SDGDFJ

n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
TP ON IN LC VIT NAM
TRNG I HC IN LC
KHOA CNG NGH C KH
N
NGHIN CU, XY DNG QUY TRNH,
THIT B TRNG RAU AN TON
Ging vin hng dn
Sinh vin thc hin
: PGS. TS. INH VN CHIN

: V TRUNG KIN
:
:
:
:
Khoa
Chuyn ngnh
Lp
Kha
BI KIM KHNH
V XUN KNH
NGUYN HU LONG
TRNG VN LUN
CNG NGH C KH
C IN T
6 - CKCT
2011 - 2016
H Ni, thng 6 nm 2015

TRNG I HC IN LC
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
KHOA CNG NGH C KH
C LP T DO HNH PHC
GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
QUYT NH GIAO TI
H v tn sinh vin
: V Trung Kin
MSSV:1181080033
Bi Kim Khnh
MSSV:1181080030
V Xun Knh
MSSV:1181080034
Nguyn Hu Long
MSSV:1181080035
Trng Vn Lun
MSSV:1181080036
Lp
: 6 - CKCT
Khoa
: Cng ngh c kh
Chuyn ngnh
: C in t
Tn ti
: NGHIN CU, XY DNG QUY TRNH, THIT B
TRNG RAU AN TON
1. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:
hon thnh n ny li u tin chng em xin chn thnh cm n ti cc
thy -
c trong khoa Cng Ngh C Kh nhc nh, gip v to mi iu kin
thun
li cho nhm em trong sut qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu v thc hin n.
c bit, nhm chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh v su sc nht n thy
PGS.TS.
inh Vn Chin tn tnh ch dy, hng dn, khng qun ngi kh khn
v thi gian cng nhm chng em hon thin ti tm huyt v p . Vi vn kin
thc c
tip thu trong qu trnh tm hiu nghin cu khng ch l nn tng gip hon
thnh
tt n mn hc ny m cn l hnh trang qu bu chng em bc vo i
mt cch
vng chc v t tin.
2. Gio
vin
inhtnh
Vnca
Chin
Xin ghihng
nhn dn:
cngPGS.TS.
sc, s nhit
cc bn sinh vin lp 6 CKCT
3.ng
Ngy
giao
nhim
v:
ghp kin v gip . C th ni s thnh cng ca n ny trc ht thuc
4. Ngy hon thnh nhim v:S
v cng lao ca tp th, ca nh trng v l s c gng ca tng thnh vin trong
nhm.
H Ni, ngy thng nm 2015
Mcthc
d hin
c nhiu c gng thc hin ti Gio
mt cch
Sinh vin
vin hon
hngchnh
dn nht song
do l bc u lm quen vi cng tc nghin cu khoa hc, tip cn thc t khoa hc
k thut cng nh hn ch v kin thc v kinh nghim nn khng th trnh khi
nhng sai st nht nh m bn thn chng em cn cha thy c. V vy, chng em
mong nhn c ghp , ch bo v chm trc ca cc thy c v cc bn.
Chng em cng xin chn thnh cm n ti cc thy c trong hi ng Bo v
n b thi gian qu bu ca mnh c, nhn xt v duyt n ca chng em.
Cui cng em knh chc cc thy, c di do sc khe v thnh cng trong s nghip
cao qu.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
LI CM N
H Ni, ngy 10 thng 6 nm 2015.

Nhm sinh vin thc hin
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
NHN XT
(Ca ging vin hng dn)
..

Gio vin hng dn
NHN XT
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
(Ca ging vin phn bin)
..

Gio vin phn bin
LI NI U
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Rau an ton l ngun thc phm khng th thiu trong i sng hng ngy ca
con ngi. Sn xut rau an ton hin nay gp nhiu kh khn cng vi nhim mi
trng lm cho cht lng rau khng c m bo, nhng nhu cu s dng rau an
ton ca con ngi ngy cng tng cao. Vic i hi mt mi trng sng trong lnh
cng nh nhng thc phm an ton tr nn cn thit. Rau an ton dn thnh nhu cn
khng th thiu trong c cu ba n hng ngy ca con ngi. Trc thc trng v
sinh an ton thc phm cha c kim sot tt, ngi dn ngy cng la chn rau an
ton nhiu hn. Lng rau an ton cc ch truyn thng v siu th c tiu th
ngy cng tng v th rau an ton tr thnh nhu cu cp bch nhm m bo sc
khe cho ngi tiu dng.
V rau an ton cn ln ln v cht lng do nhng ngun cung cp cha c
kim sot nn lng tin ca ngi tiu dng cng dao ng khi mua rau. Trc tnh
trng , ph bin hin nay l cc gia nh t trng ly rau an ton trong vn nh hay
trn sn thng, ban cng nh lu T sn t tiu. Hu ht cc loi rau t trng
nh l trong gia nh l rau mm, cc loi rau n l, nhng cng ch p ng c
phn nh ca nhu cu s dng, cn ch yu vn phi mua ngoi th trng.
Vic sn xut rau an ton ti nh c xem l cp thit nhm to ra sn phm rau
an ton cho nng sut cao, cht lng tt p ng cho vic s dng hng ngy trong
gia nh cng nh ghp phn tit kim kinh t v gii quyt mt phn nhu cu rau an
ton ca x hi. gii quyt vn rau xanh an ton c nhiu cch trong k thut
trng rau an ton trong bung kn ang c tm hiu v pht trin mnh. Do ,
chng em tin hnh thc hin ti Nghin cu, xy dng quy trnh, thit b trng
rau an ton nhm ghp phn cung cp thm thng tin hu ch v vic trng rau an
ton trong modul kn. Mong rng ti ny c th i vo thc tin v nhn rng.
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
MC LC
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN..........................................................................................1
1.
Nhng vn chung.............................................................................................1
1.1. Tnh cp thit ca ti........................................................................................1

1.2. Mc tiu ti......................................................................................................1
1.3. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti..............................................................1
2.
1.3.1.
ngha khoa hc...................................................................................1
1.3.2.
ngha thc tin.....................................................................................2
Tng quan v rau an ton......................................................................................2
2.1. Khi nim rau an ton..........................................................................................2

2.2. Vai tr v c im k thut ca sn xut rau an ton..........................................3
2.2.1.
Vai tr ca sn xut rau an ton.............................................................3
2.2.2.
c im kinh t k thut ca sn xut rau an ton................................3
2.3. C s l lun v quy trnh trng rau an ton........................................................4

2.3.1.
L lun v GAP (EUREPGAP, ASIANGAP)...........................................4
2.3.2.
Tiu chun VietGAP...............................................................................5
2.3.3.
iu kin sn xut rau an ton theo tiu chun VietGAP.......................6
2.4. Cc quy trnh sn xut rau t trc n nay......................................................10

2.4.1.
Rau thng...........................................................................................10
2.4.2.
Rau an ton..........................................................................................10
2.4.3.
Quy trnh qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM)..........................................10
2.4.4.
Rau hu c...........................................................................................11
2.4.5.
Quy trnh VietGAP................................................................................12
2.5. Tnh hnh sn xut, tiu th rau ca Vit Nam....................................................12

2.5.1.
Tnh hnh sn xut rau..........................................................................12
2.5.2.
Nhng yu t nh hng n sn xut rau...........................................13
2.5.3.
Tnh hnh tiu th rau Vit Nam........................................................14
2.6. Tnh hnh sn xut rau theo tiu chun GAP trn th gii v Vit Nam...........14
3.
2.6.1.
Tnh hnh sn xut rau theo tiu chun GAP trn th gii...................14
2.6.2.
Tnh hnh sn xut rau theo tiu chun VietGAP Vit Nam...............15
Tng quan v trng rau an ton trong mi trng kn.......................................16
3.1. Phn tch phng n thit k..............................................................................16

3.2. Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n trng rau trong bun kn...........................17
3.2.1.
t trng..............................................................................................17
3.2.2.
Ngun nc..........................................................................................18
3.2.3.
Phn bn..............................................................................................18
n cc h thng c in t
3.2.4.
Trng i hc in Lc
Ging....................................................................................................20
3.3. K thut trng mt s loi rau an l thng dng..............................................20

3.3.1.
K thut trng rau mung....................................................................20
3.3.2.
K thut trng rau dn..........................................................................21
3.3.3.
K thut trng rau ci xanh..................................................................23
3.3.4.
K thut trng rau mng ti.................................................................25
3.3.5.
K thut trng x lch..........................................................................25
3.4. xut k thut phng php trng trong bung kn.........................................26

3.4.1.
Chun b cc nguyn vt liu cn thit trng rau............................26
3.4.2.
Tin hnh gieo trng rau trn khay......................................................30
3.4.3.
Chm sc rau trng..............................................................................31
3.4.4.
Thu hoch.............................................................................................31
CHNG 2. NGHIN CU, CH TO THIT B TRNG RAU AN TON........33

1.
Gii thiu kt cu chung ca thit b...................................................................33
2.
Thit k phn in t...........................................................................................33
2.1. Tm hiu linh kin thit k...................................................................................33

2.1.1.
Vi iu khin PIC 18F4520...................................................................33
2.1.2.
Cm bin nhit LM35......................................................................37
2.1.3.
Quang tr LDR.....................................................................................39
2.1.4.
Cm bin m ca t.......................................................................40
2.1.5.
LCD 16*2.............................................................................................41
2.1.6.
Cc linh kin khc................................................................................43
2.2. Thit k mch iu khin.....................................................................................48
3.
2.2.1.
tng iu khin................................................................................48
2.2.2.
Gii thiu phn mm thit k................................................................49
2.2.3.
Mch nguyn l v s nguyn l......................................................51
Thit k phn c kh............................................................................................56
3.1. tng thit k...................................................................................................56

3.2. Cc b phn chnh..............................................................................................57
3.2.1.
H thng khung , gi ...................................................................57
3.2.2.
H thng li che, mi che...................................................................58
3.2.3.
H thng chiu sng.............................................................................59
3.2.4.
H thng ti........................................................................................61
3.2.5.
Cc h thng ph..................................................................................62
3.3. Thit k m phng vi Inventor..........................................................................63
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN

1. Nhng vn chung
1.1.
Tnh cp thit ca ti.

Rau an ton l ngun thc phm khng th thiu trong i sng hng ngy ca
con ngi. Vic ng dng mt cch t, thiu chn lc cc tin b khoa hc k thut
v ha hc, sinh hc cng vi cc iu kin mi trng nh t, ncb nhim
lm tng mc nhim rau. Tnh trang ng c do n rau nhim xy ra thng
xuyn v c xu hng cng gia tng trong nhng nm gn y l mi lo ngi ca mi
ngi cng nh ton x hi.
V vy nhu cu v mt ngun rau an ton tr nn cp thit i vi i b phn
ngi tiu dng. Bn cnh , cc th ln ni chung v thnh ph H Ni ni
ring, s gia tng dn s nhanh chng cng vi sc p t cc cng trnh xy dng
lm mt dn khong khng gian xanh vn c.
Trong bi cnh nhu cu rau qu ti h gia nh ca ngi dn th pht
sinh v c xu hng pht trin mnh vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. c th m
rng trng mt s loi rau mi, ci tin phng php trng cng nh to ra iu kin
pht trin tt nht cho tng loi rau, chng em tin hnh th hin ti Nghin
cu, xy dng quy trnh, thit b trng rau an ton nhm n gin ha cc bin
php k thut cho vic trng rau an ton theo hng hu c sinh hc p dng cho
nhng ngi trng vn khng chuyn th.phc v cho tng h gia nh.
1.2.
Mc tiu ti
Nghin cu nh hng ca cc thng s k thut c bn (nhit , nh sng,
m) n sinh trng, nng sut, cht lng ca mt s loi rau n l thng dng, ci
tin phng php trng, tm ra hng i mi cho vic trng rau an ton ti h gia nh
v xut quy trnh sn xut v thit b trng cc loi rau ny theo hng rau an ton
trong mt mi trng kn c iu khin t ng.
1.3.
ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
1.3.1. ngha khoa hc

Cung cp d liu hon thnh cng nh hon thin hn hiu bit v nh hng
ca nhit , m, nh sng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca rau t to c s
khoa hc thc tin cho vic trng rau an ton trong bung kn. a ra phng php,
quy trnh trng rau an ton theo kiu mi hon ton t ng, trnh by phng php
iu khin nhit , m, nh sng. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti cn gp phn b
sung l lun cho mt s mn khoa hc c s, nh: sinh l thc vt, sinh ha thc vt,
dinh dng khong
1.3.2. ngha thc tin
Gip cc nh sn xut, ngi dn nm r hn nhng kin thc c bn v rau an
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
ton, c th thc hin ngay ti h gia nh gip cung cp rau an ton cho ba n
thng ngy, m bo cht lng, v sinh an ton thc phm. Ngoi ra cn gip cc
h gia nh tit kim c thi gian, cng sc, kinh t, gii quyt mt phn nhu cu
rau an ton ca x hi, rt ph hp vi iu kin sng ca ngi dn th. Ngoi ra,
cn to ra mt mi trng xanh, trong lnh ngay chnh trong gia nh ghp phn gim
bt nhim mi trng. Trng rau ti nh cn l nim vui nh ca nhng b ni tr v
ngi cao tui.
2. Tng quan v rau an ton
2.1.
Khi nim rau an ton
Hnh 1.1. Rau an ton

Rau an ton l cc loi rau c canh tc trn cc din tch t c thnh phn ho
- th nhng c kim sot (nht l kim sot hm lng kim loi nng v cc cht
c hi c ngun gc t phn bn, t cc cht bo v thc vt v cc cht thi sinh
hot cn tn ti trong t), c sn xut theo nhng quy trnh k thut nht nh (c
bit l quy trnh s dng phn bn, thuc tr su, nc ti), v nh vy rau m bo
cc tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm do cc c quan qun l nh nc t ra.
Gi l rau an ton v trong qu trnh sn xut rau, ngi ta ngun gc v c v
cht bo v thc vt, tuy nhin vi liu lng hn ch hn, thi im ph hp hn v
ch s dng cc cht bo v thc vt trong danh mc cho php. Trong rau an ton vn
tn ti d lng nht nh cc cht c hi, nhng khng n mc nh hng ti sc
kho ca ngi tiu dng.
Trong i sng hng ngy, tau an ton thng c gi l rau sch. phn bit
mt cch chnh xc hn, khi nim rau sch nn s dng ch cc loi rau c sn
xut theo cc quy trnh canh tc sch c bit, nh thu canh, rau hu c Mc
m bo cc tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm ca rau sch cao hn nhiu so vi
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
rau an ton. Sn lng rau sch c sn xut nc ta hin nay l khng ng k

(phn ln gii hn trong phm vi cc d n khoa hc sn xut)
Rau sch l rau khng cha cc c t v cc tc nhn gy bnh, an ton cho
ngi v gia sc. Sn phm rau xem l sch khi p ng c cc yu cu sau: hp
dn v hnh thc, ti sch, khng bi bn v ln tp cht, thu ng chn khi
c cht lng cao nht, c bao b hp dn.
Khi nim rau sch bao hm rau c cht lng tt vi d lng cc ho cht
bo v thc vt, cc kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Cd, As), nitrat cng nh cc vi sinh vt c
hi i vi sc kho ca con ngi di mc cc tiu chun cho php theo tiu
chun VitGAP.
y l cc ch tiu quan trng nht nhm xc nh mc an ton v sinh thc
phm cho mt hng rau qu sch
Nhng sn phm rau ti bao gm tt c cc loi rau n thn, l, c, hoa v qu
c cht lng ng nh c tnh ca n, hm lng cc ho cht c v mc
nhim cc vi sinh vt gy hi mc tiu chun cho php, m bo an ton cho ngi
tiu dng v mi trng th c gi l rau bo m an ton v sinh thc phm, gi tt
l rau an ton.
2.2.
Vai tr v c im k thut ca sn xut rau an ton
2.2.1. Vai tr ca sn xut rau an ton

