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(New) Bi Kip Hoa Hoc - Kien Thuc Bi Lang Quen - by Kaitorkid
(New) Bi Kip Hoa Hoc - Kien Thuc Bi Lang Quen - by Kaitorkid
Bi Kip
Chemistry
B kp ha hc
K a i t o r k i d
V e r s i o n 2.5
Last U p l o a d
05/09/2014
By Kaitorkid|Page 1
Part I: .................................................................................................................................................... 12
[Cc vn v bng tun hon] .................................................................................................... 14
Part I: Method.......................................................................................................................................... 16
Part II: Ex .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Lin kt ha hc ............................................................................................................................. 17
Part I......................................................................................................................................................... 27
[Cc tn gi v c kh nh] ........................................................................................................... 29
By Kaitorkid|Page 2
Part I:........................................................................................................................................................ 46
[Cc tn gi hu c kh nh] ........................................................................................................ 51
Part I: DU M ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Part II: KH M DU & KH TN ................................................................................................................. 62
Part III: THAN M .................................................................................................................................... 63
[Danh php hu c] ....................................................................................................................... 64
Part I: V c ............................................................................................................................................. 71
Part II: Hu c .......................................................................................................................................... 72
[Quy lut phn tch, nhit phn].................................................................................................... 74
Part I: V c ............................................................................................................................................. 74
Phn [1]: P nhit phn ................................................................................................................... 74
Phn [2]: P t phn tch ................................................................................................................. 75
Part II: hu c .......................................................................................................................................... 76
[Lm kh kh m] ........................................................................................................................... 76
[Cht c\nguy him].................................................................................................................... 77
Part I: V c ............................................................................................................................................. 77
Part I: Hu c ........................................................................................................................................... 78
[Mu sc kh nh] ......................................................................................................................... 79
Part I: V c ............................................................................................................................................. 79
Part II: Hu c .......................................................................................................................................... 81
[Nhn bit & phn bit kh nh] ................................................................................................... 82
By Kaitorkid|Page 3
Li ni u
Cc bn ang cm trong tay 1 cun b kp ha hc vit v phn l thuyt ca 3 quyn SGK ha
hc 10,11,12. Hu ht tt c nhng kin thc ny u c trong SGK, ngoi tr cc mo gip i tm tr
nh v cc chuyn nh So snh tnh axit, bazo, mnh tng hp t cc ti liu khc. Mnh son ra
cun b kp ny nhm gip cc bn d ghi nh nhng th ri rc nh l trong sgk tr nn c h thng
bng cch sp xp & tng hp li chng theo dng Mindmap (bn t duy) hoc dng Table (bng).
Bn cnh c nhng bi l thuyt ln & kh nh mnh tch ring ra lm 1 ch . V mc ch mun
n tr thnh 1 cun b kp l thuyt n tp thay cho 3 quyn SGK nn mnh c gng tng hp sao cho
y nht c th.
Cun b kp gm 4 phn chnh:
ha hc i cng & ha hc phn tch
ha hc v c
ha hc hu c
chuyn b sung (More)
Tuy nhin v bn n thi nn mnh khng thi gian vit tt c cc ch c.
ha hc i cng & phn tch : tng i y
ha hc v c & ha hc hu c: cha c phn tnh cht vt l , tnh cht ha hc, iu ch
ng dng cc cht. My ci ny chc cng d nh ^^
ha hc KT, XH, MT: mnh ko vit c chng ny lun ( ^^).
Nhng phn thiu ny s c vit cun b kp ha hc th 2 hoc bn Full update. Nhng
nhiu y chc cng gip phn no cho cc bn n tp trong nhng ngy cui cng , c bit l 10
ngy trc khi thi H.
Mnh dng phn mm imindmap v cc s t duy , cc bn Google search s c ^^.
