Section A

Bahagian A
[60 marks]
[60 markah]
Answer all questions in this section.
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
1.
The diagram below shows the structure of an animal cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur satu sel haiwan.

Diagram/Rajah
(a)Name the parts labelled S, T, U and V in the spaces provided in the diagram above.
Namakan bahagian yang berlabel S, T, U, dan V dalam ruang yang disediakan pada rajah di atas.
[4 marks/4 markah]
(a) S: Centriole
Sentriol
T: Mitochondrion
Mitokondria
U: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Jalinan endoplasma kasar
V: Lysosome
Lisosom
(b State the function of each of the following parts.
) Nyatakan fungsi bagi setiap bahagian yang berikut.
T: _________________________________________________________________________________
__
V: _________________________________________________________________________________
__
[2 marks/2 markah]
(b) T: Site for energy production
Tapak penghasilan tenaga
V: Breaks down macromolecules
Memecahkan makromolekul

(c)State two characteristics of the part labelled U.

Nyatakan dua ciri-ciri bahagian yang berlabel U.
1: _________________________________________________________________________________
_
2: _________________________________________________________________________________
_
[2 marks/2 markah]
(c) 1. Has ribosomes
Mempunyai ribosom
2. The membrane is continuous with an outer layer of nuclear membrane
Membran adalah bersambung dengan lapisan luar membran nukleus
(d Why is the part labelled S important in cell division?
) Mengapakah bahagian yang berlabel S penting dalam pembahagian sel?
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
[4 marks/4 markah]
(d) In prophase of mitosis and meiosis, the centrioles moves to the opposite poles of the cell. The centrioles
act as the central points from which the spindle fibres radiate. The spindle fibres from the opposite spindle
poles are attached to the centromeres of the sister chromatids. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled
apart to the opposite poles by the shortening of the spindle fibres that connect the chromosomes to the poles.
Dalam peringkat profasa mitosis dan meiosis, sentriol bergerak ke kutub sel yang bertentangan. Sentriol
bertindak sebagai titik pusat di mana gentian gelendong berasal. Gentian gelendong dari kutub gelendong
yang bertentangan bersambung di sentromer kromatid beradik. Semasa anafasa, kromatid beradik berpisah
ke kutub yang bertentangan disebabkan pemendekan gentian gelendong yang menghubung kromosom ke
kutub.

2. Diagram below shows the structure of the root of a dicotyledonous plant.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur akar bagi satu tumbuhan dikotiledon.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH
(a)Name the parts labelled E, F, G and H in Diagram above.
Namakan struktur yang berlabel E, F, G dan H dalam Rajah di bawah.
[2 marks/2 markah]
(a) E: Cortex/Korteks
F: Phloem/Floem
G: Xylem/Xilem
H: Root hair/Akar rambut
(b (i) Which part in Diagram above transports water and mineral salts?
)
Struktur manakah dalam Rajah di atas yang mengangkut air dan garam mineral?
__________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]
(b) i. G
(ii) Briefly describe an experiment to verify your answer in (b)i.
Huraikan secara ringkas suatu eksperimen untuk mengesahkan jawapan anda di (b)i.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
ii. Place a plant in water containing a dye. Examine sections of the root and find out where the dye
is.
It should be in the xylem.
Letakkan sebatang pokok di dalam air yang mengandungi pewarna. Perhatikan bahagian akar
dan
cari kawasan yang berwarna. Pewarna mewarnakan xilem.
(iii Name the driving force for transporting water and mineral salts.
) Namakan daya yang terlibat dalam pengangkutan air dan garam mineral.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark/1 markah]
iii. Transpirational pull
Tarikan transpirasi
(c)(i) Which part in Diagram above transports organic nutrients (food)?
Bahagian manakah dalam Rajah di bawah yang mengangkut nutrien organik (makanan)?
__________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]

(ii) Name the transport process of organic nutrients.

Namakan proses pengangkutan nutrien organik.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark/1 markah]
(iii State the path in the transport of organic nutrients from the source to the destination.
) Nyatakan laluan pengangkutan nutrien organik dari sumber ke destinasinya.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark/1 markah]
(c) i. F
ii. Translocation/Translokasi
iii. Food is manufactured in the leaves and then transported along the phloem to the different parts
of the plant
(stem, roots, etc.) where it is required.
Makanan dihasilkan di dalam daun dan kemudian diangkut di sepanjang floem ke bahagianbahagian
yang berbeza pada tumbuhan (batang, akar, sebagainya) di mana makanan diperlukan.
(d Diagram below shows a transverse section of the dicotyledonous stem. Label F and G in the correct
) boxes.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas batang dikotiledon. Labelkan struktur F dan G dalam kotak
yang betul.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH
[2 marks/2 markah]

(e)Explain why do plants need a transportation system.

