Casing Program

1000

2000

Fracture gradient

3000
Lost circulation
4000

Pore pressure

5000

6000

Mud wt.

7000

8000

Possible Kick or
collapse

9000

10,000
10 ppg

15 ppg

20 ppg

API Grades

Minimum yield is 80% of average yield

Non API Grades

Range
API standard lengths of casing (API RP 5B1, 1988)
Range
Length
Average Length
ft
ft
1
16 25
22
2
25 34
31
3
over 34
42
Weight of casing
Nominal weight Theoretical weight of 20 ft threaded and coupled
casing joint.
Plain end weight The weight of the casing joint excluding the
threads and coupling.
Threaded and coupled weight The average weight of the joint
including the threads and coupling.

Casing Properties
1. Tension
Design is based on yield, i.e. permanent deformation
Based on nominal not minimal wall thickness
Minimum acceptable wall thickness is 87.5%

F ten := A s yield
A s :=

D d
4

Example 7.1
Casing Design Example 7.1
Compute the body-yield strength for 20-in., 133 lb/ft, K-55 casing
with 0.635 in wall thickness.
D := 20in

Ften

yield := 55000 psi

t := 0.635in
d := D 2 t
d = 18.73 in
2

D d
As :=
4

As

As = 38.631 in

Ften := As yield
6

Ften = 2.125 10 lbf

Casing Properties
2. Burst
Minimum acceptable wall thickness is 87.5%
Barlows equation takes this into account.

p br :=

0.875 2 yield t
D

Example 7.2

Casing Design Example 7.2

Compute the burst pressure rating for 20-in, 133 lb/ft, K-55 casing
with a wall thickness of 0.635in.
yield := 55000psi
D := 20in
t := 0.635in

pbr :=

0.875 2 yield t
D
3

pbr = 3.056 10 psi

Casing Properties
3. Collapse
Four modes of collapse failure
Elastic collapse
Stress is uniform across wall thickness
Large diameter to thickness ratios only
Transition collapse
Youngs Modulus is stress dependent
As stress increases E decreases
Plastic collapse
Casing yields on inside diameter first.
Yield Strength collapse
Ellipse of plasticity
D/t determines mode of failure
Empirical coefficients
Used to make equations fit observations

Youngs Modulus

Elastic Collapse
In thin walled casing with a high D/t ratio
the stress is uniform across the wall
thickness.

Stress from external pressure

In thick walled casing the stress is
not constant across the wall
thickness

From Casing Design Theory and Practice

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Stress from external pressure

The inside yields first.

As stress increases the
plastic elastic boundary
moves outward.
Failure does not occur
until a sufficient amount of
casing has yielded.

From Casing Design Theory and Practice

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Tangent Modulus
The modulus of elasticity represents the slope of the stress vs. strain curve.
When Youngs modulus of elasticity is stress dependent it is referred to as the tangent modulus.

From Casing Design Theory and Practice

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Youngs Modulus and temperature

Youngs Modulus is also begins to vary at high temperatures.

From Casing Design Theory and Practice

by Rahman and Chilingarian

API Critical Collapse

From Casing Design Theory and Practice

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Table 7.5

These values only

apply when axial
stress is zero!

From Applied Drilling Engineering, SPE Textbook series Vol. 2

Example 7.3

Casing Design Example 7.3

Compute the collapse pressure rating for 20-in., 133 lb/ft, K-55
casing with a wall thickness of 0.625 in.
yield := 55000psi
D := 20in
t := 0.635in

D
= 31.496
t

From table 7.5 the value for D/t falls in the transition range. So Eq. 7.7
will be used.
From table 7.4 the "F" values are:
F4 := 1.989
F5 := 0.036
F4
F5
pcr := yield
D

pcr = 1.493 10 psi

Collapse and tension

From Casing Design Theory and Practice by Rahman and Chilingarian

Ellipse of
Plasticity

The ellipse can only be used for

yield strength failure mode!

From Casing Design Theory and Practice

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Tension has a detrimental effect on collapse and a positive effect on burst

10

Tension and failure mode

From Casing Design Theory and Practice

by Rahman and Chilingarian

Example 7.5
Casing DesignExample 7.5
Fa := 1000000 lbf

D := 20in

pi := 1000psi

t := .635in

D
= 31.496
t

yield := 55000 psi

z :=

as := 38.631 in

Fa

z = 2.589 10 psi

as

z + pi
yield

= 0.489

3 z + pi

1 z + pi
yield_eff := 1

yield
4
2

yield
yield

yield_eff = 3.639 10 psi

The effective yield stress is made dimensionless, as "Y", to allow the "F" factors to be calculated.