Cc bn in ra s d c hn .Mc ch ch yu ca b kp ny l tm li kin thc ca cc bn, hu
ch khi cc bn dng n n tp,ngha l cc bn phi xem qua sgk ri mi c n.
Mnh c gng nhng chc chn vn cn nhiu sai st , nu cc bn pht hin ra li sai hoc
thiu g th cc bn pm cho mnh nha.^^ Mi kin thc mc xin gi v spykaitorkid@gmail.com hoc
www.facebook.com/kaitorkid .
Mnh l Kaitorkid (Mr.K) hi vng cun b kp ny s gip ch cho cc bn ^^.
By Kaitorkid|Page 4
S tng qut
By Kaitorkid|Page 5
Part I. Nguyn t
phn ny tng i l chn nhng li nguy him :D v cc bn thng c cm gic s ko thi vo ..vv..
v ko n nhng cu ch s l qu la p cho cc bn
nn lt qua 1 ln phng chng may c phn no cha n \ n ri m ko nh ^^
STT
Tn
Ni dung
Lch s tm ra hn ngt, p, n, e (cha thy thi bao gi^^)
S tm
ra e
S tm
ra ht
nhn ng
t
1987, Tm-xn nh bc hc ngi Anh pht hin ra tia m cc, bn cht : dng e
nh hin tng phng in trong chn khng: ng cho phng in vi V=15 000 V qua
2 in cc gn vo u 1 ng kn rut gn ht kk thy mn hunh quang trong ng
thy tinh pht sng
By Kaitorkid|Page 6
S tm
ra p
S tm
ra n
Ht
nhn
e ha tr
L nhng e c kh nng tham gia hnh thnh kin kt ha hc. Chng thng nm lp
ngoi cng \ c phn lp st lp ngoi cng nu phn lp cha bo ha
ng v
AO
Lp
Phn lp
Nguyn
l Pau-li
Nguyn
l vng
bn
Quy tc
Hun
Trong cng 1 phn lp, cc e s phn b trn cc AO: s e c thn l max & cc e ny
phi c chiu t quay ging nhau
Bng tun hon
By Kaitorkid|Page 7
Chu k
10
Nhm
nguyn
t
11
Nguyn
t s,p,d,f
12
I1
13
14
Tnh KL
15
Tnh PK
16
nh
lut
tun
hon
Tnh cht ca cc ng t & n cht cng nhe thnh phn & tc ca hp cht to nn t
cc ng t o bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca Z
Tn
Ni dung
LKHH
LKHH
Quy tc
bt t
Ion
LK ion
LK CHT
LK cho
nhn
Lai ha
7
Thuyt
lai ha
S xen
ph trc
S xem
ph bn
Ha tr & s oxi ha
11
Ha tr
By Kaitorkid|Page 8
S OXH
13
LK KL
Tn
Ni dung
P OXH kh (ci ny d ri^^)
s ng t )
2
Cht kh
Cht OXH
S kh
(qu trnh kh) xy ra vi cht OXH , lm cht nhng e\ lm tng s OXH cht
S OXH
(qu trnh OXH) xy ra vi cht kh , lm cht nhn e hay lm gim s OXH cht
ngha
P OXH
kh
(ko cn :D )
c im PTP (i khi)
P ha
hp
S thay i s OXH cc ng t
c hoc ko c s thay i s OXH
L p OXH kh ?
Yes \ No
P phn
hy
Yes\ No
P th
+ +
Yes
+ 2 + 2
P trao
i
+ +
No
3 + +3
By Kaitorkid|Page 9
P thu nhit
p phn hy CaCO3,
Nhit
P
c
im
H < 0
PT
nhit
ha
hc
H > 0
2() + 2 () 2()
= 822,2
By Kaitorkid|Page 10
Tn
Ni dung
Tc P & Cn bng hh
Tc
p
CBHH
[] .[]
= [].[]
Chng hn: 2 5 + 3 3 2 5 + 2 th =
[][2 ]
[].[]
H ng
th
H d th
Nguyn l
LSatli
Cht xc
tc
By Kaitorkid|Page 11
[Nguyn t]
ngun tng hp & tham kho : SGK
Part I:
1. Cu to ng t
mi ht nhn nguyn t ca mi nguyn t u c p & n ?
