~REP:
TOOL OPERATOR:
C)
Ill
WEU:
RIG:
DRILL STRING
FAILURE REPORT FORM
LOCATION:
FAILURE LOCATION: 0 DP IJHWDP DOC
REPORT#
FAILURE SEVERITY:OPARTED OTWIST-OFF DCRACKED DWASHOUT
TDMD:
FAILURE DATE:
W ELL DA TA : (when failu re occurred)

Csg Size:
Hole Size.:
IREPORT DATE:
STRIN G DATA: 0 Kelly
TIME:
DRILLING REPORT t:
0 Rotating
O TopOrlve
TVD:
Shoe Angle:
Bit # : - - - Type;
MD:
TVD:
Aogle@TO:
DC OD/ID : _. - ' - - U>s/Ft: _ _ Conn Type:
To:
Deg/100':
Deg/100':
DC 0~--'-- U>s/FI: _ _ Conn Type:

Lenglh:
Jar P ' ton (frotn bit):
Accelerator Position (from j ar):
# 1 KOP/Dogleg MD From:
To:
#2 KOP/Dogleg MO From:
Hole Washout%: _ _ _
To:
M D From;
Size:
0 M ud M OtOf O Shoc.k Sub
MD;
BHA: O Build 0 Hold 0 Drop

Length:
N eut a l P oin t: - - - H WOP Size: _ _ Conn Type:
Other:
DP OD/Wt/Gr. __}__/_ _ Ft:
Length:
DP OD/Wt/Gr. __/_ _/ _ Ft: - - -
Mud Type:
Ro ta ting vvt:
PIU IM:
O Smooth O Erratic
OH/8 Tq:
WOB:
O n/B Tq:
0 Smooth 0 Erratic
TOtqu e Trend:
M udWe+ght:
Sand:
Lbs./Bbl! _ _ _ Corr. Ra te
BIHC>Ie Temp; _ _ _
CO PPM;
Lbs./Bbl:
pH : _ _ Corr. lnhtbitor Type:
SIOIM:
Dreg Trend:
RPM:
:::!
M UD DATA: (record A C TUAL mud p roperties)
OPERATIONAL DATA : (when failure occurred)
Operation:
Oxy PPM; - - - H S PPM :

Seavenger Type:
Other,
FAILURE DESCRIPTION:
O OP Tube FCltigue
0 Combination Tenston/Torsion
D BHA Conn Fatigue
O Collapse
D Burst
O Connection Leak
0 \Neld Failure
0 Sulfide Stress Crack
O Spl ~
Box
O Tension
O Torsioo
0 Mechanical Failure Of String Equipment (Jar, MfMotor. Etc.):
Othttr:
OP Tube Failure: _ _ Inches From 0 Bo:x O Pln Shoulder
BHA Conn Failure" _
serial II:
Last Insp. D ate!
Ft From Bit 0 Comp 0 Tension Serial #s Of Jcints: PinN:
Conn Leak: O OP O HWDP D OC
Serial #$ Of Joints.: Pin#
Bo>d#
Box#
Insp. Repott # :
La.st Insp. Oate{s):
TOOLPUSHER:
Rotating Hrs:
_ _ _ RotatJng Hrs: _ _ _
R otating Hrs:
t..ast Insp. Oa te(s) :
PREVEN TIVE SUGGESTION S:
DRILLLER (on tour):
a
<:
GPM:
Cir Press:
Press Trend:
0/PuULimit:
Set Down Limit
TqLimn:
Wt lnd Reading @ Failure:
T q @ Failure:
Pre.s.s @ Failure:
TYPE O F FAILURE;
{/)
Ot.her:
COMPANY REP:
~
C)
l'l1
~DII LOCATION:
-.:
iGCKDATE:
Cs.g Size:
MD;
HoloSiz.e_
M O
Kick TOlerance _ __
Fonn. Press @ TO
1C11J. liiW:.
Shoe Test:
Shoe A ngle . _ _ _
TVO
REPORT#
_:jREPORT DATE:
we .. ,"[J. 'ii1.01......0 . .411MIIIICiill: ClnduniiiCiilf rua a

~~: ' . .. DRILLING ltEPORflc
ORIG.IIW:
WELL DATA: (when event occuHed)
....
l ..
WELL:
TVO.
Angle@ TO - - Shallowe&1 Abnormal FP (>9.0 PPGE):
TVO
Other
STRING DATA: O Kelly Q Top Drive

DC 00110 .
H~6-
Q Rotatlng
OUI
O Mud Motor O DS Floet Velvo
DC 00110. _ _ _/_ _ Ft:
Ft
Lbs/Ft. - --
Ft
OP 00/Wt - - - ' - - Ft
@SPM. _ _
Presaure loss.
0 OOMII. - - - ' - - Ft.