Trong ba n hng ngy, rau l thc n khng th thiu, l ngun cung cp
vitamin phong ph nn nhiu thc phm khc khng th thay th c nh cc loi
vitamin A, B, C, D, E, K, cc loi axt hu c v khong cht nh Ca, P, Fe rt cn cho
s pht trin ca con ngi. Rau khng ch cung cp vitamin v khong cht m cn
c tc dng cha bnh. Cht x trong rau c tc dng ngn nga bnh tim, huyt p v
bnh ng rut, vitamin C gip ngn nga ung th d dy, vitamin D trong rau giu
caroten c th hn ch nhng bin c v ung th phi.
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i c th tin hnh trng rau quanh nm, ngnh rau
nc ta pht trin t kh lu v ng gp khong 3% trong tng gi tr ngnh nng
nghip. Pht trin rau c ngha ln v kinh t x hi: to vic lm, tn dng lao ng,
t v ngun ti nguyn cho h gia nh.
Trng rau khng nhng tn dng c t ai m cn tn dng c c lao ng
v nhng t liu sn xut khc. Tm li, sn xut rau c v tr quan trng trong nn
kinh t quc dn, n cung cp lng thc, thc phm cho ngi tiu dng, thc n
chn nui, nguyn liu cho ch bin v sn phm cho xut khu, gp phn tng sn
lng nng nghip, bo m an ninh lng thc quc gia, tng thu nhp cho nng dn,
gii quyt vic lm cho ngi lao ng, tn dng t ai, iu kin sinh thi.
2.2.2. c im kinh t k thut ca sn xut rau an ton
Rau l cy ngn ngy, rt phong ph v chng loi, yu cu vic b tr ma v, t
chc cc dch v phn bn, thuc tr su, thuc bo v thc vt v t chc s dng lao
ng trong sn xut cn c sp xp hp l v khoa hc.
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Rau l ngnh sn xut mang tnh hng ho cao, sn phm rau an ton c cha
hm lng nc cao, khi lng cng knh, d h hng, dp nt, kh bo qun v vn
chuyn,
Sn xut v tiu th rau mang tnh thi v do kh nng cung cp ca chng c
th di do chnh v nhng li khan him thi im gip v, nhu cu ca
ngi tiu dng l bt c mi thi im trong nm.
c im ring cho sn xut v tiu th rau an ton:
Quy trnh k thut nghim ngt
Yu cu cht ch v iu kin sn xut (chn t, nc ti, ging, phn bn,
thuc bo v thc vt v t chc s dng lao ng trong sn xut) v c im sn
phm nn gy ra cho ngi sn xut, cung ng kh ch ng c hon ton v s
lng v cht lng rau ra th trng. iu ny dn ti s dao ng ln v gi c, s
lng, cht lng rau trn th trng.
Tiu dng rau an ton cn ph thuc vo yu t thu nhp, tm l, tp qun, thi
quen ngi tiu dng.
Xu hng pht trin nc ta hin nay nhu cu tiu dng ang tng nhanh to ra
th trng tiu th rau an ton pht trin c v s lng, chng loi v cht lng sn
phm.
2.3.
C s l lun v quy trnh trng rau an ton
2.3.1. L lun v GAP (EUREPGAP, ASIANGAP)

T nm 1997, l sng kin ca nh bn l chu u (Euro Retailer Produce
Working Group) nhm gii quyt mi quan h bnh ng v trch nhim gia ngi
sn xut sn phm nng nghip v khch hng ca h, h a ra khi nim GAP.
Thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt (Good Argricultural Practice GAP) l
nhng nguyn tc c thit lp nhm m bo mt mi trng sn xut an ton, sch
s, thc phm phi m bo khng cha cc tc nhn gy bnh nh cht c sinh hc
(vi khun, nm, virut k sinh trng) v ho cht (d lng thuc bo v thc vt, kim
loi nng, hm lng Nitrat) ng thi sn phm phi m bo an ton t ngoi ng
rung n khi s dng.
GAP bao gm vic sn xut theo hng la chn a im, vic s dng t ai,
phn bn, nc, phng tr su hi, thu hi, ng gi, v sinh ng rung v vn
chuyn sn phm...nhm pht trin nn nng nghip bn vng vi mc ch m bo
an ton cho thc phm, an ton cho ngi sn xut, bo v mi trng, truy ngun
ngun gc sn phm.
Mi nc c th xy dng tiu chun GAP cho mnh theo tiu chun Quc t.
Hin nay c USGAP (M), EUREPGAP (Lin minh Chu u),....
GLOBALGAP (EUREPGAP) (Europ retailer Produce Working Group Good
Agricultural Practices) c dch ra t ting Anh l nhm (t chc) bn l Chu u
quy nh ra tiu chun thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP). y l ti liu chun tc
c t chc quc t chng nhn. Ti liu chun tc v chng nhn quc t Rau qu
EUREP c pht trin bi mt nhm cc nh i din ca Chu u v lnh vc rau
qu vi s h tr ca t chc sn xut bn ngoi Chu u EU.
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
EUREPGAP l tiu chun v thc hnh nng nghip tt trong qu trnh sn xut,
thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch. y l tiu chun kim tra an ton thc phm xuyn
sut t A n Z ca dy truyn sn xut, bt u t khu sa son nng tri, canh tc
n khu thu hoch, ch bin, tn tr (bao gm nhng yu t lin quan n sn xut
nh mi trng, cc cht ho hc v bo v thc vt, bao b v ngay c iu kin lm
vic v phc li ca ngi lm vic trong nng tri. Tiu chun ny c p dng ton
cu trn sn phm trng trt, chn nui, thy sn gm nhng im chnh nh sau:
- nh gi la chn vng sn xut
- La chn ging v gc ghp
- Qun l t v gi th
- Phn bn v cht ph gia
- Nc ti
- Ho cht
- Thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch
- Qun l v s dng cc cht thi
- Ngi lao ng
Ghi chp, lu tr h s, truy nguyn ngun gc v thu hi sn phm
Cng vi cc t chc bn l Chu u, cc nc trong khu vc ASEAN thc
hin GAP ca mnh theo tiu chun quc t t vic iu chnh tiu chun EUREPGAP
cho ph hp vi tnh hnh sn xut ca nc h nh h thng SALM ca Malaysia,
INDONGAP ca Indonexia, VFGAP ca Singapore, Q Thai ca Thi Lan...
Lin hip cc nc ng Nam (ASEAN) v Chnh ph c xy dng bn tho tiu
chun ASEANGAP i din cho 10 nc trong khu vc ng Nam vo thng 11 nm
2005 v tiu chun ASEANGAP ban hnh vo nm 2006.
ASEANGAP (Asean Good Agricultural Practices) l tiu chun v thc hnh
nng nghip tt trong qu trnh gieo trng, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch cc sn
phm rau qu ti trong khu vc ng Nam . Mc ch ASEANGAP l tng cng
vic hi ha cc chng trnh GAP trong khu vc ASEAN. iu ny s thc y
thng mi gia cc nc thnh vin v vi th trng ton cu. Bao gm 4 phn
- An ton thc phm
- Qun l mi trng
- iu kin sc khe
- Cht lng rau qu.
2.3.2. Tiu chun VietGAP
Cng vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii Vit Nam ban hnh VietGAP
Quy trnh sn xut nng nghip tt cho rau qu ti an ton ti Vit Nam.
VietGAP cho rau qu ti an ton da trn ASEANGAP, GLOBALGAP,
FRESHCARE nhm to iu kin thun li cho rau qu ti ca Vit Nam tham gia th
trng khu vc ng Nam v th gii hng ti mt nn sn xut nng nghip bn
vng. T chc, c nhn l doanh nghip, n v s nghip, hp tc x, t hp tc, h
nng dn sn xut theo m hnh kinh t trang tri tham gia sn xut, kinh doanh, kim
tra v chng nhn sn phm rau, qu an ton theo VietGAP.
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
VietGAP l tn vit tt ca cc ch ci ting Anh (Vietnamese Good Agricultural

Practices) c ngha l thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt cho rau qu ti ca Vit
Nam, l nhng nguyn tc, th tc, trnh t hng dn t chc, c nhn, sn xut thu
hoch, s ch bo m an ton, nng cao cht lng sn phm, m bo phc li x
hi, sc khe ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng, bo v mi trng v truy nguyn
ngun gc sn phm bao gm nhng ni dung chnh nh sau:
2.3.3. iu kin sn xut rau an ton theo tiu chun VietGAP
nh gi v la chn vng sn xut
- Vng sn xut rau, qu p dng theo VietGAP phi c kho st, nh gi s ph
hp gia iu kin sn xut thc t vi qui nh hin hnh ca nh nc i vi
cc mi nguy gy nhim v ha hc, sinh hc v vt l ln rau, qu. Trong trng
hp khng p ng cc iu kin th phi c c s chng minh c th khc phc
c hoc lm gim cc nguy c tim n.
- Vng sn xut rau, qu c mi nguy c nhim ha hc, sinh hc, vt l cao v
khng th khc phc th khng c sn xut theo VietGAP.
Ging v gc ghp
- Ging v gc ghp phi c ngun gc r rng, c c quan nh nc c thm
quyn cp php sn xut.
- Ging v gc ghp t sn xut phi c h s ghi li y cc bin php x l ht
ging, x l cy con, ha cht s dng, thi gian, tn ngi x l v mc ch x
l. Trong trng hp ging v gc ghp khng t sn xut phi c h s ghi r tn
v a ch ca t chc, c nhn v thi gian cung cp, s lng, chng loi, phng
php x l ging, gc ghp (nu c).
Qun l t v gi th
- Hng nm, phi tin hnh phn tch, nh gi cc nguy c tim n trong t v gi
th theo tiu chun hin hnh ca nh nc.
- Cn c bin php chng xi mn v thoi ha t. Cc bin php ny phi c ghi
chp v lu trong h s.
- Khi cn thit phi x l cc nguy c tim n t t v gi th, t chc v c nhn
sn xut phi c s t vn ca nh chuyn mn v phi ghi chp v lu trong h
s cc bin php x l.
- Khng c chn th vt nui gy nghim ngun t, nc trong vng sn xut.
Nu bt buc phi chn nui th phi c chung tri v c bin php x l cht thi
m bo khng gy nhim mi trng v sn phm sau khi thu hoch.
Phn bn v cht ph gia
- Tng v phi nh gi nguy c nhim ho hc, sinh hc v vt l do s dng
phn bn v cht ph gia, ghi chp v lu trong h s. Nu xc nh c nguy c
nhim trong vic s dng phn bn hay cht ph gia, cn p dng cc bin php
nhm gim thiu nguy c nhim ln rau, qu.
- La chn phn bn v cc cht ph gia nhm gim thiu nguy c gy nhim ln
rau, qu. Ch s dng cc loi phn bn c trong danh mc c php sn xut,
kinh doanh ti Vit Nam.
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Khng s dng phn hu c cha qua x l ( hoai mc). Trong trng hp phn
hu c c x l ti ch, phi ghi li thi gian v phng php x l. Trng hp
khng t sn xut phn hu c, phi c h s ghi r tn v a ch ca t chc, c
nhn v thi gian cung cp, s lng, chng loi, phng php x l.
- Cc dng c bn phn sau khi s dng phi c v sinh v phi c bo
dng thng xuyn.
- Ni cha phn bn hay khu vc trang thit b phc v phi trn v ng gi
phn bn, cht ph gia cn phi c xy dng v bo dng m bo gim
nguy c gy nhim vng sn xut v ngun nc.
- Lu gi h s phn bn v cht ph gia khi mua (ghi r ngun gc, tn sn phm,
thi gian v s lng mua).
- Lu gi h s khi s dng phn bn v cht ph gia (ghi r thi gian bn, tn
phn bn, a im, liu lng, phng php bn phn v tn ngi bn).
Nc ti.
- Nc ti cho sn xut v x l sau thu hoch rau, qu phi m bo theo tiu
chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam hoc tiu chun m Vit Nam ang p dng.
- Vic nh gi nguy c nhim ho cht v sinh hc t ngun nc s dng cho:
ti, phun thuc bo v thc vt, s dng cho bo qun, ch bin, x l sn phm,
lm sch v v sinh, phi c ghi chp v lu trong h s.
- Trng hp nc ca vng sn xut khng t tiu chun, phi thay th bng
ngun nc khc an ton hoc ch s dng nc sau khi x l v kim tra t
yu cu v cht lng. Ghi chp phng php x l, kt qu kim tra v lu trong
h s.
- Khng dng nc thi cng nghip, nc thi t cc bnh vin, cc khu dn c tp
trung, cc trang tri chn nui, cc l git m gia sc gia cm, nc phn
ti, nc gii cha qua x l trong sn xut v x l sau thu hoch.
Ha cht (bao gm c thuc bo v thc vt).
- Ngi lao ng v t chc, c nhn s dng lao ng phi c tp hun v
phng php s dng thuc bo v thc vt v cc bin php s dng bo m an
ton.
- Trng hp cn la chn cc loi thuc bo v thc vt v cht iu ha sinh
trng cho ph hp, cn c kin ca ngi c chuyn mn v lnh vc bo v
thc vt.
- Nn p dng cc bin php qun l su bnh tng hp (IPM), qun l cy trng
tng hp (ICM) nhm hn ch vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt.
- Ch c php mua thuc bo v thc vt t cc ca hng c php kinh doanh
thuc kinh doanh thuc bo v thc vt.
- Ch s dng thuc bo v thc vt trong danh mc c php s dng cho tng
loi rau, qu ti Vit Nam.
- Phi s dng ho cht ng theo s hng dn ghi trn nhn hng ha hoc hng
dn ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn nhm m bo an ton cho vng sn xut
v sn phm.
- Thi gian cch ly phi m bo theo ng hng dn s dng thuc bo v thc
vt ghi trn nhn hng ha.
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Cc hn hp ho cht v thuc bo v thc vt dng khng ht cn c x l m