Sai. Ring hidro (ko tnh ng v D & T) ht nhn ch c 1 p & ko c n
Mi ngt u c s p s n?
Sai . Ngoi tr H
= 1,602.1019 = 1
= = 1 +
= 0
= 9,1094.1031
= 1,6726.1027
= 1,6748.1027
2. Lp & phn lp
Lp e
Lp (n)
Tn lp
S phn lp
S AO
12
22
32
42
52
62
72
Phn lp
S AO
3. Th t vit cu hnh e
Cch nh
By Kaitorkid|Page 12
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
5g
6s
6p
6d
6f
6g
6h
7s
7p
7d
7f
7g
7h
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s
Cch 2:
1s
(2s 2p)
(3s 3p)
(4s
4p)
3d
(5s
5p)
(6s
4d
6p)
(7s
4f 5d
7p)
5f 6d
Cch 3
ss
ps
ps
dps
dps
fdps
fdps
son son
phn son
phn son
nh phn son
nh phn son
fi nh phn son
fi nh phn son
im c bit vi Cu,Cr,
t cu hnh bn th nhng ng t c cu hnh e: ( 1) 4 2 ( 1) 9 2 s t bin i :
( 1)4 2 . . . ( 1)5 1
( 1)9 2 ( 1)10 1
By Kaitorkid|Page 13
IIA
IIIB IIB
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
1 Hi (H)
VIIIA
Hng(He)
2 Lnh (Li)
B (Be)
B (B)
C (C)
Nh (N)
ng(O) Fi (F)
Nga (Ne)
3 No (Na)
Mang(Mg)
n (Al)
Sinh (Si)
Pn (P)
Say (S)
Chng(Cl) n (Ar)
4 Khng (K)
C (Ca)
G (Ga)
G (Ge)
t (As)
S (Se)
B (Br)
Khc (Kr)
Trong (In)
Sang(Sn) S (Sb)
T (Te)
Iu (I)
Xng(Xe)
6 C (Cs)
B (Ba)
Tlnh(Tl) Ph (Pb)
Bun(Bi) P(Po)
Anh (At)
Rng (Rn)
7 F (Fr)
Rn (Ra)
Dy in ha cu KL
Li2+
K+
Ba2+
Ca2+
Na+
Mg2+
Al3+
Mn2+
Zn2+
Cr3+
Fe2+
Ni2+
Sn2+
Pb2+
Fe3+
2H+
Cu2+
Fe3+
Hg+
Ag+
Pt2+
Au3+
Li
Ba
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
Fe
H2
Cu
Fe2+
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
Khi
Bn
Cn
Nh
May
Mng
Zp
St
Nn
Sang
Ph
St
Hi
Gi
Hng
Bc
Pha
Vng
Cr
By Kaitorkid|Page 14
R (*)
tnh KL
Trng
thi X2
Mu sc
( )
( )
159
243
192
151
Kh
Kh
Lng
Rn
Lc nht
Vng lc
Nu
en tm
Tng dn
Tng dn
F
Cl
Br
I
Mu AgX
AgCl Trng
AgBr Vng nht
AgI vng
Axit
HX
Tnh
OXH
X2
mnh
tng
dn
Gim
dn
Tnh
kh
XTng
dn
KLK
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
KLKT
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
( )
( )
Gim dn
1330
892
760
688
690
( )
( )
1280
650
838
768
714
2770
1110
1440
1380
1640
D (g/cm3)
0,53
0,97
0,86
1,53
1,90
D (g/cm3)
1,85
1,74
1,55
2,6
3,5
cng
0,6
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,2
cng
2,0
1,5
1,8
By Kaitorkid|Page 15
Part I: Method
Th t so snh:
s lp e
Part II: Ex
EX1: Sp xp bn kinh gim dn: , + , 2+ , , 2
A.