Y :=

yield_eff
1psi

Y = 3.639 10

11

7.5

F1 := 2.8762 + 0.10679 10

F2 := 0.026233 + 0.50609 10

Y + 0.21301 10

Y 0.53132 10

16

F3 := 465.93 + 0.030867 Y 0.10483 10

F4 :=

10

F2
3

F1
6

46.95 10

F2
2 +

F1

Y + 0.36989 10

13

F2
F2

3
3

F1
F1
F2

1
Y

F2 F1
F2
2+
2 +

F1

F1

F2
F5 := F4
F1

7.5

F1 = 2.941

F2 = 0.045

F3 = 645.079

F4 = 2.102

F5 = 0.032

F4
pcr := yield_eff
F5
D

pcr = 1.267 10 psi

3

pcr + pi = 2.267 10 psi

12

Example 7.6
Casing Design Example 7.6
Determine the maximum axial stress for a joint of the following casing when it is subjected
to 400 kips of axial tension across a dogleg severity of 4 deg/100ft. Find the stress using
both the soft string and stiff stirng models.
yield := 80000 psi Fa := 400000 lbf := 4
w := 39

lbf
ft

D := 7.625in
2

As :=

D d
4

Lj := 36ft

d := 6.625in

From Table 7.6

As = 11.192 in

The first step is to find the axial stress due to tension in the string .
z :=

Fa

z = 3.574 10 psi

As

7.6

The next step is to find the axial stress due to bending.

zbending := 218

lbf
in

3
D (The units that come out in the derivation in fig 7.14 are lbf/in .)

zbending = 6.649 10 psi

total := z + zbending

total = 4.239 10 psi

To find the stress from bending using the stiff string model, eq. 7.22, the moment of
inertia must be calculated.
I :=

4
4
D d
64

Kc :=

I = 71.37 in

Fa
6

30 10 psi I

Lj

6 Kc 12
zbendstiff := 218
D

3
L
in
tanh 6 Kc j
12

lbf

Kc = 0.164 ft

-1

Note that Lj is divided by 12. The number

used in equation 7.22 a must be in inches not
feet in order for the units to work out right.
4

zbendstiff = 1.974 10 psi

13

7.6

Using the bending force instead of bending stress equation,

Fab := 63 D w

6 Kc Lj

tanh( 6 Kc Lj)

Fab = 2.212 10 lbf

zb :=

Fab
As

zb = 1.977 10 psi

Totalstiff := zb + z

Totalstiff = 5.551 10 psi

Example 7.7

Casing Design Ex. 7.7

Using the Pore-Pressure gradient in fig 7.21 pick casing points.

From Applied Drilling Engineering by

Bourgoyne, Chenevert, Milheim & Young

14

7.7

Step 1. Plot the design curves

Add trip margin of .5 lb/gal to the pore pressure curve
Subtract a 0.5 lb/gal kick margin from the Fracture gradient curve.
Step 2. Choose the casing points.
Draw a vertical line that intersects the design mud wt curve at total depth, and the kick
tolerance curve farther up the well. The depth where the line intersects the kick tolerance
curve is the next casing point.
Using a scale measure this depth to be 11,400 ft
Draw a horizontal line from this point to where it intersects the trip margin curve. Then
draw a vertical line from this intersection up to where it intersects the kick tolerance curve
again. This is another casing point.
Using a scale measure this depth to be 4,000 ft
The casing program calls for surface casing to be set to 4,000 ft and intermediate casing to
11,400 ft. The 7in production casing will be run to the total depth of 15000 ft

Example 7.8

Casing Design Example 7.8

Select casing sizes.
Step 1. Find the commonly used bit size to run for casing from Table 7.7
Starting from the bottom with the 7 in
casing table 7.7 sugests an 8 5/8 in
bit will be needed.
Step 2. Find the next smallest size
casing that will accomodate this bit
from table 7.8
From table 7.8 it is seen that 9 5/8 in
casing is required for an 8 1/2 in bit.
This process is repeated for the 9 5/8
in casing to find that a 12 1/4" bit is
needed, and 13 3/8 in casing will be
required for the 12 1/4" bit.
So 13 3/8 in surface casing will be run
to 4,000 ft, and 9 5/8 in intermediate
casing will be run to 11,400 ft.
From Applied Drilling Engineering by
Bourgoyne, Chenevert, Milheim & Young

15

7.8

From Applied Drilling Engineering by

Bourgoyne, Chenevert, Milheim & Young

Surface Casing
Burst

Collapse

16

Example7.9

Casing Design Example 7.9

Design the surface casing for the last 2 examples.
Step 1.