bo khng lm nhim mi trng.
- Sau mi ln phun thuc, dng c phi v sinh sch s v thng xuyn bo dng,
kim tra. Nc ra dng c cn c x l trnh lm nhim mi trng.
- Kho cha ho cht phi m bo theo quy nh, xy dng ni thong mt, an
ton, c ni quy v c kha cn thn. Phi c bng hng dn v thit b s cu.
Ch nhng ngi c trch nhim mi c vo kho.
- Khng thuc bo v thc vt dng lng trn gi pha trn cc thuc dng bt.
- Ho cht cn gi nguyn trong bao b, thng cha chuyn dng vi nhn mc r
rng. Nu i ho cht sang bao b, thng cha khc, phi ghi r y tn ho
cht, hng dn s dng nh bao b, thng cha ha cht gc.
- Cc ho cht ht hn s dng hoc b cm s dng phi ghi r trong s sch
theo di v lu gi ni an ton cho n khi x l theo qui nh ca nh nc
- Ghi chp cc ho cht s dng cho tng v (tn ho cht, l do, vng sn
xut,thi gian, liu lng, phng php, thi gian cch ly v tn ngi s dng).
- Lu gi h s cc ha cht khi mua v khi s dng (tn ha cht, ngi bn, thi
gian mua, s lng, hn s dng, ngy sn xut, ngy s dng).
- Khng ti s dng cc bao b, thng cha ho cht. Nhng v bao b, thng cha
phi thu gom v ct gi ni an ton cho n khi x l theo qui nh ca nh
nc.
- Nu pht hin d lng ho cht trong rau qu vt qu mc ti a cho php phi
dng ngay vic thu hoch, mua bn sn phm, xc nh nguyn nhn nhim v
nhanh chng p dng cc bin php ngn chn gim thiu nhim. Phi ghi chp
c th trong h s lu tr.
- Cc loi nhin liu, xng, du v ho cht khc cn c lu tr ring nhm hn
ch nguy c gy nhim ln rau, qu.
- Thng xuyn kim tra vic thc hin qui trnh sn xut v d lng ho cht c
trong rau, qu theo yu cu ca khch hng hoc c quan chc nng c thm
quyn. Cc ch tiu phn tch phi tin hnh ti cc phng th nghim t tiu
chun quc gia hoc quc t v lnh vc d lng thuc bo v thc vt.
Thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch
- Sn phm sau khi thu hoch khng c tip xc trc tip vi t v hn ch
qua m.
- Thit b, thng cha hay vt t tip xc trc tip vi rau, qu phi c lm t cc
nguyn liu khng gy nhim ln sn phm.
- Thit b, thng cha hay vt t phi m bo chc chn v v sinh sch s trc khi
s dng.
- Thng ng ph thi, ho cht bo v thc vt v cc cht nguy him khc phi
c nh du r rng v khng dng chung ng sn phm.
- Thng xuyn kim tra v bo tr thit b, dng c nhm hn ch nguy c nhim
ln sn phm.
- Thit b, thng cha rau, qu thu hoch v vt liu ng gi phi ct gi ring bit,
cch ly vi kho cha ha cht, phn bn v cht ph gia v c cc bin php hn
ch nguy c gy nhim.
n cc h thng c in t
-
2.4.
Trng i hc in Lc
Thng xuyn v sinh nh xng, thit b, dng c.

Phi c cc bin php ngn chn cc sinh vt ly nhim vo cc khu vc s ch,
ng gi v bo qun.
Ngi lao ng cn c tp hun kin thc v cung cp ti liu cn thit v thc
nh v sinh c nhn v phi c ghi trong h s.
Ch s dng cc loi ho cht, ch phm, mng sp cho php trong qu trnh x l
sau thu hoch.
Phi c bin php qun l v x l cht thi, nc thi pht sinh t hot ng sn
xut, s ch v bo qun sn phm.
Ngi lao ng
Ngi c giao nhim v qun l v s dng ho cht phi c kin thc v k
nng v ha cht v k nng ghi chp.
Trc khi lm vic, ngi lao ng phi c thng bo v nhng nguy c lin
quan n sc kho v iu kin an ton.
Ngi lao ng phi c tp hun cng vic trong cc lnh vc di y:
+ Phng php s dng cc trang thit b, dng c.
+ Cc hng dn s cu tai nn lao ng.
+ S dng an ton cc ho cht, v sinh c nhn.
Ghi chp, lu tr h s, truy nguyn ngun gc v thu hi sn phm
T chc v c nhn sn xut rau, qu theo VietGAP phi ghi chp v lu gi y
nht k sn xut, nht k v bo v thc vt, phn bn, bn sn phm, v.v.
H s phi c thit lp cho tng chi tit trong cc khu thc hnh VietGAP v
c lu gi ti c s sn xut.
Kim tra ni b
T chc v c nhn sn xut rau, qu phi tin hnh kim tra ni b t nht mi
nm mt ln.
Khiu ni v gii quyt khiu ni
T chc v c nhn sn xut theo VietGAP phi c sn mu n khiu ni khi
khch hng c yu cu.
Cc quy trnh sn xut rau t trc n nay
2.4.1. Rau thng

Hu ht vic sn xut rau truyn thng da trn kinh nghim trng rau t nhiu
nm, ngi dn vn dng cc loi phn bn v thuc ha hc mt cch qu mc,
khng theo quy nh, nhng loi thuc c c t cao, thi gian cch ly di do vy m
d lng thuc bo v thc vt trong rau rt cao. Hn na iu kin sn xut nh t
nc khng sch cha nhiu kim loi nng, mt s s dng phn ti ti
rau...y l nhng nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng ng c. Thi gian gn y ngi
dn thc hn tuy nhin mt s vn v mc ch kinh t m rau vn khng m
bo an ton. Do vy, Nh nc ban hnh quy trnh sn xut rau an ton nhm
hng dn cho ngi dn k thut trng, bn phn, chm sc, m bo an ton v sinh
thc phm.
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
2.4.2. Rau an ton

Trc tnh trng ng c thc phm xy ra ngy cng nhiu, vn an ton v
sinh thc phm c mi ngi quan tm v nhu cu s dng rau an ton ngy cng
tng...Cc chng trnh sn xut rau an ton c khi sng v thc hin mt s
vng theo quyt nh s 67/1998/Q - BNN KHCN ngy 28/04/1998 ca B Nng
Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn v quy nh tm thi sn xut rau an ton. Gn y,
B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn ban hnh Quy nh v qun l sn xut v
chng nhn rau an ton thay th vn bn trn theo quyt nh s 04/2007/Q - BNN.
Theo quy nh ny rau sn xut theo quy trnh an ton phi m bo iu kin
sn xut rau an ton nh v nhn lc, v t trng, phn bn, nc ti, k thut canh
tc, phng tr su bnh...V nhn lc, rau sn xut theo quy trnh an ton ngi sn
xut phi c tp hun k thut sn xut rau an ton. t trng phi m bo cc tiu
chun v mc nhim trong t khng c qu mc quy nh cho php. Phn bn
cn s dng phn bn trong danh mc quy nh, khng c nguy c nhim. Trong sn
xut rau an ton, vn nc ti trong sn xut rau an ton cng rt quan trng, nc
ti phi m bo khng nhim, m bo cht lng theo tiu chun, khng s dng
nc thi cng nghip, ni chung ngun nc cho vng sn xut rau an ton cn c
kim tra nh k t xut. Cng vi k thut canh tc, cng tc phng tr su bnh
cng phi tun th theo quy trnh. Ngoi ra, rau sn xut theo quy trnh an ton cn
m bo cc iu kin v thu hoch bo qun, cng b tiu chun cht lng, ran an
ton trc khi lu thng phi m bo cc quy nh v cht lng v phi c t chc
sn xut, kim tra v gim st.
Quy trnh rau an ton mi ban hnh y v chi tit hn, c t chc trin
khai rng khp c nc nhng mi ch dng li cc quy nh c th v iu kin sn
xut rau an ton, cha a ra cc gii php thc hin c th nn vic thc hin cha
m bo y tiu chun rau an ton.
2.4.3. Quy trnh qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM)
IPM l tn vit tt ca cm t ting anh Integrated Pests Management, c
ngha l qun l tng hp dch hi bo v cy trng.
Bin php IPM l mt h thng iu khin dch hi bng cch s dng tt c
nhng k thut thch hp trn c s sinh thi. nh ngha khoa hc hn ca IPM l: s
dng nhng nguyn tc sinh thi hp l (mi quan h gia cc sinh vt trong h sinh
thi, cn bng sinh hc trong t nhin, quy lut t iu chnh, quy lut hnh thp s
lng..) (H Quang Hng, 1998).
i vi mi loi rau c quy trnh c th tuy nhin quy trnh bao gm nhng bin
php phng tr sau:
Bin php canh tc nh cc bin php lm t (phi i nhm dit nhng ca su,
mm bnh, mm c di v tuyn trng); Bn phn cn i; s dng nhng khng
bnh; x l ht ging trc khi gieo trng nhm dit mt s mm bnh. Ngoi ra cn
cc bin php canh tc khc nh v sinh ng rung, lun canh cy trng...
Bin php c gii v vt l nh t by n, t by dnh hay dit su bng tay,
vt b nhng rau qu b su, tuyt i khng vt ba bi trn rung.
10
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Bin php sinh hc: Hn ch s dng thuc ha hc lm nh hng n thin

ch c mt trn ng rung nh nhn linh miu, nhn chn di, rui xanh, b ra...;
khng git nhng loi c ch nh ch nhi, cc, chim bt su trn mt rung; u tin
s dng thuc vi sinh nh BT, Centary, Depel...
Bin php ha hc: Nn kim tra ng rung pht hin cc dch hi. S quan
st t 15 20 cy di u trn rung.
Mi loi cy u c nhng loi su hi v bnh hi khc nhau cn quan st
pht hin sm kp thi, dng nhng loi thuc ph hp. Quy trnh IPM trin khai
gip ngi nng dn c k thut canh tc tng hp. Nhng quy trnh ny cha a ra
cc gii php khc phc cc yu t c nguy c nhim mi trng, nhim sn phm
t trng trt v ha cht, d lng thuc bo v thc vt
2.4.4. Rau hu c
Quy trnh rau hu c c kim sot cht ch t khu sn xut n khu tiu th.
Thc ra rau hu c v mu m v chng loi khng c g khc so vi rau an ton v
rau thng. C th khi qut chung v rau hu c qua s 1(Nguyn Hng Anh, 2003).
- Khng dng phn ho hc
- Khng dng thuc bo v thc vt c ngun gc ho
hc
RAU HU C
H thng kim tra gim st
- S dng phn (men vi sinh)
- S dng phn vi sinh (gc, l)
- Ti bng ngun nc sch (ging khoan,sng..)
- C cc bin php cch ly
- S dng thuc bo v thc vt c ngun gc sinh hc, kt hp bt su bng
tay, by, thin ch
S 1: Quy trnh rau hu c
2.4.5.
Quy trnh VietGAP

Thc hin quyt nh s 379/Q - BNN KHCN ngy 28/01/2008, B trng
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh quy trnh thc hnh sn xut nng
nghip tt cho rau qu ti an ton ti Vit Nam (VietGAP)
Sn xut rau theo quy trnh thc hnh sn xut nng nghi p tt (VietGAP) mi
c ban hnh nhng so vi cc quy trnh sn xut rau an ton m trc y p
dng Vi t Nam quy trnh ny c u vi t hn bi v rau an ton sn xut theo quy
trnh ny khng ch m bo v sinh an ton thc phm m cn m bo an sinh x
h i v mi trng. Tuy nhin y l quy trnh sn xut u vi t nhng cn mi m i
hi c s tham gia ca tt c mi ngi t ngi sn xut, ngi tiu th, ngi tiu
dng, cc c quan, cc t chc mi mang li hi u qu
2.5. Tnh hnh sn xut, tiu th rau ca Vit Nam
11
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
2.5.1. Tnh hnh sn xut rau

Rau l ngnh hng sn xut a chng loi c a bn phn b trn hu ht khp
lnh th ca c nc vi a dng cc ging rau c kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin
nng m ma h hoc lnh kh ma ng hoc nhng ging rau tri v, rau nhp ni
c ngun gc n i.
Nc ta c thin nhin u i v kh hu, mim Bc c 4 ma r rt, min
Nam c 2 ma, chnh v th Vit Nam c kh nng sn xut rau cho tiu dng v
xut khu, gi thnh rau ti rung r. Cc vng trng rau hng ho v rau chuyn canh
nc ta gm vng Trung du v ng bng Bc B, vng rau Lm ng, thnh ph
H Ch Minh v cc khu vc ln cn, vng ng bng sng Cu Long. Chng loi rau
ang c ti ng rung v th trng rau Vit Nam gm hn 60 loi, trong cc
ging rau nhp ni v lai to c gn 10 loi. Rau v ng c chng loi v nng sut
cao hn rau v h, rau v ng l th mnh so vi cc nc trong khu vc. Phn nhm
theo cch s dng th rau n thn v n l chim t 55 56%, rau n c qu chim 30
35%, rau thm v rau gia v chim t 2 3%.
Sn phm ch bin rau qu ca nc ta cng c nhng loi c bn hng tha
nhn v cht lng nhng nhn chung cc sn phm ch bin c cht lng km, mu
m n gin, khng hp dn, k c phc v th trng trong nc cng nh xut khu.
Vi cng ngh lc hu, bo dng yu, vn u t thp, ngnh ch bin rau qu ca c
nc cha mnh vn ln.
Hin nay nc ta c 377 nghn ha rau, sn lng 5,6 triu tn/nm. Din tch
trng rau chim gn 3,9% tng din tch gieo trng cy hng nm v gn 3% tng gi
tr ngnh trng trt, iu cho thy hiu qu kinh t ca ngnh rau cha cao.
Tng sn lng rau trong 10 nm gn y (1996-2005) bnh qun mi nm tng
6,9%/nm, t 3,2 triu tn ln 4,9 triu tn. Cng trong cng thi k, din tch gieo
trng rau tng 105.000 ha vi tc tng 5,5%/nm. Sn lng rau trong giai on
ny cng tng ln ch yu do din tch m rng. Nng sut rau tng t 120 t/ha ln
gn 130 t/ha v tng 1,3%/nm.
C nc c hn 12 triu h gia nh nng thn v c din tch trng rau bnh
qun 36m2/h (Theo iu tra ca ti khuyn nng 01 12) cho sn lng c
tnh 40 500 nghn tn mi nm gp phn a sn lng rau c nc t xp x 5,2
5,3 triu tn. Bnh qun lng rau trn u ngi ca nc ta hin nay cn thp, mi
ch t 65,4 kg/ngi/nm, (gn bng 78% bnh qun chung ca chu
84kg/ngi/nm, bng 71% bnh qun ca th gii v so vi nhu cu dinh dng 90108 kg/ngi/nm th mi ch p ng gn 60 73%).
2.5.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n sn xut rau
- Thi tit kh hu, cht t, ngun nc phc v cho qu trnh sn xut:
C th ni iu kin t nhin (nhit , m, nh sng...) l nhng yu t quan
trng hng u quyt nh n cht lng sn phm. Nh nc, t chc, ngi sn
xut mun a ra c nhng quyt nh ti u trong cng tc t chc sn xut i
hi phi nghin cu k nhng iu kin trn bi v cc yu t ny lin quan trc tip
12
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
n vic b tr c cu cy trng, quy hoch vng sn xut, t chc cung ng u vo