B.
C.
D.
S lp
10
11
12
By Kaitorkid|Page 16
Lin kt ha hc
ngun tng hp & tham kho : SGK
Part I: Lin kt
Lin kt
CHT
Ion
CHT ko cc
CHT c cc
< 0,4
, < 1,7
Bn cht lk
S dng chung cc e
k lk
Ngoi l:
HF c
max = 1
max = 3
vi {
(tc bng s AO ti a trong mi phn lp ^_____^)
max = 5
max = 7
Th t: ly gi tr ln nht ca a ri mi n bck
V d:
2 = c 2 Lk + 1 cp e ko lk 2
By Kaitorkid|Page 17
Phn loi
LK
Hnh v
Dng hnh
hc
Gc
V d
Thng
1800
2 , 2 ,
, 2 , 2 ,
sp2
Tam gic u
1200
3 , 3 , 2
3
3 , 32 ,
Gp khc
Gn 1200
2 , ,
2 ,
sp3
T din u
1090 28
4 , 3
4+ ,
3 ,
Chp y
3 + , 32
sp3d1
sp3d2
Gn 1090
Gp khc
Thng
Lng chp
5 ,
Bt din u
6 , 6 , 6
2 ,2
By Kaitorkid|Page 18
TT NGUYN T
TT PHN T
TT KL
Khai nim
c hnh thnh
t nhng ion mang
in tch tri du
c hnh thnh t cc
ng t
Hnh thnh t cc
phn t
Hnh thnh t
nhng ion , ng t
KL & e t do
Lin kt
Bn cht tnh in
Cc ng t nm nt
mng, lk vi nhau bng
lk CHT
Lc tng tc phn t
(yu)
Bn cht tnh in
Tnh cht
chung
Bn
cng ln
t bn, mm
nh kim, do
Kh nc, kh bay
hi
, cao
thp, d bay hi
Dn din, nhit
good
V d
NaCl
Kim cng:
Phn t iot:
KL
to bi C lai ha sp3 lk
CHT 4 nguyn t C gn
nht nm 4 nh 1 t
din
ng 4 cp e
chung
L phn t 2
nguyn t , cc phn
t iot nm trn cc
nh & tm cc mt
ca hlp (tt lp
phng tm din)
cng nht
Ko bn, c s thng
hoa
phn t nc
Mi phn t H2O lk
4 phn t gn n nht
nm trn 4 nh 1 t
din u thuc cu
trc t din
so vi nc lng: D
nh hn, V ln hn
2. Chi tit Tinh th KL
Lp phng tm khi
Lp phng tm din
Lc phng
Hnh v
S n v
cu trc
By Kaitorkid|Page 19
4 = 3
68%
Gm
4 = 2
= 2 & =
74%
26
3
74%
Fe (thuc VIIIB)
Al (thuc IIIA)
Pb (thuc IVA)
Rh, Ir
Sc,Y,La
Eu
Ce,Yb
Ti,Zr,
Th
By Kaitorkid|Page 20
0
{ 0
trans
0
{
0
By Kaitorkid|Page 21
V d 2 : Cht no c lk H ni phn t?
Ch c (2) tha mn k:
By Kaitorkid|Page 22
By Kaitorkid|Page 23
- C hai u c khi lng bng nhau, u khng c lin kt hiro. B c din tch tip xc ln hn nn c
nhit si cao hn A.