Eliminate casing that wont meet burst requirements during a well control operation.
Find and plot internal and external pressure, differential pressure, and a design line.
Use similar triangles to determine the minimum depths of the casing sections.

Step 2.

Prepare a graph to find the collapse design load.

Find the mud level inside the pipe if circulation is lost at the next casing point.
Determine the minimal internal pressure anticipated from the lost circulation.
Find and plot the external pressure from surface to shoe.
Find and plot the differential pressure with a design factor included.

Step 3.

Find the cheapest casing that will meet the collapse requirements at the shoe.

Step 4.

Use similar triangles to find the maximum setting depth of the next cheapest casing section.
Draw a free body diagram to determine the axial forces at the section change.

Step 5.

Compute the effective yield stress.

Using iterative approach find the corrected collapse pressure and new max setting depth.

Step 6.

Repeat this process with the next cheapest string until surface or burst limitations are met.

Step 7.

Check that the casing meets the tension requirements while it is being run.

Summary. Start with burst at surface during well control.

Then design for collapse with lost circulation at next casing point.
Finally check for tension while casing is being run.

Step 1.

Eliminate casing that wont meet burst requirements during a well control operation.

D := 13.375in

Dfburst := 1.1

Depthshoe := 4000ft

Depthfinal:= 11400ft

Temp := 520R + 0.012

R
Depthshoe
ft

Dfcollapse := 1.1

Dftension := 1.6

gp := 0.465

M := 16

Temp = 568 R

7.9

psi
ft

g
mole

The fracture gradient is read from fig 7.21 to be 14.1 lb/gal. The injection pressure is .3 lb/gal so the
design gradient will be equivalent to 14.4 lb/gal.
f := 14.4

lbf
gal

The pressue inside the casing at the shoe is..

Units must be used with conversion factors with mathcad. Or the conversion factor can be left out entirely.
piburst := Depthshoe f 0.052

gal
2

piburst = 2995 psi

ft in

The pressure inside the casing at surface is..

lbf
( 2995 + 15) 16 1
lbf
gal
g = 1
g :=
80.3 1 ( 521 + 0.012 4000)
gal

gal

ft in

psurface := piburst Depthshoe g 0.052

Cheating mathcad out of units for ideal gas equation

g 0.052

gal
2

ft in

= 0.055

psi
ft
psurface = 2776 psi

17

7.9

The external pressure at the shoe is..

po := Depthshoe 0.465

Fig. 7.25 Burst design

psi
ft

Pressure
0

po = 1860 psi

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

The design differential pressure is..

500

pshoe := piburst po
1000

pshoe = 1135 psi

pdsgnsurf := psurface Dfburst

pdsgnshoe := pshoe Dfburst

Depth

1500

pdsgnsurf = 3054 psi

Pburst
2000

Po
Pi

2500

pdsgnshoe = 1249 psi

3000
3500
4000

The rated burst pressures of the two weakest casing types are..
BurstH40 := 1730psi

BurstJ55 := 2730psi

Using similar triangles find the minimum depth the cheapest casings can be run to.

7.9

X := Depthshoe
Y := pdsgnsurf pdsgnshoe
X = 4000 ft
Y = 1805 psi
b1 := pdsgnsurf BurstH40

b1 = 1324 psi

b2 := pdsgnsurf BurstJ55

b2 = 324 psi

a1 :=

X
b
Y 1

a2 :=

X
b
Y 2

The minimum depth the H-40 casing can be set is..

a1 = 2933 ft
The minimum depth the J-55 casing can be set is..
a2 = 717 ft

18

Step 2.

7.9

Prepare a graph to find the collapse deign load.

From fig. 2.1 the mud wieght in use when the casing is run will be 9.3 lbf/gal, and 13.7 lbf/gal at TVD.
mud1 := 9.3

lbf
gal

mud2 := 13.7

lbf
gal

The pressure outside the casing at the time is is set is..

gal

po4000 := Depthshoe mud1 0.052

ft in

po4000 = 1934 psi

When circulation is lost at the next casing point the mud level will fall to..
gp

mud2
.052
Dm :=

gal
2

ft in

mud2

Depthfinal

Dm = 3959 ft

The pressure inside the casing at the shoe when circ. is lost is..

gal

ft in

pishoe := ( Depthshoe Dm) mud2 0.052

pishoe = 29 psi

Fig 7.26 Collapse design line

The differential pressure that tends to collapse the casing is..