Terangkan mengapa tumbuhan memerlukan suatu sistem pengangkutan.
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
[2 marks/2 markah]
(e) In higher level of plants and animals, the sites of absorption and synthesis are very specific and separated
by a greater distance from the other parts of the body. Thus, they need a transport system.
Dalam tumbuhan dan haiwan peringkat tinggi, tapak penyerapan dan sintesis adalah sangat spesifik dan

dipisahkan dengan jarak yang jauh antara bahagianbahagian yang berlainan pada tubuh. Justeru itu,
mereka memerlukan sistem pengangkutan.
3 Diagram A shows the apparatus set up in an experiment to study the role of the vascular tissue in the transport
. of water in plants.
Rajah A menunjukkan radas yang disediakan dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji fungsi tisu vaskular
dalam pengangkutan air di dalam tumbuhan.

Diagram A/Rajah A
(a)State the function of the eosin solution.
Nyatakan fungsi larutan eosin.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]
(a) To colour the xylem tissues
Untuk mewarnakan tisu xilem
(b The root of the plant is cut across and viewed under a microscope. A cross-section of the root is shown in
) Diagram B.
Akar tumbuhan tersebut dipotong dan keratan rentasnya dilihat di bawah mikroskop. Keratan rentas
akarnya ditunjukkan di Rajah B.

Diagram B/Rajah B
Name the parts labelled K, L, M and N.
Namakan bahagian bahagian yang berlabel K, L, M dan N.
K: __________________________________________________________________________________
L: __________________________________________________________________________________
M:__________________________________________________________________________________
N: __________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(b) K: Xylem
K: Xilem

L: Endodermis
L: Endodermis
M: Phloem
M: Floem
N: Cortex
N: Korteks
(c)i. Name the tissue which is responsible for transporting water and mineral ions from the roots to the upper
parts of the plant.
Namakan tisu yang bertanggungjawab dalam pengangkutan air dan ion ion mineral dari akar ke
bahagian bahagian atas tumbuhan.
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
[1 mark/1 markah]
ii. What another function of the tissue you have mentioned in (c)i?
Apakah fungsi lain tisu yang anda nyatakan di c(i)?
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
[1 mark/1 markah]
iii What is the characteristic of the tissue mentioned in (c)i. which enables it to carry out its function
. mentioned in (c)ii.?
Apakah ciri tisu yang disebutkan di c(i) yang membenarkan ia menjalankan fungsi seperti yang
dinyatakan di c(ii)?
___________________________________________________________________________________
__
[1 mark/1 markah]
(c) i. Xylem
Xilem
ii. Provides mechanical support to the plant
Membekalkan sokongan mekanik kepada tumbuhan
iii. The xylem walls are lignified to prevent them from collapsing
Dinding xilem adalah berlignin untuk mencegah tumbuhan daripada rebah.
(d What is the function of the part labelled M?
) Apakah fungsi bahagian yang berlabel M?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark/1 markah]
(d) Transports organic substances
Mengangkut bahan-bahan organic
(e)If the stem of the plant is cut across XY, draw and label the observation made.
Jika bahagian batang tumbuhan dipotong secara keratan rentasdi XY, lukiskan dan labelkan pemerhatian
yang dibuat.

[3 marks/3 markah]
(e)

4 The diagram below shows the arrangement of cells in part of the root of a dicotyledonous plant, together with
. two routes taken by water entering the vascular tissue.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan sel-sel di dalam bahagian akar tumbuhan dikotiledon serta dua laluan
air memasuki tisu vaskularnya.

Diagram/Rajah
(a)Identify cells A, B and C shown in the diagram above.
Kenal pastikan sel A, B dan C yang ditunjukkan pada rajah di atas.
A ___________________________________________________________________________________
: __
B:___________________________________________________________________________________
__
C:___________________________________________________________________________________
__
[3 marks/3 markah]
(a) A: Root hair cell
Sel rerambut akar
B: Parenchyma cell/cortex
Sel parenkima/korteks
C: Endodermal cell/endodermis
Sel endodermal/endodermis
(b Complete the following by ticking the correct part of the cell that is involved in the movement of water as
) indicated by arrows 1 and 2.
Lengkapkan yang berikut dengan menanda bahagian sel yang terlibat dalam pergerakan air, seperti yang
ditunjukkan oleh anak panah 1 dan 2.