6 Nguyn tc 6: cis > trans
Hai ng phn hnh hc, nhit si cis>trans (do momen lng cc cis>trans)
V d:
So snh nhit si ca cis but-2-en v trans but-2-en: cis>trans
axit >ancol >amin > -COO- >-CO- > -CHO > R-X > -0- > R-H
Ch vi Ancol v Axit :
-Cc gc dy e (khng c lk pi: CH3,C2H5.) s lm tng nhit si do lin kt H bn hn
-Cc gc ht e (c lin kt pi: Phenyl,; halogenua: F-,Cl-,Br-,I-) s lm gim nhit si do lin kt H
km bn hn, gc ht cng mnh cng lm gim nhit si v cng xa nhm chc th lc tng tc li
cng yu i .
-Vi ancol: ng phn tert<sec<iso<n-ancol
nu c H2O: t0s ancol c 4 C tr ln > H2O (1000C) > ancol c 3 C
Ch vi cc hp cht thm c cha nhm chc OH ,-COOH ,-NH2
- Nhm th loi 1 ( khng cha lk pi :CH3 , C3H7 ) c tc dng y e vo nhn thm lm lin kt H
trong nhm chc km bn hn nn lm tng nhit si .
By Kaitorkid|Page 24
Ka
CH3OH
- 97
64,5
HCOOH
8,4
101
3,77
C2H5OH
- 115
78,3
CH3COOH
17
118
4,76
C3H7OH
- 126
97
C2H5COOH
- 22
141
4,88
C4H9OH
- 90
118
n - C3H7COOH
-5
163
4,82
C5H11OH
- 78,5
138
i C3H7COOH
- 47
154
4,85
C6H13OH
- 52
156,5
n C4H9COOH
- 35
187
4,86
C7H15OH
- 34,6
176
n- C5H11COOH
-2
205
4,85
H2O
100
CH2=CH- COOH
13
141
4,26
C6H5OH
43
182
(COOH)2
180
1,27
C6H5NH2
-6
184
C6H5COOH
122
249
4,2
CH3Cl
-97
-24
CH3OCH3
-24
C2H5Cl
-139
12
CH3OC2H5
11
C3H7Cl
-123
47
C2H5OC2H5
35
C4H9Cl
-123
78
CH3OC4H9
71
CH3Br
-93
HCHO
-92
-21
C2H5Br
-119
38
CH3CHO
-123,5
21
C3H7Br
-110
70,9
C2H5CHO
-31
48,8
CH3COC3H7
-77,8
101,7
CH3COCH3
-95
56,5
C2H5COC2H5
-42
102,7
CH3COC2H5
-86,4
79,6
Cht
Cht
trans
0
0
By Kaitorkid|Page 25
, , 4 , , 3 , 3 , 2 4
2 , 2 3 , 3 4
> 2 >
2 3 > 2 > > > 2 3 > 6 5 () (> 2 > 2 5 )
By Kaitorkid|Page 26
Part I
Ch : phn ny nhng khi nim cn nh ch c phn i cng KL, v vy mnh tch
ring ra ch i cng KL. Cc bn c ch s y hn (mnh vn gi li
phn ny m ko xa i cc bn chc chn l ko cn khi nim no na. Th 2 l cch
k bng ngn gn hn , bn no ph hp cch hc no th xem phn ^^ )
Khi nim
Tn
Nhm halogen
Nhm oxi
Nhm Cacbon
i cng KL
KL &
hp
kim
Hp kim
1 kl c
bn
Hp kim: l
vt liu KL
cha
1 s
kl\pk
#
Tc hp kim:
By Kaitorkid|Page 27
Cp oxi ha
kh
Pin &
in
phn
Cu mui
trong cu mui, cc cation (+) di chuyn sang cc (+), cc anion (-) di chuyn
sang cc (-)
Anot,catot
anot: ni xy ra s oxi ha
catot: ni xy ra s kh
trong pin : anot: (-), catot : (+)
trong f : anot: (+), catot: (-)
Th in cc
chun
Chiu P
OXHK (quy
tc )
S f
Hin tng
dng cc
tan
Th t f
vi anion: 2
1
n mn Kl
n mn hh
n mn in
ha
By Kaitorkid|Page 28
[Cc tn gi v c kh nh]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK
By Kaitorkid|Page 29
Lu hunh n t ( )
2,07 g/cm3
1,96 g/cm3