SS Choke Ltne ro . _ _ Ft
Otner
I ::!~
OPERATIONAL DATA: (When event occum!d)
..
"V
"'
Tnpln
Coring = logg'ng WCementtnt O.her

M ud Type: :::WSM O OSMIS8M
111/t I n - - - 1Ait Out~ --- Slip-.To-Sbp Trip Speed Out. _ _ _Mtn In
Kick W arning Signs: ....~ Onthng Break O VV.U Ftow O P ftGain C Cir Preaaure Loss 0 Incorrect Hole Fill Volume
Other
Operation: 0 O""<ng Q T1'19 Out
Cause Of Kick: O Drilled Hi'Qh Prell Zone O light Mud Wt Pumped 0 Total LOll Or Cir
O Cut M ud Wt (water.oil, gas)
M 1n Other.
0 Total loa& Of Cir
O Gas@ Sea Surface
CJ Improper Hole Fdl P rocedure
O Swabblng
::!
Other:
S HUT-IN DATA :
Tlmo O f Kic k:
Shut..fn Procedure: t 15oft
1Herd CJFast
~Kick Type: O Under Salanoo Kick
Drill String: CJ On Bottom

BOP Clostng Pressure:
(Ji nduced Kick
0 O ff Bottom Bit M O;
SIOPP
D OutOf Hole
SICP
Prt Gain
Kick Fluid Ty~ : O Wator C1011 l)Gaa O Unk nown TVO Of K ick :
Gas M igration Observed: Cyes O no
Other::
KILl. OPERATION DATA:

Kill Procedure:
KiU MW
String
- --
Mo~ment
p,....KIII Operation:
wait & we.ghl Me1.hod
K .. Pump Rate - - SPM

During Kin:
None
o snubln
0 Circulation Method
S tnp In
0 Heavy Mud Cap
Other
O BuJihead
Other.
O VOiumotnc M e thod
S&fety Fact<>< (~ any), Added MW - - -
Added Back Press
Other
Hung-Off 0 Rocate 0 Recproc.ate
8nefly Describe Kill Operatoon
DRILLLER (on tour):
TOOLPUSHER:
-----
COMPANY REP:
- -
~
m

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Amoco Drilling Manual

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Technology & Training

Training to Reduce Unscheduled Events

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TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES .. ............................................................

BASIC GEOLOGY .................................................. .................

CASING PROGRAM ........ ................ .......... ................... ...........

HOLE PACK-OFF I BRIDGE ..................... ................ ................

LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS ............. ........................

IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR ............................. 66

INTERGRATING PMP WITH WELL PLAN ............................... 68

TOOL FAILURE CAUSES ........................................................

DRILL STRING FAILURE

DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING ..............

BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE ...............................

DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE .................................... 74

BASIC JAR OPERATIONS........................................................

PRIMARY WELL CONTROL .......... ......... .... .... ........................ .. 91

SWAB I SURGE PRESSURE ................................. .................. 92

WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET ................................................ 117

CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... 119

EQUIPMENT I WELLBORE PREPARATIONS ........................ 122

TROUBLE SHOOTING CEMENTING PROBLEMS ................

HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES .................. ........................... 132

WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS ......................................... 131

HORIZONTAL WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET ........................ 136

DRILLER HANDOVER NOTES ................................................ 138

SHAKER HANDOVER NOTES ................................................ 139

TIGHT HOLE I STUCK PIPE REPORT FORM ......................... 140

LOST CIRCULATION REPORT FORM .................................... 141

EQUIPMENT SELECTION /INSPECTION FORM .................. 142

DOWN HOLE TOOL FAILURE REPORT FORM ........ .............. 143

DRILL STRING FAILURE REPORT FORM ............................. 144

WELL CONTROL REPORT FORM ......................................... 145

HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING ............................................ 134

TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES

WHAT ARE TEAMS

Two or more people worl<ing together

Work teams have a common goal

Team members develop "earned trust" through accountability

Teams are selfmotivated

Teams are performance motivated

TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS

Problem solving capability

Decision making skills

HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS

Define the problem

TEAM DECISION MAKING STYLES

COMMAND Decision is made by leader

IMPROVE WORK QUALITY More expertise/skills are available

FLEXIBLE - Respond quickly to change

CREATIVE. Conbnously improve wort< processes

DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS -Better communications

REDUCE PROJECT COST

An extensive depression in the earth~s surface

A laterally continuous sequence of sediments that is recognizably distinct

Rock fragments (sand. silt. clay) and dissolved chemical compounds

The weight of each successive sediment layer (overburden) compacts the

Rocl<s formed from an accumulation of

Rocks formed from an accumulation of

Sandstone comp<esslve sttenglh. +/- 9000 psi

Rocks formed from an accumulation of primarily

Rocks formed from an accumulation of

Rocks formed from large deposijs of primarily