7.9

Pressure

pcshoe := po4000 pishoe

pcshoe = 1905 psi

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

500

pcDm := Dm mud1 0.052

gal
2

ft in

pcDm = 1915 psi

1000

1500

pcshoedsgn := pcshoe Dfcollapse

pcDmdsgn := pcDm Dfcollapse

pcshoedsgn = 2096 psi

2000

2500

pcDmdsgn = 2106 psi

3000

3500

4000

19

7.9

Step 3.

Find the cheapest casing that will meet the collapse requirements at the shoe.

From table 7.6 C-75 68 lb/ft casing is the weakest casing that meets the collapse pressure at the shoe.
Csg
H40
J-55
K-55
K-55
C-75

wt
48.00
54.50
61.00
68.00
68.00

collapse
740
1130
1540
1950
2220

D
13.375
13.375
13.375
13.375
13.375

As

12.615
12.515
12.415
12.415

15.51
17.49
19.45
19.45

Use similar triangles to find the maximum setting

Step 4.
depth of the next cheapest casing section.
P cr := 1950ft
y :=

3959ft
P
2106ft cr

Plug the Pcr values in here

y = 3666 ft

7.9

Draw a free body diagram to determine the axial forces at the section change.
w := 68

lbf
ft

L := Depthshoe y

L = 334 ft

p1 := pishoe

p2 := 0psi
2

Asa := 19.45in

Asb := 19.45in

Fa1top := w L p1 Asa + p2 Asb

Fa1top = 22161 lbf

Fa2btm := Fa1top

20

7.9

Use the axial force to compute the effective yield stress.

yield := 55000

t :=

Fa := Fa2btm

As := Asb

d := 12.415in

pi := p2

pi = 0 psi

Dd
2

z :=

t = 0.480 in

Fa

z = 1139 psi

As

z + pi

= 0.0207 psi

yield

1 z + pi
2 3 z + pi

yield
yield_eff:= 1psi
4 yield
2 yield

yield_eff

Yeff :=

The effective yield stress is made dimensionless to allow the "F"

factors to be calculated.

1psi

F1 := 2.8762 + 0.10679 10

10

Yeff + 0.21301 10

F2 := 0.026233 + 0.50609 10

Yeff 0.53132 10

16

7.9

Yeff

Yeff
7

F3 := 465.93 + 0.030867 Yeff 0.10483 10

F4 :=

yield_eff = 54421 psi

F2
3

F1
6
46.95 10
F2
2 + F
1

13

Yeff + 0.36989 10

Yeff

F2
F2
3
3

F1 F2
F1

1
Yeff
F2 F1
F2
2 + F
2+F
1

1

F2

F5 := F4

F1

F1 = 3

F2 = 0

F3 = 1188.8

F4 = 2

F5 = 0

21

Compute the effective yield stress.

Step 5.
Using itterative approach find the corrected collapse pressure and new max setting depth.

F4

pcr := yield_eff

D
t

F5

7.9

pcr = 1939 psi

pcr + pi = 1939 psi

This new value is plugged back into the similar triangles calculation (Pcr) to determine a new L1 and pcr
Here are the results with the K-55 68 lb/ft
casing.

Pcr
1,950
1,939
1,938
1,938

L
334
356
357
357

Stress axial (z + pi/) eq. 7.11

Fa
22,166
1,140
0.0207
0.9895
23,615
1,214
0.0221
0.9888
23,699
1,219
0.0222
0.9887
23,704
1,219
0.0222
0.9887

eff
54,421
54,383
54,380
54,380

Since this results in less than 500 feet of C-75 the K-55 68 lb/ft pipe will not be used. Instead the next
weakest casing is selected.
The process is repeated with K-55 61 lb/ft casing.

Pcr
1,540
1,516
1,515
1,515

L
1,106
1,151
1,153
1,153

The results are tabulated below.

Stress axial (z + pi/) eq. 7.11

Fa
74,670
4,270
0.0776
0.9589
77,718
4,444
0.0808
0.9571
77,852
4,452
0.0809
0.9571
77,858
4,452
0.0810
0.9571

Depthk_55_61lb := Depthshoe 1153ft

e
52,741
52,643
52,639
52,639

Plug in L value
here

This is the maximum depth this casing can be run

to.
Step 6.

7.9

Depthk_55_61lb = 2847 ft

Repeat this process with the next cheapest string until surface or burst limitations are met.

The process is repeated with K-55 54.5 lb/ft casing. The long vertical length of the triangle is replaced
with Shoe depth less L1, and the large horizontal value is replaced with the last calculated (pcr + pi). The
collapse rating of the casing plus any internal pressure if there is any is used for Pcr
The results are tabulated below.