1130C
1100C
<95,50C
T 95,51190C
Cu to tinh th
Cu trc polime
Bn trong kk 0
Ko pht quang
Bc chy 0 > 2500
By Kaitorkid|Page 30
Hc khc
- Canxit : CaCO3
Nc kh: 2 rn
- Magiezit : MgCO3
Soa: 2 3
- Dolomit : CaCO3.MgCO3
Photgen: 2 ( + 2
Silic
2 )
- Ct (SiO2)
- Cao lanh (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
- Xecpentin (3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O)
- Fenspat (Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2)
Than ch
Cacbon v nh hnh
+ 2
+ 2
~44%, 2 , 2 , 2 ,
2 + 2
~25%, 2 , 2 ,
By Kaitorkid|Page 31
Part V: KL
1. Cc qung\hp cht kim loi
Qung\khong vt
KLK
,KLKT
B sung
Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H20
Xinvinit: NaCl.KCl
Nhm
Anotit: CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2
Boxit : Al2 O3 . 2H2 O
Berin : Al2 O3 . 3BeO. 6SiO2
Mika: K 2 O. Al2 O3 . 6SiO2 . 2H2 O
Cao lanh: Al2 O3 . 2SiO2 . 2H2 O
Fenspat: Na2 O. Al2 O3 . 6SiO2
Crom
Phn crom-kali :
K 2 SO4 . Cr2 (SO4 )3 . 24H2 O hay KCr(SO4 )2 . 12H2 O
C mu xanh tm, dng thuc da, lm cht cm
mu trong nhum vi ( D tng t phn chua)
St
St t oxit: Fe3 O4
Xementit: Fe3C
Xiderit : FeCO3
Hematit : Fe2O3
Hematit nu: Fe2O3.nH2O
Manhetit: Fe3O4
ng
Cancozin : Cu2S
Cuprit: Cu2O
Km
By Kaitorkid|Page 32
W-Co,Co-Cr-W-Fe,
Inva (Ni-Fe)
Dng trong k thut v tuyn
Inox
Fe-Cr-Mn
Thic hn
Sn-Pb
Ghi ch
c 0 thp (2100C)
Inva
Ni-Fe
dng trong k thut v tuyn
ng thau
Cu-Zn (45%Zn)
cng & bn hn ng
ch to cc chi tit my , thit b dng trong cn ng tu
bin
ng bch
Phn ny c th b gim
ti, mnh ko r nn cc bn
ng c phn ny vi ^^
Cu-Ni (25%Ni)
bn p, ko b n mn trong nc bin
dng trong cn tu thy (ch to chn vt tu bin,),
tuabin cho ng c my bay phn lc, c tin,
ng thanh
Cu-Sn
ch to my mc, thit b
Vng 9 cara
By Kaitorkid|Page 33
Part I: PHN BN HH
Phn bn ha hc l g?
Phn bn ha hc l nhng ha cht c cha cc nguyn t dinh dng, c bn cho cy nhm nng cao
nng sut cy trng
Ti sao phi bn phn bn hh cho cy?
Cy ng ha c C,O,H t kk & nc, cn i vi cc nguyn t khc (N,P,K,), cy hp th t t. t
trng trt b ngho dn cc nguyn t dd cn bn phn! ^^
S lc phn bn hh
By Kaitorkid|Page 34
Thnh phn
ha hc chnh
m amoni
m nitrat
Ur
NH4 Cl
NaNO3 16%N
Ur
(NH4)2SO4 21%N
Ca(NO3)2 17%N
(NH2)2CO 46%N
NH4NO3 35%N
iu ch
Axit + NH3
180 200 C
CO2 2 NH 3
200 atm
0
( NH 2 )2 CO H 2O
NH4+
Dng ion \
hp cht cy
ng ho
NO3-
NH4+
trong t, di td
ca VSV, b phn hy
NH3 or td H2O:
(NH2)2CO+2H2O(N
H4)2CO3
c im
d ht nc trong kk
& chy ra
tan nhiu trong nc
tc dng nhanh vi
cy nhng d b nc
ma ra tri
mu trng
tan good trong nc
Hm lng m cao, bn
cho mi loi t.