Table/Jadual
[2 marks/2 markah]
(b)

(c)What makes up the Casparian strip in cell C and what is its role in water transport?
Apakah yang membina jaluran Kasparian di dalam sel C dan apakah peranannya dalam pengangkutan
air?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(c) The Casparian strip is made up of waterproof material called suberin.
Jalur Kasparian terdiri daripada bahan kalis air yang dikenal sebagai suberin.
This material makes the cell wall impervious to water.
Bahan ini menjadikan dinding sel tidak telap air.
This blocks the movement of water through the cell wall and forces the water to move from
cytoplasm or vacuole to the xylem vessel.
Hal ini menghalang pergerakan air merentasi dinding sel dan memaksa air itu bergerak dari
sitoplasma atau vakuol ke salur xilem.
(d The diagram below shows the tissues involved in the movement of water through a leaf and eventually the
) loss of water through an open stoma.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tisu-tisu yang terlibat dalam pergerakan air melalui sehelai daun dan
secara perlahan-lahan air hilang melalui stoma yang terbuka.

Diagram/Rajah
(i) With reference to the diagram above, describe the sequence of events in the leaf that result from the
loss of water through open stomata.
Merujuk pada rajah di atas, jelaskan urutan peristiwa yang berlaku di dalam daun akibat kehilangan
air melalui stoma yang terbuka.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]
(d) (i) Transpiration causes water to be lost through the open stomata.
Transpirasi menyebabkan air hilang melalui stoma yang terbuka.
Water vapour diffuses out of the air spaces and this reduces the relative humidity in the air
spaces.
Wap air meresap keluar ke ruang udara dan hal ini mengurangkan kelembapan ruang udara
secara relatif.
Water evaporates from the moist mesophyll cell surface to replace the water diffusing out of the
leaf.
Air tersejat dari permukaan sel mesofi l yang lembap untuk menggantikan air yang meresap
keluar dari daun.
Water moves from cell to cell mainly through the cell wall and this causes the water to be
drawn out of the xylem vessel.
Air bergerak dari sel ke sel terutamanya melalui dinding sel dan hal ini menyebabkan air
tersingkir dari salur xilem.
(ii) Describe how the structure of a xylem vessel helps it to carry out the function of water transport in a
plant.

Jelaskan bagaimana struktur salur xilem membantunya untuk menjalankan fungsi pengangkutan air di
dalam tumbuhan.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(ii) Xylem vessels are made up of dead cells with no cell contents.
Salur xilem terdiri daripada sel-sel mati tanpa kandungan sel.
The lignified walls of xylem vessels can withstand high water pressure.
Dinding salur xilem telah diperkuatkan dengan lignin boleh tahan tekanan air yang tinggi.

5 Diagram below shows four stages of mitosis in an animal cell.

. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan empat peringkat mitosis di dalam sel haiwan.

Diagram/Rajah
(a)i. Arrange the stages in Diagram above according to the correct sequence of the mitotic process.
Susun peringkat pada Rajah di atas mengikut susunan peringkat mitosis yang betul.

[1 mark/markah]
ii Name the stages labelled W to Z.
. Namakan peringkat yang dilabel sebagai W hingga Z.
W:_________________________________________________________________________________
_
X: _________________________________________________________________________________
_
Y: _________________________________________________________________________________
_
Z: _________________________________________________________________________________
_
[4 marks/markah]
(a) i. X Y W Z
ii. W: Anaphase
W:Anafasa

X: Prophase
X: Profasa
Y: Metaphase
Y:Metafasa
Z: Telophase
Z:Telofasa
(b Name the type of cells in humans where mitosis takes place.
) Namakan jenis sel di dalam manusia yang berlakunya mitosis.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark/markah]
(b) Somatic cells
Sel Somatik
(c)Give three examples of cells named in (b).
Berikan tiga contoh sel yang dinamakan di (b).
1 ____________________________________________________________________________________
. _
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________
. _
3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
. _
[3 marks/markah]
(c) 1. Epithelial cell
Sel Epithelia
2. Blood cell
Sel darah
3. Muscle cell
Sel otot
(d Give two significance of mitosis.
) Berikan dua kepentingan mitosis.
1 ____________________________________________________________________________________
. _
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________
. _
[2 marks/markah]
(d) 1. Mitosis allows a zygote to produce more cells in order to grow into a multicellular organism.
Motosis membenarkan zigot menghasilkan lebih banyak sel supaya lebih cepat membesar membentuk
organisma multisel.
2. Mitotic cell division allows damaged cells to be repaired, replaced and regenerated.
Pembahagian sel mitotic membenarkan sel rosak untuk dibaiki, diganti dan dihasilkan.
6.

