ER FOO HEE KANG(KH FOGES PTE LTD)

Introduction
1.CP4 vs EC7 in design of bored pile
2.Development of bored pile design from 1970’s to 2010
 Design of bored pile
 Development of boring rig
 Geotechnical Design
 Load test
3.Impact in piling contractor due to changes from CP4 to EC7
 Pile become smaller
 Length increase
 Rock socket length increase
 Load settlement become higher
4.Suggession and conclusion
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Presentation note from Dr.T.G.Ng, Date 24/4/2015
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 Presentation note from Dr.T.G.Ng ,Date 24/4/2015

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  Before 1983

 Allowable concrete compression stress limit to 5.17 MPa

 Working load test 1.5xWL

 Allowable settlement 20mm

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  Boring rig in the 1970’s torque about 10 ton-m
 Total weight 35 ton
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 • In 1978 I was told for bored pile

• Maximum size 1200mm

• Maximum height 32m

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 By 1983,torque of mechanical boring rig increase to 21 ton-m

 Total weight 70 ton to 90 ton, depend on base crane

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and pile length/kelly bar length
  Specification issue in 1983

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 Ultimate Load Test

 Ultimate load test shall be done on preliminary test pile only

and not on working piles.

 The test load of a working load test shall be two times the
designed working load of the pile

 The ratio shall not be less than 1:2 ½

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Failure of Pile
• Maximum settlement under full test load is maximum of 25mm
• The permanent or residual settlement after removal of the test load
exceeds 5mm for piles with nominal working load less than equal to
100 tonnes or 0.05mm per tonne of nominal working load for piles
with nominal working load greater than 100 tonnes subject to a
maximum of 13 mm.
• Failure of pile materials.
• Failure of concrete to reach the design compressive strength

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Permissible Stress
 The minimum and maximum grade of concrete used shall be
Grade 25 and Grade 35 respectively. The minimum and maximum
permissible stress under working load condition shall not exceed
0.2 times the characteristic cube strength of concrete.
Slump of Concrete
 The concrete used shall have a slump of not less than 100mm but
not more than 175mm . Slump for tremie concrete may be
increased to not more than 225mm.

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  In 1983 PWD allow bored pile with maximum
permissible stress up to 7 N/mm2 (Grade 35 concrete)
 Many engineer still limit the permissible stress to 5.17
N/mm2

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 SUBMISSION TO BUILDING CONTROL UNIT
 In compliance to Building Control Act(1989),the contractor shall
submit pile layout plans and design calculation to the Building
Control Unit in HDB’s Civil Engineering Department for approval
before the commencement of the piling works.
1) Certificate of supervision of piling work
2) Certificate of completion of piling work
3)Tow sets of As-Built drawing showing pile penetration and
eccentricity duly endorsed by licensed surveyor and contractor’s
professional engineer

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 NOMINAL WORKING LOAD OF BORED PILE

Bored Pile Diameter Nominal Working Load Minimum Concrete Cover to

Main Reinforcement
mm (Tonnes) (mm)
600 150 75
700 200 75
800 270 75
900 340 75
1000 420 75
1100 500 75
1200 600 75
 In general site with bore pile stress limit to 5.17 MPa get
higher productivity then those site with bore pile stress up
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to 7 MPa
 From 1990 hydraulic boring rig come into Singapore market

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 From 1990 to 2017 torque of hydraulic rig increase from 12 to 55 ton-m
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 Quality of rock tools improving

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 • Quality of rock bucket improving

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• Quality of rock tools keep improving
• Can core into Rock with UCS> 200Mpa
(Note: Slow and high cost)

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 • From 1980 unit now torque increase from 12 tons-m to 55 ton-m
• Kelly bar length get longer from 4x12m to 4x22m
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 Construction of Bored Pile in CP4

1)Allowable concrete stress<7.5MPa

2)Allowable settlement 2xWL<25mm

3)Existing boring rig and tools can handle

These 3 condition suit Singapore soil very well, cost effective

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  From 1983 to 2003 allowable stress increase from
5.17 to 7.5 N/ mm2 ,45% in 20 years

 From CP4 ,2003 to EC7 allowable stress increase

from 7.5N/mm2 to 10.62 N/mm2 ,41% of 2 to 3 years.

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 Pile with working
load of 834 tons
CP4(1200mm) and
EC7(1000mm) but
soil and rock
parameter remain
un change so pile
get deeper.

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 Impact in increase in pile length
1) On pile bore into soil only
2) On pile bore into soil and rock

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 The longer is the kelly bar,the rig get bigger
Kelly Bar Length Max Penetration
4x12m 42m
4x15m 54m
4x17m 62m
4x20m 74m
4x22m 82m

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 • When pile go deeper, say
go to 90m must use 5
elements kelly bar with
reduce torque by 50%
because thickness of
kelly bar getting thinner.

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  Standard Bill of quantity pay piling contractor on
meter run regarding of pile depth
 To contractor bored from 50 to 60 m is different
from bore from 40 to 50 m

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 Reason
1)Bored to deeper depth kelly bar take longer
time to move up and down
2)As kelly bar get longer torque reduce

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  Standard bill of quantity pay piling contractor
extra over for socketing into rock regardless
of rock grade(either GI,GII or GIII)

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 Rock weathering classification

GIII GIII

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 • When rock socket
length increase, rock
get harder chances to
bored into G1 rock is
getting harder

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 • More and more fresh
granite bored out
from pile hole

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 ➢ CP4 , 1000mm pile test to 589 tons x 2 = 1178 tons

➢ EC7 , 1000mm pile test to 834 tons x 2 = 1668 tons

➢ Test load increase by 41% but allowable settlement Remain in 25mm

➢ Risk load test failure get higher

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 Working stress of the total 9 project carried out by KH FOGES
Site No Working Stress (MPa)
1 7.36
2 7.50
3 8.50 - 8.70
4 8.90 - 9.10
5 9.40
6 11.20
7 8.90
8 9.70 (Small pile) to 11.20 (Big Pile)
9 7.50 (Small pile) to 6.30 (Big Pile)
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Remarks
Designer keep the working stress of all piles
size the same,limit stress to 7.5 MPa
Designer keep the working stress of
all piles size approximately same similar
to CP4 but higher working stress in accordance
with EC7
Design pile stress strictly base on EC7
Design pile stress/capacity base on geotechnical pile capacity
 ➢ CP4
1) Limit the working stress to 7.50 Mpa
2) Allowable settlement at 2x WL=25mm
3) Present equipment can handle very well
4) Cost effective

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 ➢ From 1982 to 2003

Allowable stress for bored pile increase from 5.17N/mm²(45%)

Boring rig can handle become of technology break through from
mechanical boring rig to hydraulic boring rig place other improvement

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➢ From CP4 to EC7
Allowable stress of bored pile increase from 7.5N/mm² to
10.26N/mm²(37%) boring tools and boring rigs need more
time to improve

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➢ EC7
1) Working stress can be as high as 10.60 MPa
2) Allowable settlement at 2x WL=25mm
3) Over load the present boring rigs in particular big pile
4) Increase cost and time for boring
5) Higher risk in load test failure
➢ While waiting for boring tools and boring rigs to improve

1) Designer should vary the concrete

stress on the pile in particular big
pile
2) Limit the socket length into rock
(GIII and above) 1 to 3m
3) Reduce stress on boring rig
4) Reduce risk on load test failure
5) Save cost and time
6)For deep pile, designer should
check the availability of rigs able to
bore deep

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