cho qu trnh sn xut.
Trnh k thut, kinh nghim, tp qun ca ngi sn xut:
Kinh nghim, tp qun v k thut ca ngi sn xut nh hng nhiu n b
tr, c cu cy trng, cht lng sn phm. Kinh nghim sn xut l mt trong nhng
yu t rt quan trng i vi vic trng v chm sc rau an ton, ngi trc tip trng
v chm sc rau ngoi vic trang b mt h thng kin thc y th vn rt cn ,
quan tm n kinh nghim, tp qun, k thut ca nhng ngi i trc, hay hn na
l cn hc hi t chnh nhng ngi nng dn.
- C s h tng phc v cho qu trnh sn xut rau an ton:
Rau an ton l loi cy trng i hi yu cu k thut cao, u t c s h tng
ln nu khu vc no c s h tn khng m bo th khng th t chc sn xut rau an
ton c.
- Nhng n v, t chc cung ng u vo trong qu trnh sn xut rau an ton
T chc cung ng u vo cho sn xut rau an ton l mt khu then cht trong
qu trnh sn xut rau an ton. n v cung ng u vo l nhn t quyt nh n t
chc cung ng u vo cho pht trin sn xut rau an ton. Trng hp khng c n
v cung ng y nhng thuc c php s dng trong sn xut rau an ton dn n
cc h s dng nhng thuc bo v thc vt khng c php s dng trong rau an
ton hay nhng n v cung ng khng hng dn c th ngi sn xut cc s dng
c th dn ti vic s dng sai quy cch nh hng ti cht lng sn phm.
- C ch chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc:
Tc ng trc tip n cung cu ca mt s nng sn trn th trng. i i vi
vic kch thch sn xut thng qua tc ng ca th trng chnh l ga c, chnh sch
v th sn phm, chnh sch v nghin cu mt s ging mi...Nh nc cn ch
n vic u t vn, xy dng cc mng li tiu th cng nh xy dng cc nh my
ch bin rau.
2.5.3. Tnh hnh tiu th rau Vit Nam
Mc tiu dng v rau bnh qun u ngi hin nay t 52 kg/nm. Mc sn xut
tiu dng rau ca nc ta hin nay t thp so vi bnh qun u ngi ca cc nc
trong khu vc chu (mc tiu dng bnh qun u ngi t 84 kg/nm). Nu phn
u t mc nng lng 2.300 2.500 calo/ngi/ngy, theo tnh ton ca cc chuyn
gia dinh dng yu cu v rau phi t 250 300 gam (khong 90 180 kg/nm).
Nh vy hin nay mc tiu dng rau nc ta mi t c khong 75% so vi nhu
cu dinh dng v chim 62% so vi bnh qun chung ca cc nc chu .
Nhng nm 80 nc ta xut khu 32 nghn tn/nm mt hng rau qu ti, th
trng xut khu ch yu l ng u. Nm 1999 xut khu 10 nghn tn, nm 2000
trn 16 nghn tn qu hp v qu ng lnh.
Bn cnh nhng tn ti v tiu th rau qu cn nhiu vn cn quan tm,
gii quyt nh: Rau qu ca nc ta tuy a dng, phong ph v c din tch ln nhng
pht trin cha theo yu cu ca th trng, quy trnh canh tc lc hu v phn ln
13
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
ging rau qu cha c tuyn chn, mt s ging b thoi ho dn n cht lng

km, nng sut thp, khng tiu chun xut khu ti v ch bin cng nghip.
Hin nay, Vit Nam vic sn xut rau an ton ang c khuyn co nhm pht
trin nhanh v mnh trong thi gian ti bng mt s m hnh cng ngh khc nhau
nh thu canh cch ly, nh li cch ly, canh tc hu c. Cng ngh nh knh kt hp
vi canh tc hu c cho php cch ly mt phn vi su bnh bn ngoi, gim lng
phn bn v s dngc cc ch phm sinh hc to ra sn phm t cht lng tt. Th
trng tiu th ni chung v th trng rau an ton ni ring vn tp trung trong nhng
hot ng kinh t mnh nhng thnh ph ln v khu cng nghip. Tim nng ca th
trng trong nc cn rt ln nhng mc tiu th hin nay vn cn rt hn ch, kh
nng thu mua thp, vic bun bn rau an ton trong ca hng v siu th pht trin.
2.6.
Tnh hnh sn xut rau theo tiu chun GAP trn th gii v Vit Nam
2.6.1. Tnh hnh sn xut rau theo tiu chun GAP trn th gii
S lng cc c s sn xut c cp giy chng nhn EurepGAP ti khu vc
Chu , Thi Bnh Dng tng gp hai trong vng 12 thng qua. biu dng
kt qu ng mng ny, EurepGAP t chc mt bui hi tho thng nin ti
Bangkok, Thi Lan. y l s kin gip i din ca 13 nc tham gia c c hi chia
s kinh nghim v quan im trong vic thit lp nhng trang tri Chu p ng
theo tiu chun GAP.
i din EurepGAP cho bit mc d s lng cc nh sn xut c cp giy
chng nhn tiu chun ny ch chim 5% trong tng cc t chc c cp giy chng
nhn EurepGAP trn ton th gii nhng tim nng pht trin tiu chun Chu cng
rt ln. Chu ang n lc mnh m thch ng vi tiu chun ny, c bit l khi s
lng nhng sng kin xy dng chng trnh khung quc gia v tp qun nng nghip
sch nh ThaiGAP, MalaysiaGAP, ChinaGAP v JGAP (Japan), l nhng tiu chun
lin quan trc tip vi EurepGAP cng v ang c nhiu quc gia trin khai thc
hin.
Chu c coi l khu vc c nhiu li th trong vic trin khai p dng theo
tiu chun EurepGAP v y l ni m c Trung ng v cc ngnh phi hp vi nhau
lp k hoch v trin khai thc hin theo tp qun nng nghip sch c th trng
trong nc v quc t.
2.6.2. Tnh hnh sn xut rau theo tiu chun VietGAP Vit Nam
Nhng nm gn y, cng tc qun l cht lng v sinh thc phm v ang
c cc cp cc ngnh quan tm. Nhu cu v sn phm nng nghip nht l rau xanh
m bo cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm tr nn cp thit v l mong mun
ca mi ngi tiu dng. Nhiu quy trnh sn xut rau an ton v ang trin khai
trn c nc. gp phn y mnh sn xut nng sn thc phm an ton ni chung
v rau qu ni ring phc v tiu dng trong nc v y mnh xut khu. B Nng
Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn ban hnh VietGAP Quy trnh thc hnh sn
xut nng nghip tt cho rau, qu an ton ti Vit Nam theo quy nh 379/ Q
BNN KHCN ngy 28/01/2008.
14
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Sn phm nng nghip theo tiu chun GAP bao gm mt chui cc hot ng c
gim st ht sc nghim ngt. c bit phi c ngun gc r rng.
Hin nay Vit Nam, GAP c khuyn khch cho tt c cc loi hnh sn xut
nng nghip. Trong , sn xut rau theo quy trnh VietGAP cng ang c cc cp
cc ngnh quan tm v trin khai mt s tnh ln nh H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch
Minh, Hi Phng, Hng Yn, Hi Dng...
Thc t hin nay vic p dng GAP cng gp nhiu kh khn vi chi ph thng
cao. Kt qu ch 5% din tch rau ca Vit Nam p ng c tiu chun GAP. Tin s
Trn Th Ba - i hc Cn Th cho rng: pht trin sn xut rau qu theo tiu
chun GAP phi m bo chc chn u ra cho sn phm cho ngi nng dn.
Nm 2006, d n xy dng m hnh 30 ha sn xut theo GAP c thc hin ti
C Chi (44 nng dn tham gia) v m hnh 5 ha sn xut theo GAP ti Hooc Mn (18
nng dn tham gia) trong khun kh d n lin kt sn xut v tiu th rau an ton gia
Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn ang c trin khai thc hin bc u c
kt qu kh quan, sn phm an ton tuyt i. Tuy ngi dn tham gia m hnh cha
quen cng rt b ng vi phng php qun l mi, nhng u phn khi vi sn lng
c nng ln, cht lng hon ton yn tm v v sinh an ton thc phm, v c
chng nhn sn phm an ton.
Hng ng hnh ng Quc gia bo m v sinh an ton thc phm n nm
2010 v K hoch hnh ng quc gia v v sinh an ton thc phm trong nng
nghip n nm 2010 ca B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn; Nhm gip
phong tro sn xut rau an ton sm trin khai rng khp n nhiu tnh, thnh ph.
T nm 2006, Cc bo v thc vt phi hp vi Cng ty C Phn bo v thc vt An
Giang xy dng v thc hin d n: Hun luyn nng dn sn xut v xy dng m
hnh rau an ton theo hng GAP. Cng vi din ra Hi thi Nng dn sn xut
rau an ton theo hng GAP. Thng qua gip b con nng dn nng cao nhn thc
c bn v trnh khoa hc k thut c th t mnh xy dng v qun l quy trnh
sn xut rau an ton theo hng GAP, to bc chuyn bin trong nhn thc ngi sn
xut, lm ra ngy cng nhiu sn phm nng nghip sch v bn vng.
Nhn chung vic sn xut theo quy trnh VietGAP nc ta vn cn mi m,
vic sn xut cn gp nhiu kh khn do vy cn c nh hng u t ca nh nc
trong thi gian ti
3. Tng quan v trng rau an ton trong mi trng kn.
3.1.
Phn tch phng n thit k.

ti Ngin cu, xy dng quy trnh, thit b trng rau an ton c thc
hin nhm mc ch tm ra hng i, gii php mi v vic trng rau an ton ti cc h
gia nh thay th cho cc phng n c nh trng rau trong vn, trong thng xp,
trn cc gi th.... c th thay th cc phng php trng c i hi phng php
trng mi phi c nhng u im, t ph, li th ring c sc thuyt phc.
Phng n c a ra y l to ra mt modul kn, c iu khin hon ton
t ng v nhit , m, nh sng c th tin hnh sn xut rau an ton tun theo
tiu chun VietGAP trn quy m h gia nh.
15
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
u im ca phng php:
-
Mc tiu ca ti l to ra thit b c th sn xut rau an ton trong mi trng h

gia nh, iu ny rt ph hp, p ng c nhu cu v rau an ton ca x hi v
c bit ph hp vi iu kin sng ca ngi dn th.
- Vic trng rau trong modul kn s gip hn ch c nhng nh hng xu t mi
trng: nhim mi trng, dch bnh, su b, thin tai...m bo iu kin sinh
trng pht trin tt nht cho rau.
- C th iu khin c 3 thng s quan trng quyt nh chnh n s sinh trng
v pht trin ca rau l nhit , m, nh sng t to ra mi trng ph hp
nht rau sinh trng tt.
- Vic trng rau c hng theo tiu chun sn xut rau an ton VietGAP s gip
to ra ngun rau m bo an ton v sinh thc phm.
- Qu trnh sn xut rau an ton c t ng ha s gip tit kim thi gian, cng
sc, ng thi khng yu cu chuyn mn cao i vi ngi sn xut rau.
- To ra mt mi trng xanh ngay chnh trong gia nh, gip ci thin mi trng
sng. Vic trng rau ti nh va l cung cp ngun rau an ton, ngi thnh ph
cn coi l ci th chi, mt cch gii tr, th gin u c sau hng gi ngi
trc my tnh.
Nhc im ca phng php
- Vic to ra c thit b sn xut rau an ton ph hp s dng trong h gia nh
l mt vic khng h n gin, cn nhiu thi gian nguyn cu, tnh ton, la
chn phng n thit k.
- Hn ch v chng loi rau c th gieo trng, ch ph hp trng cc loi rau c iu
kin sinh trng pht trin tng ng nhau, nm trong di phm vi c th iu
khin c v nhit , m, nh sng ngoi ra do iu kin thit k nn cng
khng trng c cc loi rau c thn cao, rau an l c dng thn b...
- Khng yu cu ngi sn xut c kinh nghim chuyn mn cao v rau trng nhng
li i hi phi c hiu bit tng i v thit b c th vn hnh hay
sa cha mt s li nh ca h thng.
- tng ca ti rt ph hp vi nhu cu hin nay ca x hi nhng p dng
vo thc tin th cn qu nhiu thiu st, tnh ng dng thc tin cha cao.
3.2.
Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n trng rau trong bun kn
3.2.1. t trng
Vic trng rau ti thnh ph th vic kim t trng thc s l mt vn , v
khng c t rung hay vn m ly t cho vo bn. Vic trng trong bn th rau
thng pht trin chm hn trng vn do dinh dng c hn. V vy ta cn s dng
loi t ph xa, t vi sinh c s l sch, loi b tp cht, dit vi khun c hi.
t c trn vi cc cht dinh dng a vi lng t ngun hu c vi sinh nhm
tng u th nhng vi sinh vt c li cho pht trin cy trng t gip rau mc v
sinh trng nhanh.
Vic s dng t sch s em li nhng li sau:
- C kh nng gi m v gi khng kh cao.
16
n cc h thng c in t
-
Trng i hc in Lc
Gip cy tng trng tt v r pht trin nhanh.

Cha nhiu cht dinh dng.
C th ti sinh, tit kim chi ph v d s dng
Hnh 1.2. t sch trng rau

Hin nay cc loi t ph sa, t vi sinh sch trng rau c bn kh ph bin
vi mc gi hp l nn ta hon ton c th s dng cc loi t ny tin hnh sn
xut rau an ton. Ta cng c th dng mt s nn gi th thay th cho t trng v d
nh x than, mn ca, tru, v da, b ma...nhng cn c nhng bin php x l trc
ph hp vi iu kin sinh trng, pht trin ca rau.
3.2.2. Ngun nc
trng rau an ton c th dng chnh ngun nc sinh hot s dng trong gia
nh. Nc c ti cho rau thng qua h thng bm di dng phun xng.
trnh b ngp ng ta thit k cc l thot nc bn di h thng, nc thi ca h
thng cn c thu gom, x l.
H thng ti phun sng t ng cho hiu qu cao i vi cc loi rau hp th
dinh dng qua l ; cc loi cy c thn, l mm d b dp nt v cc h thng trng
cy trn t mm, nhiu ct, tch tr nc km. Khi ht phun sng s khng
to ra dng chy trn mt t, khng ph v cu trc t
3.2.3. Phn bn
Bn phn cho rau i hi ngi trng rau phi c s hiu bit v loi phn v
liu dng thch hp th mi to ra c rau sch v an ton cho ngi dng. Khi
hiu qu s dng phn bn s t mc ti u. Cn nu lm dng phn bn, khng
nhng gy lng ph, cn c th gy nh hng xu n nng sut cy trng v mi
trng, tng su bnh dch hi cho rau v quan trng nht l lm suy gim sc khe
ngi s dng rau.
17
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Vic bn phn cho rau phn chia theo loi phn s dng nh sau :
Phn hu c:
Hnh 1.3. Phn trn qu

i vi phn hu c cn bn ng cch mi pht huy tc dng, nn bn phn
c hoai hoc qua qu trnh x l bng vi sinh v bn lt trc khi trng. Hin
nay c mt s phn hu c vi sinh s dng ngun t phn ch bin t rc thi thnh
ph, y l loi phn khng nn dng cho bn phn cho rau v trong rc thi thng
c cha hoc tim n cc kim loi nng nh ch, thy ngn, v cc vi khun gy hi
cho ngi nh E.coli, Samonela, Coliform
Thng thng ngi nng dn hay s dng phn chung hoai bn phn cho
rau trong din tch ln. Ring trng rau trong nh vic bn phn cho rau nn s dng
cc phn hu c cao cp nh : phn trn qu, phn di, bnh du x l ..
Dng phn hu c bn phn cho rau trong giai on bt lt cho cy con ( c
trn chung vi gi th khc nh tro tru x da vi t l thch hp ).
V d : Trn phn trn qu vi tro tru x da dng t l 1:1: 0.3
Ngoi ra c th bn b sung trn b mt chu khay sau mi t ct thu hi rau l
vi liu lng nh khuyn co ca ngi bn.Nu ch s dng phn hu c bn cho
rau th hng v rau cng m v nhiu v t nhin hn.Tuy nhin cy rau trng
khng bt mt, l nh hn, mu xanh nht hoc hi vng.
Nn s dng phn hu c bn cho rau n l trng trong nh nh : rau hng
cc loi, rau x lch, rau thm
Trng rau trong nh vic bn phn cho rau nn s dng cc phn hu c cao cp
nh : phn trn qu, phn di, bnh du x l. C trn chung vi gi th khc nh
tro tru x da vi t l thch hp.
Phn trn l loi phn hu c 100%, c to thnh t phn trn nguyn cht.
Phn trn cha ng mt hn hp vi sinh c hot tnh cao, l cht xc tc sinh hc.
Trong phn trn c xc b ca cy trng v phn ng vt c phn hy cng nh
kn trn rt giu cht dinh dng, d ha tan trong nc v cha hn 50% cht mn.
18
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Phn trn cn cha cc khong cht cho cy nh: Nitrt, Photpho, Magne, Kali, Calci,
Nit...
Phn ha hc:
Hnh 1.4. Phn DAP chuyn dng