Diagram below is a photomicrograph showing the cells of the root trip of an onion plant undergoing
mitotic division in different stages.
Rajah di bawah adalah fotomikrograf yang menunjukkan sel-sel dari hujung akar pokok bawang yang
sedang menjalani mitosis dalam peringkat yang berlainan.

Diagram/Rajah
(a) On Diagram above, circle and label the stages in mitotic division that are observable only from the
photomicrograph above.
Pada Rajah di atas, bulatkan dan labelkan peringkat dalam pembahagian mitosis yang boleh
diperhatikan hanya daripada fotomikrograf di atas.
[3 marks/markah]
(a)

(b) Explain the behaviour of the chromosomes in each stage which you have identified in (a).
Terangkan sifat-sifat kromosom dalam setiap peringkat yang kamu kenal pasti di (a).
[3 marks/markah]
(b) Prophase: The chromosomes condense and become tightly coiled. They appear to be shorter, thicker
and
visible under the light microscope.
Metaphase: The chromosomes arrange themselves on a plate across the cell equator.
Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled apart towards the opposite poles by the contraction of spindle
fibres.
(c) Diagram below shows two pairs of homologous chromosomes at two stages of meiosis.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu pasang kromosom homolog pada dua peringkat proses meiosis.

Diagram/Rajah

(i) Identify the stages labelled X and Y.

Kenal pasti peringkat yang berlabel X dan Y.
[2 marks/markah]
(ii) Briefly describe the differences between the two stages.
Terangkan secara ringkas perbezaan di antara dua peringkat ini.
[3 marks/markah]
(c) i. X: Anaphase II
Y: Anaphase I
ii. Anaphase I shows the homologous chromosomes being pulled apart with the centromeres still
joined together, and the sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are still together.
Anaphase II, however, shows the centromeres divided and the sister chromatids being pulled apart to
the opposite poles.
(d) Name the stage after stage X in the meiotic division.
Namakan peringkat selepas peringkat X dalam pembahagian meiosis.
[1 mark/markah]
(d) Telophase II
7.

Regeneration is the ability of living organisms to replace damaged or lost body

parts.
Penjanaan semula ialah keupayaan organisma hidup untuk mengganti bahagian
badan yang rosak atau hilang.
(a)Give three examples of regeneration.
Berikan tiga contoh penjanaan semula.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/3 markah]
(a) 1. Healing of wounds/Pemulihan luka
2. Growth of a new tail after a lizard has lost its tail
Pertumbuhan ekor baru selepas cicak hilang ekornya
3. Continual replacement of dead cells of the outer layer of the skin or dead blood cells
Penggantian berterusan sel mati pada lapisan luar kulit atau sel darah yang mati
(b Why is regeneration possible?
) Mengapakah penjanaan semula boleh berlaku?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]
(b) Due to controlled mitotic division
Disebabkan pembahagian mitosis secara terkawal
(c)Some lower animals can regenerate themselves after they are cut into parts. Each part will form a
complete individual. Give two examples of such animals.
Sesetengah haiwan peringkat rendah boleh menjana semula selepas dipotong kepada beberapa
bahagian. Setiap bahagian boleh membentuk satu individu lengkap. Berikan dua contoh haiwan ini.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(c) 1. Sea stars/Tapak sulaiman
2. Planaria/Planaria
(d What regeneration process is described in (c)?
) Apakah proses penjanaan semula yang dinyatakan di (c)?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]
(d) Fragmentation/Fragmentasi
(e)What type of reproduction occurs in (d)?
Apakah jenis pembiakan yang berlaku di (d)?
(e) Asexual reproduction/Pembiakan aseks
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]
(f) Name two types of cells in the human body which are not regenerated when they die.
Namakan dua jenis sel dalam badan manusia yang tidak dijana semula apabila sel-sel ini mati.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(f) 1. Muscle cells/Sel otot
2. Nerve cells/Sel saraf
8 Meiosis is also known as reduction division.
. Meiosis juga dikenal sebagai pembahagian pengurangan.
(a)Why is meiosis also known as reduction division?
Mengapakah meiosis juga dikenal sebagai pembahagian pengurangan?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]
(b Where does meiosis occur in an organism?
) Di manakah meiosis berlaku dalam suatu organisma?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]
(c)If each somatic cell of an organism has twelve chromosomes, how many chromosomes does a cell
which has undergone meiosis have?
Jika setiap sel soma dalam satu organisma mempunyai 12 kromosom, berapakah kromosom yang ada
dalam satu sel yang telah mengalami meiosis?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/1 markah]