22

Pcr
1,130
1,114
1,114
1,114

Fa
Stress axial (z + pi/) eq. 7.11
121,991
7,864
0.1430
0.9208
123,813
7,981
0.1451
0.9195
123,851
7,983
0.1452
0.9195
123,852
7,983
0.1452
0.9195

723
753
754
754

Pcr
1,130
1,114
1,114
1,114

7.9

Depthk_55_54.5lb := Depthk_55_61lb 754ft

Plug in L value
here
This is the maximum depth this casing can be run
to.

Depthk_55_54.5lb = 2093 ft

The H-40 48 lb/ft casing can not be run above 2,933 ft because of burst limitations. The K-55 54.5 lb/ft
casing cannot be run above 716 ft because of burst limitation.
Therefore:
Section 4 - K-55 61 lb/ft will be run to 716 ft
Section 3 - K-55 54.5 lb/ft will be run to 2,093 ft
Section 2 - K-55 61 lb/ft will be run to 2,847 ft
Section 1 - C-75 68 lb/ft will be run to 4,000 ft.

Length = 716 ft
Length = 1,376 ft
Length = 754 ft
Length = 1,153 ft

Check that the casing meets the tension requirements while it is being run.

Step 7.

7.9

Find the axial force at each section

change.
lbf
gal
W1 := 68
L1 := 1153ft
P 1 := Depthshoe mud10.052
2
ft
ft in
W2 := 61

lbf
ft

L2 := 754ft

P 2 := Depthk_55_61lb mud10.052

lbf
W3 := 54.5
L3 := 1376ft
ft
lbf
W4 := 61
ft
P 1 = 1934 psi

P 3 := Depthk_55_54.5lb mud10.052

L4 := 716ft

P 4 := L4 mud10.052

P 2 = 1377 psi

dC_75_68lb := 12.415in

As1 = 19 in

As2 = 17 in

2
2
D dC_75_68lb
4

As2 :=

2
2
D dK_55_61lb
4

As3 :=

2
2
D dK_55_54.5lb
4

gal
2

ft in

gal
2

ft in

P 3 = 1012 psi

dK_55_61lb := 12.515in

As1 :=

gal
ft in

P 4 = 346 psi

dK_55_54.5lb := 12.615in

As3 = 16 in

23

As2 := As1 As2

As2 = 2 in

As3 := As2 As3

As3 = 2 in

As4 := As2 As3

2
2

W2 L2 = 45994 lbf
W3 L3 = 74992 lbf

As4 = 2 in

7.9

W1 L1 = 78404 lbf

W4 L4 = 43676 lbf

Fabtm1 := P 1 As1

Fabtm1 = 37615 lbf

Fatop1 := Fabtm1 + W1 L1

Fatop1 = 40789 lbf

Fabtm2 := Fatop1 + P 2 As2

Fabtm2 = 43485 lbf

Fatop2 := Fabtm2 + W2 L2

Fatop2 = 89479 lbf

Fabtm3 := Fatop2 + P 3 As3

Fabtm3 = 91477 lbf

Fatop3 := Fabtm3 + W3 L3

Fatop3 = 166469 lbf

Fabtm4 := Fatop3 P 4 As4

Fabtm4 = 165785 lbf

Fatop4 := Fabtm4 + W4 L4

Fabtm1dsgn := Fabtm1 Dftension

Fatop4 = 209461 lbf

Fabtm1dsgn2 := Fabtm1 + 100000lbf

Fatop1dsgn := Fatop1 Dftension

7.9

Fabtm1dsgn = 60184 lbf

Fabtm1dsgn2 = 62385 lbf
Fatop1dsgn = 65263 lbf

Fatop1dsgn2 := Fatop1 + 100000lbf

Fabtm2dsgn := Fabtm2 Dftension

Fatop1dsgn2 = 140789 lbf

Fabtm2dsgn = 69576 lbf

Fabtm2dsgn2 := Fabtm2 + 100000lbf

Fatop2dsgn := Fatop2 Dftension

Fabtm2dsgn2 = 143485 lbf

Fatop2dsgn = 143166 lbf

Fatop2dsgn2 := Fatop2 + 100000lbf

Fabtm3dsgn := Fabtm3 Dftension

Fatop2dsgn2 = 189479 lbf

Fabtm3dsgn = 146363 lbf

Fabtm3dsgn2 := Fabtm3 + 100000lbf

Fatop3dsgn := Fatop3 Dftension

Fabtm3dsgn2 = 191477 lbf

Fatop3dsgn = 266350 lbf

Fatop3dsgn2 := Fatop3 + 100000lbf

Fabtm4dsgn := Fabtm4 Dftension

Fatop3dsgn2 = 266469 lbf

Fabtm4dsgn = 265257 lbf

Fabtm4dsgn2 := Fabtm4 + 100000lbf

Fatop4dsgn := Fatop4 Dftension
Fatop4dsgn2 := Fatop4 + 100000lbf

Fabtm4dsgn2 = 265785 lbf

Fatop4dsgn = 335138 lbf
Fatop4dsgn2 = 309461 lbf

24

7.9

Plot the design tension curve

Fig 7.29 A xial t e n s io n

Fa ( lbs )