gip cy rau nhanh ln nhanh ra l ngi ta thng chn phn ha hc hay
cn gi l phn v c bn phn cho rau trng trong nh. l cc loi phn c tn
thng hiu nh: phn DAP, phn Ure, Phn NPK, ln v mt s phn bn l thng
qua vic phun bng bnh phun sng.
Khi trng cc loi rau l nh rau mung, rau ci, rau n tri, mi bn phn cho
rau bng phn v c v bn vo thi im rau cn nh va chit sang chu, hay lc
cy rau ang ln cho ra thn l. Lu thi gian bn phn cho rau bng phn v c
phi cch t 15-20 ngy mi c thu hoch. l thi gian cch ly an ton cho
ngi s dng trnh s ng c nitrat cn tn d trn l rau.
Liu lng bn phn cho rau bng phn v c phi tun th theo s hng dn
trn bao b, m bo an ton nn pha phn v c trong nc sch ti cho rau
vi t l 1-3% ty vo rau cn nh hay trng thnh. Nn ti lc chiu mt khng
ma, v ti m ra li l rau vo sng sm hm sau rau khng b chy l do nh
nng mt tri.
3.2.4.
Ging
Ch gieo nhng ht ging tt v trng cy con kho mnh, khng c mm bnh.
Phi bit r l lch ni sn xut ht ging, ging rau c x l trc khi gieo
trng. Hin nay cc loi ging rau an ton c bn rng ri v d dng c th mua
c.
19
n cc h thng c in t
3.3.
Trng i hc in Lc
K thut trng mt s loi rau an l thng dng
3.3.1. K thut trng rau mung

Rau mung l loi rau n l. Trong 100g rau phn n c c 23 Kcal, 32g
Protein, 380 microgam vitamin, 23 g VitaminC. Rau mung thch ng rng, d trng.
Hnh 1.5. Rau mung an ton

iu kin trng
Vt liu
Ht ging 5 10gr
t sch 8 10dm
Nhit
Rau mung a thch kh hu nng m, c kh nng chu nng, nhng khng chu
rt, nhit thp cy rau mung sinh trng chm, cn ci, l gin, nng sut v
cht lng gim, rau c v cht. Nhit thch hp cho cy khong 25- 30oC.
nh sng
Thi gian chiu sng trong ngy10-12 gi, Rau mung a thch nh sng tn x,
c kh nng chu bng rm, chu nh sng trc tip.
Nc, m
Nc l yu t rt quan trng i vi nng sut v cht lng rau mung, yu
cu nhiu nc trong sut thi gian sinh trng. Nu thiu nc cy sinh trng cn
ci, lng ngn l nh dn n nng sut v cht lng gim.
m: 70 90%
t v cht dinh dng
t
20
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Rau mung c th sinh trng trn nhiu loi t nhng tt nht l c tng
canh tc dy, nhiu mn, pH 6,5-6,8. C th trng trn t tht nh, t ct pha. t
trng rau mung phi xa nhng ni b nhim.
Cht dinh dng
Rau mung l loi cy trng cho nng sut cao thu hoch nhiu la trong mt v
v th chng yu cu nhiu cht dinh dng trong sut qu trnh sinh trng. Trong 3
nguyn t N, P, K, rau mung cn N (m) nhiu hn c m l yu t ch yu lm
tng nng sut v cht lng sn phm.
Kali (K) v pht pho (P) tuy rau mung yu cu khng nhiu, nhng chng gp
phn ci thin cht lng rau v ht
Mt gieo trng
Mt khong cch: Gieo thng theo hng, gieo thnh 3-4 hng trn khay
khong cch ty vo kch thc ca khay
Thu hoch:
- Sau khi bn phn t 15-20 ngy rau s thu hoch.
- Thu hoch ct st li khong 2 t .
- Chm sc nh trn sau 20 ngy thu la tip theo.
- C th thu hoch nhiu ln, sau mi t thu hoch nn b sung thm t v bn
thm phn theo hng dn nu trn.
3.3.2. K thut trng rau dn
Thn v l rau dn c v ngt, cha st, vitamin B2, vitamin C, axt nicotic v
canxi (dn gai c hm lng canxi ti a n 0,2%). Ht ngoi cc thnh phn vitamin
A, vitamin C cn giu tinh bt, m thc vt (cc loi dn ht trng lm lng thc c
hm lng m thc vt t 12 n 16%) v lysin.
Rau dn l loi rau ma h, mc khe c b r pht trin n su vo t nn chu
c hn, chu nc rr gii. Ht nh c v sng nn gi c sc ny mm rt lu
khi b ri xung hay b vi trong su t.
21
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 16. Rau dn

iu kin trng
Nhit
Rau dn a thch m p, n ho, c th chu nng nhng khng chu rt. Nhit
thp, cy sinh trng chm, ci cc. Nhit thch hp cho cy sinh trng l 2530oC.
nh sng
Rau dn l cy ngn ngy c kh nng ra hoa trong iu kin chiu sng 10-13
gi/ ngy vng ng bng m p. Cng nh sng va phi s thc y s sinh
trng thn l. Rau dn cng c th gieo trng trong vn gia nh v chng c kh
nng chu bng rm.
Nc, m
Tuy rng cy rau dn c h r khe c kh nng chu hn, nhng nu gieo trng
trn t c ti y cy s sinh trng thun li.
m t thch hp t 60-80%, t phi c gi m thng xuyn.
t
Rau dn khng kn t lm, chng c th sinh trng trn nhiu loi t. Tuy vy
nn trong rau dn ni c tng canh tc dy, ti xp, .. . pH trong phm vi 5,5-7
rau dn sinh trng bnh thng, r cy ht nc v cht dinh dng thun li.
t phi c lun canh vi cc cy trng khc h. Khng gieo trong rau dn nhng
ni b nhim.
Thi v, mt
- Gieo ht t thng 2 n thng 7.
- V ht rau dn nh nn cn lm t k ( lm nhuyn t) to iu kin cho ht ny
mm u, khi gieo nn trn ht vi tro bp gieo cho u.
- Kch thc lip: 0,9 1,0 m x chiu di ( tu theo kch thc bung)
- Lng ht ging gieo vn m t 1,5 2 g/m2.
22
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Sau khi gieo khong 25 30 ngy th nh cy (cy cao 10 15 cm), trng vi

khong cch: 15 x 15 cm hoc 12 x 20 cm.
3.3.3. K thut trng rau ci xanh
Hnh 1.7. Rau xi xanh

Ci xanh cn gi l la thi, mao la, tuyt l k. Theo ng y, ci xanh c tnh n,
v cay, thuc vo kinh ph t, c tc dng gii chng cm hn, thng m, li kh...
Cng bi c v ng nn ngi ta thng gi l ci ng hay cn gi vi tn khc l
ci b xanh.
Thnh phn dinh dng trong ci xanh cng kh cao, c bit l thnh phn dip
hong t v vitamin K. Ngoi ra, ci xanh cn c rt nhiu vitamin A, B, C, D, cht
caroten, anbumin, a-xit nicotic... v l mt trong nhng loi rau m cc nh dinh
dng khuyn mi ngi nn dng thng xuyn bo v sc khe v phng chng
bnh tt.
iu kin trng
Nhit
Ci xanh a thch kh hu n ha, mt lnh. Hu ht cc ging ci xanh u sinh
trng tt nhit 18 - 22 oC. Ht c th ny mm 15 20 oC, nhit 20 - 25oC,
ht ny mm thun li.
nh sng
Cc ging ci xanh a nh sng tn x, cng nh sng va phi c kh nng
chu bng rm hn cc cy rau n qu. V vy nhiu ging ci xanh, ci tha c th
trng xen, gieo ln vi mt s ging rau khc tng nng sut trn n v din tch.
nh sng mnh cng vi nhit khng kh cao s lm cho cy cn ci dn n
nng sut v cht lng gim. Mt s ging c th qua giai on nh sng trong iu
kin chiu sng ngn.
Nc, m
23
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Nhn chung cc ging ci xanh c h r cn, s l trn cy nhiu v ln v vy

cy yu cu m t v m khng kh cao sinh trng.
m t 80-85% m khng kh 80 - 90% c li cho s sinh trng thn l.
t thiu nc cy ci cc, nng sut v cht lng gim, nu thiu nc nghim
trng lm cho ci xanh c v ng rau cng n khng ngon. Nu t qu m t trong
t thiu xy, cy sinh trng kh khn, cy d b su bnh hi xm nhim. Nu trong
cy nhiu nc s gim gin v ngt rau, kh vn chuyn.
t v cht dinh dng
t
Ci xanh c th sinh trng trn nhiu loi t, nhng tt nht nn gieo trng
trn t mu m ti tp, nh, pH t 5,5 -7. Phi thc hnh lun canh vi cc cy khc
h, xa nhng ni b nhim.
Cht dinh dng
Rau ci ci c thi gian sinh trng ngn, li cho nng sut cao nn yu cu
nhiu phn bn. m (N) rt cn cho ci xanh trong thi gian sinh trng. m thc
y s sinh trng thn l, tng din tch l v khi lng cy, do lm tng nng
sut, cht lng. Cy thiu m, l vng, cy nh, nng sut gim, ng thi c v
ng.
Tuy vy khng c bn qu nhiu phn m v c trong iu kin ny nitrat
(N03-) s tch t trong thn l v b phn non, d lng NO3- qu lng cho php s
nh hng xu n sc khe ca cng ng, thm ch gy ra bnh nan y.
Vi ln v kali, ci xanh yu cu khng nhiu nh i vi m nhng chng
gip cho cy sinh trng cn i v ci thin cht lng.
3.3.4. K thut trng rau mng ti
Hnh 1.8. Rau mng ti
24
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Mng ti l cy rau ma h, nhit thch hp 25-30C. Cy mng ti mc

nhanh, dy c th di n 10 m. V thnh phn dinh dng trong 100g phn n c
cho ta 14 kcal, 580 mg Vitamin A, 72mg Vitamin C v cc cht khong vi lng.
Cng dng: Theo ng y, mng ti c v chua ngt, khng c, tnh lnh c tc
dng gii c, thanh nhit, nhun trng. Rau mng ti cha c nhiu loi bnh nh
to bn, i dt, kit l, l loi rau tt cho ngi tiu ng, tr nm v sng, tr tiu
but, tng sa cho sn ph sau sinh, tr vt thng, tr au nhc xng khp, cha yu
sinh l nam gii v cha di hot tinh rt hiu qu, nc p t qu dng tr au mt
v lm p da
K thut trng mng ti cn ch :
Thi v: Mng ti c gieo trng ch yu trong v xun v thu hoch sut v
h thu. Gieo trng t u thng 3 n thng 5, thu hoch t thng 5 n thng 9. Tuy
nhin cc tnh pha Nam c th trng quanh nm
3.3.5. K thut trng x lch
c tnh sinh vt hc cy rau x lch
- Rau x lch c nhiu ging khc nhau, loi x lch cun v khng cun.
- Thn thuc loi thn tho.
- C dch trng nh sa trong cy.
- B r rt pht trin v pht trin nhanh.
Cc iu kin ngoi cnh
- Nhit : Thch hp cho cy sinh trng v pht trin t 15 25oC
- nh sng: nh sng trung bnh trong ngy khong 10 12 gi/ngy rt thun li
cy pht trin
- m t khong 70 80%
K thut trng
- Ging: nc ra s dng 2 nhm ging ch yu sau
+ X lch trng: L trng, chu c ma nng, cun chc.
+ X lch li ti: L xanh nht, tn ln, t cun, xp, chu ng.
X lch c gieo qua lip, gieo ht xong cn ph mt lp t rt mng hoc
rm. Sau chuyn cy con ra rung trng, cy con khong 20 ngy tui.
- Thi v gieo trng
+ X lch trng: Gieo t thng 7 n thng 2, cy sinh trng v pht trin tt
trong v ng Xun.
+ X lch li ti: Gieo t thng 8 n thng 3 trong ma ma cn phi che chn.
- Khong cch trng: Cy cch cy khong 15 18 cm
- Chm sc:
+ Ti nc: sau khi gieo ht xong cn ti ngay to m cho ht ny mm.
Sau mi ngy ti 1 ln.
+ Khi cy cn nh kt hp xi xo t vi lm c.
+ Cc loi bnh hi x lch quan trng hn su hi. Bnh ph bin nh thi
nhung, thi gc. X l bng cch nh b cy bnh hoc dng thuc tr nm
nh Validacin. Kasumin
- Thu hoch: Trng c 20 25 ngy th chng ta c th thu hoch c.
25
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 1.9. Rau x lch

3.4.
xut k thut phng php trng trong bung kn.