(d Diagram below shows a cycle which occurs in the reproductive organs of an organism. Two types of cells,
) P and Q, are produced by meiosis. One of the cells of type P of this organism fuses with a cell of type Q of
another organism in a process called R. This fusion produces cell S which then undergoes another process
T repeatedly to form U.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu kitar yang berlaku dalam organ pembiakan satu organisma. Dua jenis
sel, P dan Q dihasilkan melalui meiosis. Satu sel, P yang dihasilkan oleh satu organisma bercantum
dengan satu sel Q yang dihasilkan oleh satu lagi organisma yang sama spesies melalui proses R.
Percantuman ini menghasilkan sel S yang kemudiannya mengalami satu lagi proses T secara berturutturut untuk membentuk U.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH
(i) Identify P, Q, R, S, T and U.
Kenal pastikan P, Q, R, S, T dan U.
P: _____________________________________

Q: _____________________________________

R: _____________________________________

S: _____________________________________

T: _____________________________________

U: _____________________________________
[6 marks/6 markah]

(ii Which cells are haploid and which are diploid?

) Sel yang manakah haploid dan yang manakah diploid?
Haploid:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Diploid:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

__________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
Because meiosis produces daughter cells, each having half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
Kerana meiosis menghasilkan sel-sel anak yang setiap satunya mengandungi separuh daripada bilangan
kromosom sel induknya
In the reproductive organs/Dalam organ pembiakan
Six chromosomes/Enam kromosom
i. P: Male/female gamete
Gamet jantan/betina
Q: Female/male gamete
Gamet betina/jantan
R: Fertilisation/Persenyawaan

S: Zigot/Zygote
T: Mitosis/Mitosis
U: Multicellular organism/Organisma multisel
ii. Haploid: P and Q/Haploid: P dan Q
Diploid: S and U/Diploid: S dan U
9. Diagram below shows three of the stages of meiosis, X, Y and Z which occur in an animal cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga daripada peringkat-peringkat meiosis, X, Y, dan Z yang berlaku dalam
satu sel haiwan.

X:_____________________

Y:_____________________

Z:_____________________

Diagram/Rajah
(a)Name the stages represented by X, Y and Z in the spaces provided in Diagram above.
Namakan peringkat-peringkat yang diwakil oleh X, Y, dan Z dalam ruang yang disediakan pada Rajah di
atas.
[3 marks/3 markah]
(b Explain what happens at stage Y.
) Huraikan apa yang berlaku pada peringkat Y.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(c)Arrange these three stages of meiosis in the correct order.
Susunkan tiga peringkat meiosis ini dalam urutan yang betul.

[1 mark/1 markah]
(d Which of these stages of meiosis result in genetic variation?
) Antara peringkat-peringkat meiosis ini, manakah yang mengakibatkan variasi genetik?
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark/1 markah]
(e)Explain your answer in (d).
Huraikan jawapan anda di (d).
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(f) In which organs of a male human and a female human does meiosis occur?
Dalam organ manakah pada lelaki dan perempuan berlakunya meiosis?
Male/Lelaki:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Female/Perempuan:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/2 markah]
(g How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes in the cell?
) Bagaimanakah meiosis mempengaruhi bilangan kromosom dalam sel?
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark/1 markah]
(a) X: Metaphase I
Y: Prophase I
Z: Anaphase I
(b) Homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalents through a process called synapsis.
Crossing-over, i.e. the exchange of genetic material between the chromatids of homologous chromosomes,
occurs.
(c) Y X Z
(d) Y and X
(e) Crossing-over, which is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes in prophase I,
results in the production of daughter cells which have different combinations of genes.
During metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are arranged independently and randomly at the
metaphase
plate (independent assortment). The daughter cells will be genetically different from each other since the
chromosomes can be arranged in several ways.
(f) Male: In the testes
Female: In the ovaries
(g) Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells to half that of the parent cell.