Fa * 1.6

Fa + 100K

T e n s io n , lb s
- 100,000 - 50,000

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000 300,000

350,000

400,000

0
500
1,000

Depth, ft

1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000

Example 7.10

Casing Design Example 7.10

How much surface pressure can be put on casing to displace cement?
Step 1. Determine how much additional axial force is available.
d := 12.459in
Ftenmax := 853000lbf
Fa := 300000lbf
DFtension := 1.3
Fa :=

Ftenmax
DFtension

Fa
Fa = 356154 lbf

Step 2. Find how much pressure generates this much tension using equation 7.27.
p i :=

Fa 4
d

p i = 2921 psi

25

Casing Design Example 7.11

Example 7.11

Compute the maximum change in axial force resulting from degradation of mud in the annulus after
cementing.
Step 1. Find the average pressure change after degradation with equation 7.32
1 := 14
2 := 9

lbf
gal

lbf
gal

Depth := 8000ft
D := 10.75in
p oavg :=

Depth
2

2 1 .052

gal
2

ft in

p oavg = 1040psi

Step 2. Find the change in axial stress caused by this pressure change using equation 7.36
2

Fa := 0.471 D p oavg
Fa = 56607lbf

Casing Design Example 7.12

Example 7.12

Perform a stability analysis on the intermediate string after cement placement and while drilling to 15K.
Step 1. Find and plot the axial forces in the casing.
Step 2. Find and plot the stability forces.
Step 3. Locate the intersection of the stability and force curves.
Step 4. Find the force and length changes in all sections while drilling ahead.
Step 5. Determine what portion of length change is allowed for by bending due to buckling.
Step 6. Plot the new Fa and Fs curves.
Step 7. Locate the intersection of the new Fa and Fs curves.
Step 8. Determine how much tension is needed at landing to lower intersection to top of cement.

26

7.12

Given
lbf

Casing weight

w1 := 40.0

Inside diameter

d1 := 8.835in

Internal area

Ai1 := 61.306in

External area

Ao1 := 72.760in

Steel area

As1 := 11.454in

Depthshoe := 10000ft

m1 := 10.0

TVD := 15000

m2 := 16.0

T := 30F

w2 := 43.5

ft

cmt := 15.7

lbf

w3 := 47.0

ft

d2 := 8.755in
2

Ai2 := 60.201in

Ao2 := 72.760in

As2 := 12.559in

lbf

Ai3 := 59.187in

lbf
gal

Ao3 := 72.760in

As3 := 13.573in

gm1 := m1 0.052

lbf
gal

ft

d3 := 8.681in

gal

lbf

gm2 := m2 0.052
gcmt := cmt 0.052

gal
ft in

gal
ft in

gal
ft in

7.12

Step 1. Find and plot the axial forces in the casing.

Find the forces when the cement was placed.
F1 := ( 8000ft gm1 + 2000ft gcmt) Ao1
3

F1 = 421.484 10 lbf

F2 := ( 10000ft gm1 + 593psi) Ai1

F2 = 355.146 10 lbf

F3 := ( 6200ft gm1 + 593psi) ( Ai1 Ai2)

F3 = 4.218 10 lbf

F4 := ( 1800ft gm1 + 593psi) ( Ai2 Ai3)

F4 = 1.550 10 lbf
W1 := w1 ( 10000ft 6200ft)
3

W1 = 152.000 10 lbf
W2 := w2 ( 6200ft 1800ft)
3

W2 = 191.400 10 lbf
W3 := w3 1800ft

W3 = 84.600 10 lbf

F5 := W1 + W2 + W3 + F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
3

F5 = 355.893 10 lbf

27

7.12

Fa_btm_sec1 := F1 + F2

Fig 7.34

Fa & Fs vs. Depth

Fa_btm_sec1 = 66.338 10 lbf

Force 1000 lbf

Fa_top_sec1 := Fa_btm_sec1 + W1
-100

Fa_top_sec1 = 85.662 10 lbf

100

200

300

400

Fa_btm_sec2 := Fa_top_sec1 + F3
3

2000

Fa_btm_sec2 = 81.444 10 lbf

Fa_top_sec2 := Fa_btm_sec2 + W2

Fa_btm_sec3 := Fa_top_sec2 + F4
3

4000
Depth

Fa_top_sec2 = 272.844 10 lbf

6000

Fa_btm_sec3 = 271.293 10 lbf

Fa_top_sec3 := Fa_btm_sec3 + W3

8000

Fa_top_sec3 = 355.893 10 lbf

10000

7.12

Find the stability forces

The stability force = p iAi-poAo
Fs_btm_sec1 := ( 593psi + 10000ft gm1) Ai1 ( 8000ft gm1 + 2000ft gcmt) Ao1