K thut phng php trng rau trong bung kn s c thc hin thng qua cc
bc sau:
3.4.1. Chun b cc nguyn vt liu cn thit trng rau

Hn hp t dinh dng
- t trng rau nh thng s dng t rung, t nn (mng), t ph sa hoc
cc loi t hn hp c bn trn th trng (TRiBAT, Green Space...)
- Nu trng rau bng t c qua s dng, t vn t thiu cht ding dng th
ta cn ci to t qua cc phng php sau:
Bc 1: Phi kh t, dp nh & trn vi bt.
- Phi kh, p nh t gip tng thm oxy trong t (tng t kinh nghim phi i
t ca b con nng dn). Cc ht t khng nht thit phi p nh vn ton b.
C th khong 10-15% ht t to khong bng u ngn tay. Cc ht ny cho
xung pha y ca chu.
- Tc dng ca bn vi: Vi khng ch n thun l c ch s pht trin ca nm
bnh trong t m cn nhiu tc dng na m phn ha hc khc khng c c,
l:
+ Vi ngn chn s suy thoi ca t
+ Vi kh c tc hi ca mn
+ Vi phn bn cung cp dng cht canxi
+ Vi pht huy hiu lc ca phn hu c, phn v c.
Bc 2: Lm ti xp t
- S dng cc ph phm nng nghip nh v lc, , b u tng, tru ti, tru
hun, x mn da... trn u vo t thnh hn hp t ti xp.
26
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 1.10. Hn hp t v tru

Bc 3: Ci to t:
- t b chai cng li do nguyn nhn ngi trng s dng phn ha hc m khng
b sung phn hu c hoc b sung hu c khng .
- Do cy ht ht cht dinh dng nn t b bc mu, tr nn trng bch,
- Ty theo iu kin c th chn mt trong s cc phng php ci to sau:
Phng php 1: B sung phn trn qu
Trn u 5-6kg phn trn/m2t phi kh trc khi trng. Phn trn qu
khng nhng gip tng kh nng gi m cho t, cung cp cht dinh dng d tan cho
cy trng m cn cung cp trn qu l thc th sng gip duy tr ti xp t mt
cch lu di.
Phng php 2: S dng rc thi nh bp
Rc thi nh bp c th s dng c gm: cung rau, v c qu, v trng...
(khng s dng cc mn). Cc loi rc ny em thi nh trn vo t p nh
cng vi ch phm sinh hc nh EM, tricoderma trong vi tun cho hoai mc (t
ti xp) l c th dng c.
Phng php 3: S dng phn c
Phn c c lm t cc ph phm ca c nh: u c, rut c, c nh... C 2
cch lm phn c l trn v trc tip trong t hoc ngm cng r ng ly nc
ti.
Trn trc tip vo t: 1 thng xp cm khong 1-2kg c. 1 lp t 1 lp c
sau rc 1-2 gr ch phm vi sinh (Tricoderma) hoc 1 nm vi bt. Tip tc lp li
cho n khi ht c. Pha trn mt thng nn ph lp t dy v rc mt t vi bt
trnh mi hi v di b.
Ngm dinh dng c: Ph phm c bm nh cho vo bnh thy tinh, nha, snh
(tt nht l cho vo vi snh). Cho thm r ng (loi ng ph phm dng thc
n cho gia sc) theo t l 1:1 v y kn bnh. t bnh dinh dng ni mt m, trnh
27
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
b nc ma chy vo. khong 1 thng l c th s dng c. Khi s dng cht

nc c ngm pha vi nc t l 0,5-1% phun hoc ti. Cch lm ny khi ti s c
mi hi tanh.
Phng php 4: S dng phn bn vi sinh thin ph: Thin ph 11 (x l t) v
Thin ph 02
Mt rung cha cy xi ta ly 100lt nc v 1lt TP-11 & 2lt TP-02 khuy u
phun khp rung sau ta bt u cy xi cho ti t (1lt phn vi sinh khi pha vi
nc dng cho 1000m2 t ,i vi din tch nh hn chng ta gim t l xung cho
ng )
Sau 10 - 15 ngy ta c th gieo ht (ch i vi gieo ht trc tip, bnh thng ta
c th trng sau 1 - 2 ngy )
Vic ci to t vi phn bn vi sinh Thin Ph gip phn hu nhng c t hoc
nm mc c hi cho cy trng trong t, gip t sch v tr nn trung ho, mu m,
x l t b nhim phn, lm cho cc vi sinh vt c li trong t pht trin mnh m.
Phng php 5: Kt hp cc loi phn vi sinh vi cc ch phm sinh hc nh
Tricohderma ci to li t.
S dng ngun phn bn vi sinh cung cp vo t mt lng ln vi sinh vt
c ch, c tc dng ci to li t.
ng thi, s dng ch phm sinh hc Tricohderma dit tr cc mm bnh c
hi cho cy trng nh: nm, cc loi mt g, u trng su, gii trong t,...
Ht ging rau
La chn ht ging trng rau theo ma v. Nn trng cc loi rau d ln nh rau
mung, rau dn, rau mng ti, rau ay, ci v cc loi rau gia v. S dng ht ging
sch, khe bnh c x l, cc loi ny c bn kh ph bin trn thi trng.
Hnh 1.11. Ht ging rau an ton

ht ging:
28
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Cc loi ht ging nh: rau dn, x lch, rau ci,... tng i d ny mm nn c

th gieo trc tip vo thng m khng cn nc m trc.
Tuy nhin m bo ht ging rau c t l ny mm cao nht ta nn nh sau:
- Bc 1: Cn phi ngm ht ging trong nc m theo t l 2 phn nc si + 3
phn nc lnh t 2 - 6h ( ht dy v ngm lu hn ht c v mng )
- Bc 2: Sau khi ngm vt ht ra li bng khn vi t 12 - 48h (ty theo loi
ht).
- Bc 3: Khi thy ht mng nc v bt u nt v ht, ly ht ra khi khn, sau
ri u ht trn mt khay. Khi gieo ht nn trn t du hi trnh cn trng tha. khng
nn ht ra r qu di ri mi em gieo trnh tnh trng t r non.
Hnh 1.12. Ngm ht ging

Thi gian ngm c th nh sau:
STT
Ht ging rau
Thi gian ngm ( gi) Thi gian (gi)
Rau n l
- Cc loi ht ci, x lch, rau
1
35
8 12
dn, tn
- Rau mung, mng ti
38
24 48
Rau gia v
2
- Ta t, Kinh gii
38
12 14
- Ng gai, Hnh, H, Cn
8 12
12 24
Bng 1.1. Thi gian ngm mt s ht ging
Nu trng bng ht, sau gieo ht phi lp kn ht, ti m. Lng ging cn 510g/m2 (nu t l ht ny mm thp tng ln 10-12m2).
Kim tra h thng gieo trng
Kim tra h thng thit b c lm vic v lm vic tt khng, nu khng t yu
cu th cn tin hnh sa cha, thay th.
29
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
3.4.2. Tin hnh gieo trng rau trn khay

Sau khi chun b xong hn hp t dinh dng ta cho hn hp ny vo khay
trng vi dy t 8 10 cm ty tng la rau, n cht v dng bnh phun c tia nc
nh, phun t u khay t trng to m .
Gieo ht: Ri u ht rau n l trong khay m (hoc chu), lp mt lp t
mng ln b mt ht, dng li en hay tm giy che li gi m, khay ht trong
mt, ti nc m t 2-3 ln/ngy , khi ht nh nanh cn a cy ra ngoi c nhiu
nh sng v nng.
Lu : trnh ma trc tip lm hng ht hoc cy con.
Khng gieo qu nhiu ht ging vo mt thng. C th trng cc loi rau thm
nh bc h, hng,... cng mt thng, tuy nhin nhng loi cy nh t, c chua, da
chut,... nn trng ring cc thng khc nhau. Sau khi gieo ht, dng vi mng ph
ln gi m, kch thch ht ny mm nhanh.
Lng ht gieo trng c th tham kho thng s sau:
- Rau dn: Khi lng ht gieo 0,5g/khay.
- Ci tha, ci ngt, ci b xanh: khi lng ht gieo t 0,5-1g/khay.
- Rau mng ti, rau mung: ht gieo thnh hng cch khong 10 cm.
- X lch nn m cy con trc khi trng hoc gieo tha cy pht trin mnh.
3.4.3. Chm sc rau trng
Do rau trng trong h thng kn v c iu khin hon ton t ng cc thng
s quan trng nn vic chm sc rau khng yu cu kht khe v khng tn thi gian.
Vic chm sc rau ch yu bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Ta tha v sang khay:
y l bc nhm to khng gian, cung cp cht dinh dng gip rau nhanh ln
v rt ngn thi gian thu hoch.
Khi cy rau ci, x lch c 2 cp l ta c th nh n dn ( n rau mm) hoc nh
bt rau ging trng qua khay hay chu khc cy c th ln nhanh hn. Qui cch
sang khay, ta tha theo khong cch cy cch cy l 10 cm hng cch hng l 15 cm.
Nu rau n l ln trong thng gieo ban u (khng ta tha, khng sang khay)
t lc gieo ht n khi thu hoch l: 45-50 ngy .
Nu ta tha rau ci nh sang thng khay khc th thi gian thu hoch khong 2530 ngy sau khi trng li.
Ma ma ti va nc, ma kh ti ngy hai ln sng sm v chiu mt.
- Bn phn (trn 1m2)
Bn phn ln 1: bn lt 3 - 4 kg phn b hoai mc, 100gram phn hu c Tribat
T-O trn u ri san bng t. C th thay th hon ton phn b bng phn hu c vi
sinh (3 - 4kg).
Bn phn ln 2: Sau khi cy rau ci ra c t 2-3 cp l, pha 08g-10g phn hu
c khong dng vin Tribat T-O hay Vedangro ( 02 mung c ph ) vi 2 lt nc ri
ti u trn rau, sau ti ra li l bng nc sch.
Bn phn ln 3: Cch ln 2 t 10-15 ngy, liu lng ging ln 2, sau ti
ra li l bng nc sch.
30
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Sau mi ln ta tha cy hoc ct ngn nn bn b sung phn hu c khong hay

phn hu c vi sinh cy chng hi phc.
3.4.4. Thu hoch
Vi cc loi rau ci, rau dn sau khi trng 45- 50 ngy c th thu hoch, ring rau
mng ti, khi cy ra 8-10 cp l ta nn ct ngn n dn ( cha li khong 3-4 cp l
tnh gc) n lc ny ngn rau s mp mp, nu ta khng ct, rau mng ti s vn
di, t ny tt non.
Lu :
- Dng bnh phun hay vi c tia nc nh u (phun sng), trnh dng tia nc c
p lc mnh lm dp l rau ci. Khi tri ma to nn mang khay rau vo ni c mi
che hn ch nc ma ri trc tip lm h nhng, thi l.
- Ngng ti phn trc khi thu hoch 07-10 ngy.
- Trng rau n l ti nh ta nn hn ch dng thuc, thng xuyn theo di pht
hin su n l v dit bng tay. Trng hp tri ma ko di, thi tit tr lnh cy
rau n l s lu ln hn, cy rau ci rt d nhim nm bnh. Nu cn thit phi
dng thuc BVTV nn chn thuc BVTV trong danh mc thuc an ton cho rau,
c nh nc ban hnh nm 2008 ( hoc c th hi cc nh chuyn mn).
- t trng rau ci sau khi thu hoch, nn bn vi bt nng nghip hoc men vi sinh
nh EM, Tricoderma x l t, xi t khong 2-3 ngy, sau cho thm t
t dinh dng, phn chung hoc phn hu c vi sinh vo trng li la rau
mi.
31
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
CHNG 2
NGHIN CU, CH TO THIT B TRNG RAU AN TON
1. Gii thiu kt cu chung ca thit b
Hnh 2.1. Kt cu chung ca thit b

1 H thng mi che
2 Khong trng cha thit b iu khin
3 H thng cc khay trng
4 Tay ko
5 H thng khung thit b
6 Bnh xe
Hnh 2.1 trnh by hng thit k v kt cu chung ca thit b trng rau an ton
c nghin cu. Vic xy dng thit b bao gm 2 cng vic chnh sau:
- Thit k phn c kh
- Thit k phn in t
2. Thit k phn in t
2.1. Tm hiu linh kin thit k
2.1.1. Vi iu khin PIC 18F4520
Gii thiu
B vi iu khin ghi tt l Micro-controller l mch tch hp trn mt chip c th
lp trnh c, dng iu khin hot ng ca h thng. Theo cc tp lnh ca
ngi lp trnh, b vi iu khin tin hnh c, lu tr thng tin, x l thng tin, o
thi gian v tin hnh ng m mt c cu no .
32
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.2. Vi iu khin PIC 18F4520

Trong cc thit b in v in t cc b vi iu khin iu khin hot ng ca ti
vi, my git, u c lase, l vi ba, in thoi Trong h thng sn xut t ng, b
vi iu khin s dng trong robot, cc h thng o lng gim st .Cc h thng cng
thng minh th vai tr ca vi iu khin ngy cng quan trng. Hin nay trn th
trng c rt nhiu h vi iu khin nh: 6811 ca Motorola, 8051 ca Intel, Z8 ca
Zilog, PIC ca Microchip Technology
Trong ti ny ta dng PIC bi v n c nhng u im m cc vi iu khin
khc khng c nh: ADC 10 BT, PWM 10 BT, EEPROM 256 BYTE,
COMPARATER, ngoi ra n cn c cc trng i hc trn th gii c bit l
cc nc Chu u hu ht xem PIC l 1 mn hc trong b mn vi diu khin ni vy
cc bn cng thy s ph bin rng ri ca n. Ngoi ra PIC cn c rt nhiu nh
sn xuat phn mm to ra cc ngn ng h tr cho vic lp trnh ngoi ngn ng
Asembly nh :MPLAB, CCSC, HTPIC, MIRKROBASIC,
Hin nay c kh nhiu dng PIC v c rt nhiu khc bit v phn cng, nhng
chng ta c th im qua mt vi nt nh sau :
- 8/16 bt CPU, xy dng theo kin trc trn kin trc Harvard sa i, vi tp lnh
rt gn (do vy PIC thuc loi RISC).
- Flash v Rom c th tu chn 256 byte n 256 kbybe
- Cc cng xut/nhp (mc lgic thng t 0v n 5v, ng vi mc logic 0 v 1)
- 8/16 bt timer
- Cc chun giao tip ngoi vi ni tip ng b/ khng ng b
- B chuyn i ADC
- B so snh in p
- MSSP Pripheral dng cho cc giao tip I2C, SPI
- B nh ni EEPROM - c th ghi/ xo ln ti hng triu ln
- Modul iu khin ng c, c encoder
- H tr giao tip USB
- H tr iu khin Ethernet
- H tr giao tip CAN
33
n cc h thng c in t
-
Trng i hc in Lc
H tr giao tip LIN

H tr giao tip IRDA
DSP nhng tnh nng x l tn hiu s
S chn vi iu khin PIC 18F4520
Hnh 2.3. S chn vi iu khin PIC 18F4520

Cc thng s v vi iu khin pic18f4520
CPU tc cao c 75 cu trc lnh, nu c cho php c th ko di n 83 cu
trc lnh.
Hu ht cc cu trc lnh ch mt mt chu k my, ngoi tr lnh r nhnh chng
trnh mt hai chu k my
Tc lm vic: xung clock n 40MHz, tc thc thi lnh 125ns
B nh chng trnh ( flash program memory) l 32kbyte
B nh d liu SRAM l 1536 byte
B nh d liu EEPROM l 256 byte
5 port Vo hoc ra
4 b timer
1 capture/compare/PWM modules
1 enhanced capture/ compare/PWM modules
Giao tip ni tip : MSSP, enhanced USART.
Cng giao tip song song.
13 b Analog to Digital module 10 bt
POR,BOR
Bn cnh l mt vi c tnh khc ca vi iu khin nh:
B nh Flash c kh nng ghi xo c 100.000 ln.
B nh EEPROM vi kh nng ghi xo c 1.000.000 ln.
34
n cc h thng c in t
-
Trng i hc in Lc
Flash/D liu b nh EEPROM c th lu tr hng 100 nm.