Fs_top_cmt := ( 593psi + 8000ft gm1) Ai1 8000ft gm1 Ao1

Fs_btm_sec1 = 66.338 10 lbf

3

Fs_top_cmt = 11.294 10 lbf

Fs_top_sec1 := ( 593psi + 6200ft gm1) Ai1 6200ft gm1 Ao1
0

Fs_btm_sec2 := ( 593psi + 6200ft gm1) Ai2 6200ft gm1 Ao2

Fs_top_sec1 = 573.238 10 lbf

3

Fs_top_sec2 := ( 593psi + 1800ft gm1) Ai2 1800ft gm1 Ao2

Fs_btm_sec2 = 4.791 10 lbf

3

Fs_btm_sec3 := ( 593psi + 1800ft gm1) Ai3 1800ft gm1 Ao3

Fs_top_sec2 = 23.944 10 lbf

3

Fs_btm_sec3 = 22.394 10 lbf

Fs_top_sec3 := 593psi Ai3

Fs_top_sec3 = 35.098 10 lbf

28

7.12

Step 2. Find and plot the stability force after cementing on Fig 7.34.

Fig 7.34 Fa & Fs vs. Depth

Fa
Step 3. Locate the intersection of the stability and force
curves.

-100

100

Fs
200

300

400

0
2000
4000
6000

Since the intersection occurs at the shoe there is no tendency to

buckle, as is expected when the casing is suspended off bottom
while cementing.

8000
10000

7.12

Step 4. Find the force and length changes in all sections while drilling ahead.

An increase in internal pressure causes an increase in tension stress, a tendency to shorten the casing,
and an increase in radial and tangential stress.
An increase in internal pressure causes an increase in the hydrostatic forces.
F3 := 6200ft ( gm2 gm1) ( Ai1 Ai2)
F4 := 1800ft ( gm2 gm1) ( Ai2 Ai3)

F3 = 2.138 10 lbf
0

F4 = 569.462 10 lbf

The change in hydrostatic forces F 3 & F4 tends to shorten sections 2 and 3.

L2 := F3

6200ft 1800ft
6

As2 30 10 psi

L3 := F4 + F3

L2 = 0.0250 ft

1800ft
6

As3 30 10 psi

L3 = 0.0120 ft

The change in length of section 1 is not considered because the L approach assumes the bottom is
free to move.

29

7.12

The average change in internal pressure is..

ft
( gm2 gm1)
2

pi_avg := 8000

pi_avg = 1.248 10 psi

The average ratio of internal area to cross sectional area is..

8000 6200 Ai1 + 6200 1800 Ai2 + 1800 Ai3

8000
8000

As1
As2 8000 As3

Aavg_ratio :=

Aavg_ratio = 4.8218

From the derivation of equation 7.3..

2 8000ft .3 Aavg_ratio pi_avg

Lavg :=

Lavg = 0.9628 ft

30 10 psi

The increase in temperature causes the casing to lengthen according to eq. 7.37
Lt := 6.667 10

6 1

8000ft T

Lt = 1.600 ft

Ltotal := Lt + Lavg + L2 + L3

Ltotal = 0.6003 ft

7.12

Step 5. Determine what portion of length change is allowed for by bending due to buckling.

13in 9.625in
2

r :=

I :=

r = 1.688 in

4
4
( 9.625in) d1
64

As_avg :=

1800
6200 1800 A + 8000 6200 A
As3 +
s2
s1
8000
8000
8000

Lbu :=

r Fbu

4.000

As_avg = 12.539 in

2.000

Eq. 7.33

8 30 10 psi I w1
6

Fa :=

I = 122.196 in

30 10 psi As_avg
8000ft

Ltotal Lbu

Hooks law

Fa_new := ( F1 + F2 + 2000ft w1) + Fa

Fs_new := 8000ft gm2 Ai1 8000ft gm1 Ao1
Fbu := Fs_new Fa_new

Fs_new = 105.371 10 lbf

30

r ( 1lbf )