Kh nng t np chng trnh vi s iu khin ca phn mm.
Watchdog timer vi b dao ng trong.
Chc nng bo mt m chng trnh .
Ch SLEEP.
C th hot ng vi nhiu dng Oscillator khc nhau.
S khi ca vi iu khin PIC 18F4520.
Hnh 2.4. S khi vi iu khin PIC 18F4520

S khi b nh d liu pic18F4520
35
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.5. S khi b nh d liu vi iu khin PIC 18F4520

2.1.2. Cm bin nhit LM35
Hnh 2.6. Cm bin nhit LM35

Nhng thng s c bn ca cm bin nhit LM35:
36
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.7. Thng s c bn ca cm bin LM35

S chn ca LM35
- LM35 khng cn phi cn chnh nhit khi s dng.
- LM35 c hiu sut cao, cng sut tiu th l 60A.
- Nhit c xc nh bng cch o hiu in th ng ra ca LM35. S chn
ca LM35 nh sau:
Chn
1:
Chn
2:
Chn 3: GND
Chn
u
ngun Vcc
ra Vout
Hnh 2.8. S chn vi cm bin LM35

Mt s thng s chnh ca LM35:
Cm bin LM35 l b cm bin nhit mch tch hp chnh xc cao m in p
u ra ca n t l tuyn tnh vi nhit theo thang Celsius. Chng cng khng
yu cu cn chnh ngoi v vn chng c cn chnh.
c im chnh ca cm bin LM35
- in p u vo t 4V n 30V
- phn gii in p u ra l 10mV/oC
- chnh xc cao 25oC l 0.5oC
- Tr khng u ra thp 0.1 cho 1mA ti
Di nhit o c ca LM35 l t -55 oC 150oC vi cc mc in p ra khc
nhau. Xt mt s mc in p sau:
- Nhit -55 C in p u ra -550mV
- Nhit 25 C in p u ra 250mV
- Nhit 150 C in p u ra 1500mV
37
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Ty theo cch mc ca LM35 ta o cc gii nhit ph hp. i vi h

thng ny th o t 0 n 150. Chi tit cc bn c th xem trong datasheet ca n
Tnh ton nhit u ra ca LM35
Vic o nhit s dng LM35 thng thng chng ta s dng bng cch LM35
-> ADC -> Vi iu khin. Nh vy ta c:
U=t . k
Trong
- u in p u ra
- t l nhit mi trng o
- k l h s theo nhit ca LM35 10mV/1 oC
Gi s in p Vcc cp cho LM35 l 5V ADC 10bit. Vy bc thay i ca
LM35 s l:
5
5
=
10
1024
2
Gi tr ADC o c th in p u vo ca LM35 l:
t.k
102 .1024 . t
=
=2.048t
5
5
1024
Vy nhit o c t = gi tr ADC/2.048
Tng t vi ADC 11bit v Vcc khc ta cng tnh nh trn c cng thc ly
nhit .
Sai s ca LM35
- Ti 0 C th in p ca LM35 l 10mV
- Ti 150 C th in p ca LM35 l 1.5V
=> Gii in p ADC bin i l 1.5 0.01 = 1.49 (V)
ADC 11 bit nn bc thay i ca ADC l : n = 2.44mV
Vy sai s ca h thng o l : Y = 0.00244/1.49 = 0.164 %
2.1.3. Quang tr LDR
Hnh 2.9. Quang tr LDR
38
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Quang tr LDR l mt loi cm bin nh sng n gin vi nguyn tc hot ng

da trn hin tng quang in trong.
Nguyn l lm vic ca quang tr l khi nh sng chiu vo cht bn dn lm cho
pht sinh cc in t t do, tc s dn in tng ln v lm gim in tr ca cht bn
dn. Cc c tnh in v nhy ca quang tr th ph thuc vo vt liu trong ch
to. Khi nh sng kch thch ngng chiu vo LDR th ni tr tng ln v cng (mch
h). Khi nh sng kch thch chiu vo LDR th ni tr s gim xung, tin v 0 m
(mch kn).
2.1.4. Cm bin m ca t
Hnh 2.10. Cm bin m t

M t:
L mt b cm bin nc n gin c th c s dng pht hin m ca
t khi t thm ht m m-un kt qu u ra mc cao v u ra ngc li l
mc thp.
C th iu chnh nhy bng bin tr mu xanh
- in p hot ng: 3.3v 5 v.
- Kch thc PCB: 3cm * 1.6cm.
- Led bo ngun, led xanh bo m vt ngng.
- Dng LM393 so snh.
Giao din (gm 4 dy)
- VCC : 3.3V 4V
- GND: ni t
- DO: u ra s (0 v 1)
- AO: u ra tng t
Hot ng v c im ca modul cm bin m ca t
M-un m ca t l nhy cm nht vi mi trng xung quanh nn c
dng pht hin m ca t.
39
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Khi m ca t vt qu gi tr ca ngng c thit lp, u ra D0 ca

modul s mc thp
u ra D0 c th c kt ni trc tip vi vi iu khin, pht hin cao v
thp nh vo m pht hin c m ca t.
u ra tng t AO c th c kt ni vi b chuyn i ADC c th nhn
c chnh xc gi tr m ca t.
2.1.5. LCD 16*2
Hnh 2.11. Mn hnh LCD 16*2

Text LCD l cc loi mn hnh tinh th lng nh dng hin th cc dng ch
hoc s trong bng m ASCII.
Khng ging cc loi LCD ln, Text LCD c chia sn thnh tng v ng vi
mi ch c th hin th mt k t ASCII. Cng v l do ch hin th c k t ASCII
nn loi LCD ny c gi l Text LCD ( phn bit vi Graphic LCD c th hin th
hnh nh). Mi ca Text LCD bao gm cc chm tinh th lng, vic kt hp n
v hin cc chm ny s to thnh mt k t cn hin th.
Trong cc Text LCD, cc mu k t c nh ngha sn. Kch thc ca Text
LCD c nh ngha bng s k t c th hin th trn 1 dng v tng s dng m
LCD c. LCD 16x2 l loi c 2 dng v mi dng c th hin th ti a 16 k t. Mt
s kch thc Text LCD thng thng gm 16x1, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 20x4
S chn
Cc Text LCD theo chun HD44780U thng c 16 chn trong 14 chn kt
ni vi b iu khin v 2 chn ngun cho n LED nn. Th t cc chn thng
c sp xp nh sau:
Chc nng
Ground
Ngun cho
LCD
Tng phn
iu khin
STT
chn
1
2
3
4
Tn
Vss
(GND)
Vdd
(VCC)
Vee
RS
Trng thi
logic
-
M t
+5V
0
1
0 Vdd
D0 - D7: lnh
D0 D7 d liu
0V
40
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
0
Ghi ( t AVR vo LCD)
1
c( t LCD vo AVR)
LCD
0
V hiu ha LCD
6
E
1
LCD hot ng
T 1 xung 0
Bt u ghi/c LCD
7
D0
0/1
Bit 0 LSD
8
D1
0/1
Bit 1
9
D2
0/1
Bit 2
10
D3
0/1
Bit 3
D liu/ lnh
11
D4
0/1
Bit 4
12
D5
0/1
Bit 5
13
D6
0/1
Bit 6
14
D7
0/1
Bit 7 MSB
Bng 2.1. S chn mn hnh LCD 16*2
Trong mt s LCD 2 chn LED nn c nh s 15 v 16 nhng trong mt s
trng hp 2 chn ny c ghi l A (Anode) v K (Cathode).
M t cch kt ni LCD vi ngun v mch iu khin.
5
R/W
Hnh 2.12. Kt ni mn hnh LCD 16*2

Kt ni Text LCD.
Chn1 v chn 2 l cc chn ngun, c ni vi GND v ngun 5V. Chn 3 l
chn chnh tng phn (contrast), chn ny cn c ni vi 1 bin tr chia p nh
trong hnh 2.7.Trong khi hot ng, chnh thay i gi tr bin tr t c
tng phn cn thit, sau gi mc bin tr ny. Cc chn iu khin RS, R/W, EN
v cc ng d liu c ni trc tip vi vi iu khin. Ty theo ch hot ng 4
bit hay 8 bit m cc chn t D0 n D3 c th b qua hoc ni vi vi iu khin.
41
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Bng m trn LCD
Hnh 2.13. Bng m trn LCD 16*2

2.1.6. Cc linh kin khc.
2.1.6.1.
T in
T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rng ri trong cc mch in

t, chng c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch chuyn tn hiu
xoay chiu, mch to dao ngCu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song,
gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi.
Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm, mica, giy tm ha cht lm cht in mi v
t in c phn loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T
ha.
Hnh 2.14. Hnh dng ca t gm
2.1.6.2.
Hnh 2.15. Hnh dng ca t ha
Nt nhn
L cng tc thng m, khi nhn s trng thi ng mch.
42
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.16. Nt nhn

2.1.6.3.
iot
Diode l linh kin in t th ng v phi tuyn. Cho php dng in i qua n

theo mt chiu m khng theo chiu ngc li, s dng cc tnh cht ca cc cht bn
dn. C nhiu loi diode bn dn nh diode chnh lu thng thng, diode Zenner, led.
Chng u c nguyn l cu to chung l mt khi bn dn loi P ghp vi mt khi
bn dn loi N.
Hnh 2.17. Diode

2.1.6.4.
in tr
in tr hay Resistor l mt linh kin in t th ng trong mch in, hiu

in th gia hai u ca n t l vi cng dng in qua n theo nh lut Ohm.
Trong mch in, in tr c tc dng cn tr dng in, to s st p thc hin cc
chc nng khc nhau ty theo v tr ca in tr trong mch. Trong thc t, c
c gi tr ca mt in tr th ngoi vic nh sn xut in tr s ca n ln linh kin
th ngi ta cn dng mt quy c chung c tr s in tr v cc tham s cn
thit khc. Gi tr c tnh ra n v Ohm
43
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2. 18. Hnh dng thc t cc loi in tr

2.1.6.5.
Transistor
Transistor c 3 chn:
Chn E (Emitter) l chn dng phun ra cc ht mang i n. Vi transistor NPN,
chn E phun ra dng i n t v vi transistor PNP chn E phun ra dng l (dng l
l chuyn ng biu kin ca cc ht i n t chuyn di trn cc ni trng).
Chn C (Collector) l chn dng thu gom cc ht i n phun ra t chn E. Vi
transistor NPN, n thu gom cc ht i n t v vi transistor PNP n thu gom
cc ht l.
Chn B (Base) l chn dng iu khin dng i n chy trong transistor, chy t
chn E vo chn C.
Hnh 2.19. Transistor
44
n cc h thng c in t
2.1.6.6.
Trng i hc in Lc
Thch anh
Thch anh dng to xung n nh v to giao ng.
Hnh 2.20. Thch anh 12Mhz

2.1.6.7. Cc cng kt ni
Cng kt ni l cc cng ni, c tc dng giao tip gia cc thnh phn trong
mch vi nhau.
Hnh 2.21. Hnh dng thc t ca Header

2.1.6.8.
Cc led sng
Led (Light Emitting Diode) l cc diode c kh nng pht ra nh sng hay tia
hng ngoi. Cng ging nh diode Led c cu to t mt khi bn dn loi p ghp
vi mt khi bn dn loi n.
Trong mch Led c dng lm n bo hiu.
45
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.22. Led sng
2.1.6.9.
Bm nc 12V
Hnh 2.23. Bm nc 12V

2.1.6.10. Qut thng gi
Hnh 2.24. Qut thng gi

2.2.
Thit k mch iu khin
2.2.1. tng iu khin

M un trng rau bao gm 1 quang tr, 1 m-un cm bin m ca t v 1
cm bin nhit vi nguyn tc hot ng nh sau:
Cm bin m t cho php o gi tr m ca mi trng trng rau sau ci
t 1 ngng gi tr cho m cn t cho tng loi rau trng.
46
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Nu m mi trng trng cy nh hn ngng t th bt bm phun nc ti

cho cy
- Nu m ca mi trng trng cy ln hn ngng th bm nc ngng hot
ng
Quang tr c tc dng o cng nh sng chiu cho rau vi c ch hot ng
nh sau:
- Cng nh sng cao (so vi lng chiu sng yu cu cho tng loi rau) s ko
h thng mai che li v ng thi bt n chiu sng cho m-un.
- Cng nh sng t yu cu (so vi lng chiu sng yu cu ca tng loi rau)
s m mi che s dng nh sng t nhin.
Cm bin nhit dng o nhit ca khng kh bn trong m-un n
iu khin qut thng gi lm mt cho mi trng bn trong m-un vi c ch
hot ng nh sau t mt ngng gi tr nhit cn thit cho tng loi cy:
- Nu nhit o c nh hn hoc bng nhit cn thit th khng bt qut
chng hot ng ch thng gi t nhin.
- Nu nhit o c ln hn nhit t th bt qut thng gi lm mt cho mi
trng bn trong m-un.
Tt c cc cm bin v cc thit b c iu khin bi vi x l PIC 18F4520.
2.2.2. Gii thiu phn mm thit k
Proteus: Phn mm m phng mch in.
Giao din lm vic:
47
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.25. Giao din lm vic phn mm Proteus

Mplab IDE 8.9: pPhn mm h tr son tho m ngun lp trnh
Giao din lm vic:
Hnh 2.26. Giao din lm vic phn mm Mplab IDE 8.9

Mplab C18: Trnh dch cho Mplap IDE 9.8
48
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Altium Designer Release: Phn mm v mch nguyn l v mch in.
Giao din lm vic:
49
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
50
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.27. Giao din lm vic phn mm Altium Designer Releas

2.2.3. Mch nguyn l v s nguyn l
a. Cc khi mch nguyn l
Khi LCD hin th cc thng s iu khin o c ca h thng.
V
C
V
C
L
C
D
1
D
0
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
D
6
D
7
5
V
A
V
R
1
0
K
L
C
D
1
6
x
2
A
s
V
K
G
N
D G
N
D
111423
9110
| 5678
4
2
3
1R
SR
/W
E
15
16
D
7
6
5
D
4
E
N
R
W
Hnh 2.28. Khi mn hnh LCD
51
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Khi reset l chn to p khi ng cho h thng.
R
4
R
S
T
V
C10kW
1
G
N
D
1
Hnh 2.29. Khi reset
Khi cng tc hnh trinh:

C tc dng gii hn hnh trnh chuyn ng ca mi che t ng.
2G
N
D
V
C
J
P
4
1
M
O
T
R
_
D
I
R
1
2
2
3
1
2
V
D
C
I
C
1
V
C
1
H
D
R
5
1
3
N
O
U
T
L
S
O
P
E
N
/
C
L
O
S
E
1
k
407C
L
M
7
8
0
5
H
eadr2N
1
C
2
L
E
D
1
0uF
/35V0uF
/16V
Hnh 2.30. Khi cng tc hnh trnh

Khi ngun: C chc nng cung cp ngun in cho mch in iu khin.
Hnh 2.31. Khi ngun

Khi modul relay: C tc dng ng ngt dng in cho cc thit b hot ng
di tc ng ca cc tn hiu u ra.
52
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
V
C
J
P
3
1
R
O
L
E
1
2
2
T
O
M
O
D
U
L
E
R
E
L
A
Y
3
3
R
O
L
E
44
5
Hnh 2.32. Khi modul replay
Cm bin m t
Chn ni cm cm bin m t gm 3 chn l chn cp in vo VCC, chn
ni t GND v chn cn li l chn tn hiu u ra s ca cm bin.
V
C
J
P
1
G
N
DVC2
3
C
b
D
o
a
m
d
a
t
U
1
L
M
3
5
LM
35
Hnh 2.33. Khi bin m