7.12

8 30 10 psi I w1
Lbu := 2.428 10

= 2.428 10

12 ft

lbf

Fbu

12

simplifying

30 10 psi As_avg
8000ft

ft

= 47.019 10

3 lbf

ft

3 lbf
Fa := 47.019 10
Ltotal Lbu
ft

Ltotal = 600.329 10
47.019 10

3 lbf

ft

ft
3

.6003ft = 28.226 10 lbf

3

Fa := 28.226 10 lbf + 47.019 10

3

Fa := 28.226 10 lbf + 47.019 10

3

47.019 10

3 lbf

ft
3 lbf

ft

substituting

Lbu

2.428 10

ft

12

lbf

Fbu

lbf
ft
1.00010
12
9
2.428 10

= 114.162 10 lbf
2
ft
lbf

Fa := 28.226 10 lbf + 114.162 10

lbf

Fbu

7.12

Fa_new := ( F1 + F2 + 2000ft w1) + Fa

3

F1 + F2 + 2000ft w1 = 13.662 10 lbf

3

Fa_new := 13.662 10 lbf + Fa

Fa_new := 13.662 10 lbf + 28.226 10 lbf + 114.162 10

3

lbf

2
Fbu

substituting

13.662 10 lbf 28.226 10 lbf = 14.564 10 lbf

3

Fa_new := 14.564 10 lbf + 114.162 10

lbf

Fbu

Fs_new := 8000ft gm2 Ai1 8000ft gm1 Ao1

Fbu := Fs_new Fa_new
3

Fs_new = 105.371 10 lbf

31

Fbu := 105.371 10 lbf 14.564 10 lbf + 114.162 10

3

lbf

2
Fbu

7.12

substituting

105.371 10 lbf + 14.564 10 lbf = 119.935 10 lbf

3

Fbu := 119.935 10 lbf 114.162 10

a := 114.162 10

lbf

Fbu

b := 1
cq := 119.935 10

Fbu := b +

solving the quadratic..

b 4 a cq
2a

Fbu = 2.148 10

Fa_new := 14.564 10 lbf + 114.162 10

3

Fa_new = 14.563 10 lbf

lbf

) 2

2.148 10 lbf

From the top of the cement..

Fs_new = 105.371 10 lbf

7.12

Step 6. Plot the new Fa and Fs curves.

Fa2_top_cmt := Fa_new

Fa2_top_cmt = 14.563 10 lbf

Fa2_top_sec1 := Fa2_top_cmt + ( 8000ft 6200ft) w1

Fa2_top_sec1 = 57.437 10 lbf

Fa2_btm_sec2 := Fa2_top_sec1 + F3 + F3

Fa2_btm_sec2 = 51.081 10 lbf

Fa2_top_sec2 := Fa2_btm_sec2 + W2

Fa2_top_sec2 = 242.481 10 lbf

Fa2_btm_sec3 := Fa2_top_sec2 + F4 + F4

Fa2_btm_sec3 = 240.361 10 lbf

Fa2_top_sec3 := Fa2_btm_sec3 + W3

Fa2_top_sec3 = 324.961 10 lbf

Fs2_top_cmt := Fs_new

Fs2_top_cmt = 105.371 10 lbf

Fs2_top_sec1 := 6200ft ( gm2 Ai1 gm1 Ao1)

Fs2_top_sec1 = 81.663 10 lbf

Fs2_btm_sec2 := 6200ft ( gm2 Ai2 gm1 Ao2)

Fs2_btm_sec2 = 75.963 10 lbf

Fs2_top_sec2 := 1800ft ( gm2 Ai2 gm1 Ao2)

Fs2_top_sec2 = 22.054 10 lbf

Fs2_btm_sec3 := 1800ft ( gm2 Ai3 gm1 Ao3)

Fs2_btm_sec3 = 20.535 10 lbf

3
3

Fs2_top_sec3 := 0.0lbf

32

7.12

Step 7. Locate the intersection of the new Fa and Fs curves.

Fig 7.34

Fa & Fs vs . Depth
Fa_new

Fs_new

Fa

Fs

Force 1000 lbf

The dashed lines on the graph intersect at approximately 5,800 ft.

Thus the 2,200 feet just above the top of the cement is in helical
buckling.

-100

100

200

300

400

2000

Step 8. Determine how much tension is needed at landing to

lower intersection to top of cement.

Depth

4000

Fs2_top_cmt Fa2_top_cmt = 119.935 10 lbf

6000

An additional 119,935 lbs of tension could be added at landing to

prevent the casing from buckling.

8000

10000

33

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