Cm bin nhit : dng o nhit ca mi trng xung quanh
+
V
s1
V
ou2
t
G
N
D3
Hnh 2.34. Khi cm bin nhit
53
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Quang tr LDR: C tc dng o cng nh sng ca khung gian xung quanh.
V
C
R
1
0
k
L
D
R
1
V
C
2V
13132U
2
D
R
A
0
/
N
0
3
1
1
4
R
A
2
/
N
2
/
V
E
F
C
V
R
E
F
G
N
D
5
V
S
R
A
3
N
3
/
+
6
4
T
0
C
K
I
1
O
U
T
7
R
A
5
/
N
4
/
S
H
L
V
D
C
2
1
4
O
2
/
L
/
R
A
6
G
N
D
3
S
C
1
K
I
7
R
B
0
/
I
N
T
0
/
F
L
T
0
/
A
N
1
2
3
4
R
B
1
I
N
1
0
5
2
2
8
6
3
/
A
9
/
C
P
2
R
S
1
9
3
7
R
D
0
/
P
S
0
R
B
4
K
B
I
0
A
N
1
W
2
0
8
1
1
5
G
M
E
N
9
P
G
C
2
2
6
/
2
/
P
C
4
0
D
34/PS34R
B
7K
B
I3DD
D
427R
Hnh 2.35. Khi quang tr
b. CPU - Vi iu khin - Mch nguyn l
CPU y c s dng l PIC18F4520 vi ngun tiu th l 5V c tc dng

iu khin h thng theo chng trnh c np vo.
5M
D
2
8
1
5
R
O
L
E
1
R
D
5
/
P
S
5
/
P
1
B
R
C
0
/
T
1
O
S
/
T
1
3
C
K
I
67O
9
6
2
6
6
C
I
P
2
3
0
7
3
7
7
D
R
C
2
C
P
A
1
8
R
O
L
E
4
3
/
S
K
/
S
C
L
T
R
_
D
I
R
1
8
2
3
R
E
0
/
R
D
A
N
5
4
D
I
2
9
4
1
W
/
6
R
C
5
O
0
5
2
C
S
7
6
/
T
X
C
K
R
S
T
1
2
6
M
L
R
V
P
R
E
3
7
D
T
W
1PIC
18F450-/
Hnh 2.36 PIC18F4520
Vi iu khin 18F4520
54
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.37. Vi iu khin

Mch nguyn l phn in t ca m hnh trng rau t ng
Sau khi thit k xong mch nguyn l ta c mch in nh sau:
55
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
Hnh 2.37. S mch in

3. Thit k phn c kh
3.1. tng thit k
Hnh 2.38. tng thit k phn c kh
56
n cc h thng c in t
Thit k mt modul kn vi kch thc d tnh
Trng i hc in Lc
1000 800 1200( mm)
gm 3
tng, mi tng gm t 2- 3 khay trng rau, cc khay ny tch bit c lp vi nhau, c

th ko tch ra khi h thng thun li cho vic thay th t trng, loi rau hoc phc
v vic sa cha.
Pha sau vs 2 bn mi khay trng c khong h lp cc thit b in t.
Kch thc cc khay d tnh 400 600 350(mm) trn mi khay ny trng mt
loi rau khc nhau.
Thit b c che chn b h thng mi che.
H thng n chiu sng c lp khong trng sau cc khay trng.
H thng phun sng c lp trn khung dn mi , v tr khong trng 2 bn
mi khay trng, h thng ny s phun nc t 2 bn vo khay trng rau.
H thng c t trn cc bnh xe gip di chuyn d dng, ngoi cc b phn
chnh bn trong cn c thit k b bt che ph, h thng thot nc thi ...
3.2. Cc b phn chnh
3.2.1. H thng khung , gi
L h thng khung xng ca thit b, gip nng thit b, l ni gn cc h
thng khay trng, thit b in t,...
Chn vt liu cho khung h thng:
Mt s loi vt liu ph bin lm h thng khung trng rau cng ngh cao
hin ti bao gm: g, nhm, thp m km v nha PVC
G
G l cht liu p nhng khng thc t. Vt liu g tt v l vt liu cch nhit
v d lp rp, nhng nh knh b t lm cong v mc g. Nu bn phi s dng g th
la chn g , g tuyt tng hoc g c bit chu c m t.
Nhm
Nhm l vt liu cn s bo tr thp: n khng g hoc b ph v khi tip xc vi
cc yu t mi trng. Nhng n khng mnh m v kh nng chu lc. Nhng n
cung cp mt hnh thc p, cng tt cho mi nh knh thy tinh hoc tm
polycarbonate v c th c sn hoc m vi bt k mu no.
Thp m km
Thp m km cung cp bn cao vi chi ph thp. C khung vi sc mnh ln,
kh nng chu lc cao. Tuy nhin hu ht cc khung thp c thit k s dng vi
mng polyethylene. Chng ph bin vi ngi trng nng nghip thng mi v
khng ph hp vi cc tm polycarbonate cng rn hn. Mt nhc im i vi thp
m km l lp m s n mn v thp s b r st theo thi gian.
Nha PVC
Khung nh knh bng nha PVC l loi vt liu chi ph thp, trng lng nh
v d dng lp rp. N khng cng nh kim loi hoc g, nhng vn ny
c gii quyt vi s h tr ca kim loi s dng kt hp vi nha PVC. Nha cng
57
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
hn ch s mt nhit. Hu ht cc nh knh hiu qu hin nay bt u s dng

khung nha PVC.
Nhc im ln nht cho khung nh knh bng nha PVC l nh sng mt tri c
th lm xu b mt n. Mt kh khn na l vi cc cu trc khung ln, mc chu
lc s suy gim.
Da trn thc t v qu trnh kho st th nhm quyt nh la chn thp m km
hoc khung nhm l vt liu ch yu ng lm khung nh knh.
3.2.2. H thng li che, mi che
C nhim v gip che chn cho h thng, bo v h thng v rau trng khi tc
ng t bn ngoi, c bit quan trng v y l yu t chnh to ra mi trng kn
cho h thng.
La chn vt liu che ph h thng:
Vt liu s dng trn nh knh (mng che ph lp nh knh) nh hng n nng
sut v hiu sut ca cy trng v ca chnh nh knh . Vt liu ny nh hng n
mc v cht lng ca nh sng truyn n cho cy trng. nh sng khuch tn l
tt hn so vi nh sng trc tip. Vic bi b thu ht vo mng nh knh cng s gim
s lan truyn ca bc x. Nhng git nc ng mt di ca mi nh knh (bn
trong lp ph) c chng minh lm gim truyn nh sng 8% v cng chn bc x
nhit.
Ngoi ra, vt liu c tng mu sng trong nh knh, chng hn nh thm c di
mu trng, cng gip tng cng nh sng c sn cho cy trng. c im quan trng
cn c xem xt trong vic la chn mt loi vt liu bao gm chi ph, bn ca n
(n ko di bao lu), trng lng ca n v d sa cha hoc thay th, bao nhiu nh
sng c truyn qua vt liu v bao nhiu nng lng chuyn qua vt liu.
Vt liu khuch tn c thit k phn tn nh sng v to iu kin nh sng
tt hn cho cy trng
Knh
Knh t lu l lp mi ph truyn thng cho nh knh. S thun li ca n bao
gm:
Mc truyn cao trong cc bc x nh sng
Gi nhit tt vo ban m
Kh nng cho truyn qua thp ca nh sng tia cc tm
bn cao
Chi ph bo tr thp.
Tm nha
V c bn c ba nguyn liu trong th loi ny - polycarbonate, acrylic
(methacrylate polymethyl) v si thy tinh. Tm nha khng c s dng rng ri ti
nhng vic s dng n ngy cng tng. Sn phm tm l bn hn so vi mng nha v
n gi nhit kh tt, truyn ti nh sng ban u tt v cho truyn qua lng nh sng
tia cc tm thp.
Mng nh knh nha (plastic film)
58
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
y l loi ph bin nht vi chi ph thp nht trong s cc vt liu nh knh. Cc

loi mng c sn l polythene (polyethylene), EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) v PVC (poly
vinyl clorua).
Vi nhng ci tin lin tc trong sn xut mng nha, chng c rt nhiu s la
chn v tnh linh hot v hiu sut. Mt s ph gia c th c s dng cung cp
cho mng nha cc c tnh hu ch. V d, mng nh knh c th c s dng
loi tr tia cc tm (UV) kim sot dch hi ha cht, phn nh sng hng ngoi
(IR) bc x di ci thin gi nhit vo ban m.
Hnh 2.39. Mng nh knh nha (plastic film)

3.2.3. H thng chiu sng
Hu ht chng ta bit rng thc vt mu xanh l cy cn nh sng quang hp,
tng trng v pht trin. Tuy nhin, khng phi l tt c vai tr ca nh sng trong
s tng trng v pht trin ca cy. Thc vt phn ng theo nhng cch khc nhau
vi cng v thi gian ca nh sng.
Ty tng loi rau m c yu cu v sng khc nhau. Nn trong m hnh ti
s lp t thm h thng n chiu sng m bo yu cu nh sng ca rau.
tng thit k
H thng chiu sng c lp trn khung thit b, khong trng pha sau cc
khay trng rau.
n c s dng chiu sng cho rau l n led thay th cc loi n si t,
hunh quang...iu ny s mang li cc li ch sau:
- Thng thng ngi ta s dng hai chm sng mu (R) v mu xanh (B) c
nh cc i di sng 662nm v 430nm to ra nh sng ca n led. Lc
, quang ph n led gn trng vi quang ph hp th ca cc dip lc t ca rau
trng. Nh vy, cc loi rau trng c th hp th ti a chuyn nng lng nh
59
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
sng n led thnh nng lng t bo, trong khi hiu sut s dng ca rau i vi
nng lng mt tri v cc ngun nh sng trng ch vo khong 35%.
Chiu sng bng n led s mang li hiu sut nng lng sinh hc cao t kch
thch s pht trin ca rau trng hn so vi cc loi bng n truyn thng khc
n led cn gip tit kim in nng. S dng n led thay th n hunh quang,
si t s gim ng k in nng tiu th. Trong cc x nghip trng rau, 1m2 din
tch cy trng tiu th 0,5KW in, nu dng n led ch cn 0,27KW in.
Vic dng n led trong nng nghip cn gip ci thin cht lng nng sn, gip
tng gi tr dinh dng gim nng nitrat ca rau qu. Cc th nghim cho thy,
s dng n chiu sng led x l rau trong mt thi gian ngn c th gim bt
nng nitrat c hi xung 44 - 65%, ng thi nng cao gi tr dinh dng.
Thm vo , gim bt nng nitrat, cc n chiu sng bng led s to ra t
bc x nhit hn so vi n natri cao p, cho php qu trnh quang hp xy ra vi
cng mnh hn v ch cn mt khong thi gian ngn thay v c mt chu k
sinh trng.
Hnh 2.42. n led s dng trng rau

Thit k h thng chiu sng
Hnh 2.41. Thit k h thng n chiu sng

H thng n c lp pha sau h thng khay trng ty thuc vo nhu cu nh
sng ca tng loi rau m ta c th s dng mt hoc nhiu n cng 1 lc.
60
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
3.2.4. H thng ti
Gip cung cp nc ti cho rau trng, nc c ti cho rau di dng phun
sng s gip cung cp lng nc ti mt cch ng u trnh lng ph v trnh
lm dp nt rau.
tng thit k:
Thit k h thng ti nc cho rau di dng vi phun sng, h thng ny
c lp trn h thng khung dn, 2 bn mi khay trng, nc s c phun t 2 bn
vo khay trng rau.
H thng ti bao gm:
- My bm
- ng h (timer)
- H thng b ch nc ( thng phuy)
- Vi phun sng, vi nh git, h thng dy v ng nc dn..
Hnh 2.40. Vi phun sng

Thit k h thng ti.
Hnh 2.41. Thit k h thng vi phun

Lng nc d tha di cc bu t s gom li v x vo b cha hoc ng
ng nc thi.
61
n cc h thng c in t
Trng i hc in Lc
3.2.5. Cc h thng ph
H thng mi che
Thit k di dng mi vm, t bn trn h thng gip che nng, che ma trnh
nh hng ca cc yu t bn ngoi, trnh nh nng mt tri chiu trc tip vo rau
trng.
H thng mi che c thit k c nh vi t l trnh nng trc tip khong 30
35% . H thng d tnh thit k bao gm h thng khung mi che, li mi che. Ngoi
ra h thng cn c mt mn che ph khi cng nh sng qu ln, h thng mn che
ph ny s c iu khin t ng ko ra, v khi cng nh sng thp s t ng
thu vo.
H thng bnh xe:
c thit k c th d dng di chuyn h thng trng rau t ni ny sang ni
khc.
Hnh 2.42. H thng bnh xe y

H thng thu ghom nc thi.
c thit k bn di gip thu ghom cc phn nc d tha, trnh x trc tip
xung bn di gy hng cc thit b cng nh nhim mi trng, nc thi s c
dn v b cha x l hoc c chuyn n h thng thot nc thi ring.
3.3. Thit k m phng vi Inventor
62

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n cc h thng c in t

: PGS. TS. INH VN CHIN

H Ni, thng 6 nm 2015

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

KHOA CNG NGH C KH

GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin

v thi gian cng nhm chng em hon thin ti tm huyt v p . Vi vn kin

H Ni, ngy 10 thng 6 nm 2015.

GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin

H Ni, ngy thng nm 2015

GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin

(Ca ging vin phn bin)

H Ni, ngy thng nm 2015

GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin

GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin

1.1. Tnh cp thit ca ti........................................................................................1

ngha khoa hc...................................................................................1

ngha thc tin.....................................................................................2

Tng quan v rau an ton......................................................................................2

2.1. Khi nim rau an ton..........................................................................................2

Vai tr ca sn xut rau an ton.............................................................3

c im kinh t k thut ca sn xut rau an ton................................3

2.3. C s l lun v quy trnh trng rau an ton........................................................4

L lun v GAP (EUREPGAP, ASIANGAP)...........................................4

Tiu chun VietGAP...............................................................................5

iu kin sn xut rau an ton theo tiu chun VietGAP.......................6

2.4. Cc quy trnh sn xut rau t trc n nay......................................................10

Quy trnh qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM)..........................................10

Quy trnh VietGAP................................................................................12

2.5. Tnh hnh sn xut, tiu th rau ca Vit Nam....................................................12

Tnh hnh sn xut rau..........................................................................12

Nhng yu t nh hng n sn xut rau...........................................13

Tnh hnh tiu th rau Vit Nam........................................................14

Tng quan v trng rau an ton trong mi trng kn.......................................16

3.1. Phn tch phng n thit k..............................................................................16

GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin

3.3. K thut trng mt s loi rau an l thng dng..............................................20

K thut trng rau mung....................................................................20

K thut trng rau dn..........................................................................21

K thut trng rau ci xanh..................................................................23

K thut trng rau mng ti.................................................................25

K thut trng x lch..........................................................................25

3.4. xut k thut phng php trng trong bung kn.........................................26

Chun b cc nguyn vt liu cn thit trng rau............................26

Tin hnh gieo trng rau trn khay......................................................30

Chm sc rau trng..............................................................................31

CHNG 2. NGHIN CU, CH TO THIT B TRNG RAU AN TON........33

Gii thiu kt cu chung ca thit b...................................................................33

Thit k phn in t...........................................................................................33

2.1. Tm hiu linh kin thit k...................................................................................33

Vi iu khin PIC 18F4520...................................................................33

Cm bin nhit LM35......................................................................37

Cc linh kin khc................................................................................43

2.2. Thit k mch iu khin.....................................................................................48

Gii thiu phn mm thit k................................................................49

Mch nguyn l v s nguyn l......................................................51

Thit k phn c kh............................................................................................56

3.1. tng thit k...................................................................................................56

H thng khung , gi ...................................................................57

H thng li che, mi che...................................................................58

H thng chiu sng.............................................................................59

3.3. Thit k m phng vi Inventor..........................................................................63

GVHD: PGS.TS inh Vn Chin