2. Ch v phn ln
Supephotphat n
Thnh phn ha
hc chnh v
hm lng
%P2O5
Phng php
iu ch
Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4
14 20%
Supephotphat kp
Ca(H2PO4)2
40 50%
Hn hp photphat v
silicat ca Ca v Mg
12 14%
Nung
qung
apatit\photphorit + x
vn (magie silicat) + than
cc trn 10000C trong
l ng v lm ngui
nhanh sp bng nc
Dng ion m cy
ng ho
H2 PO
4
c im
H2 PO4
Ion photphat
Khng tan trong nc
thch hp cho t chua
By Kaitorkid|Page 35
gm
CN
Silicat
xi mng
1.THY TINH
Thnh phn hh & tc
Thy tinh thng c dng lm ca knh, chai l,: l hn hp , & , vit gn
ng : . .
sx: nu chy 1 hh ct trng, vi & soa (14000 ):
62 + 3 + 2 3 2 . . 62 + 22
khng c cu trc tinh th, l cht v nh hnh khng c nhit nc xc nh.
1 s loi khc
Thy tinh
pha l
K2O.CaO.6SiO2
Cha PbO2
c
im
t0 nc & t0 ha mm
cao hn
Nhiu PbO2
t 0 ha mm cao,
d nng chy
& trong sut
h s n nhit rt
nh khng b
nt khi nng lnh
t ngt
Sx
Dng
lm
Dd m c ca
Na 2 SiO3 & K 2 SiO3
Ch to keo dn
thy tinh & s, sx xi
mng chu axit, cht
Dng c th
nghim, lng knh,
Khc
By Kaitorkid|Page 36
thu knh
2. gm
l vt liu c ch to ch yu t t st & cao lanh.
Phn loi theo cng dng
dng mindmap
By Kaitorkid|Page 37
Gch Gch
inat
chu
la
Gch
samt
93-96% SiO2
4-7% CaO & t st
Bt samt trn t st
& H2 O
Bt samt l t st
c nung nhit
rt cao ri
nghin nh
Snh
S
t st
Snh
Men
Cao lanh
Fanspat
1 s oxit KL
Men
Tp chnh ging s
Sx
nho vi nc
khi do, to hnh
sy kh & nung
900 10000 C
gch & ngi
Nung 1300
14000 C
c im
ng dng
thuc loi gm
xy dng
sau khi nung,
gch & ngi
thng c mu
do oxit trong
t st
lt l cao, l
luyn thp, l nu
thy tinh
Chu c nhit
1690 17200 C
t st nung
t 0 cao =
1200~13000 C
Cng, g ku,
mu nu or xm
nung ln 1:
10000 C, ri trng
men & trang tr
Cng
nung ln 2:
t 0 cao hn (14001450 C)
Men ph ln b
mt sp
c bng &
lp bo v ko thm
nc, to 1lp
men mng mt
ngoi ca snh
s k thut
ch to: vt liu
cch in, t in,
buzi nh la,
dng c TN
Xp
Mu trng
G ku
gm s dn dng
& s k thut
d nc hn s
Men ph ln b
mt sp, sau
nung ln t 0 thch
hp men bin
thnh lp thy tinh
che kn b mt sp
3. Xi mng
l loi vt liu kt dnh dng trong xy dng
quan trong nht: xi mng Pooclng
.c im & tphh xi mng Pooclng
cht bt min. mu lc xm
By Kaitorkid|Page 38
nghin nh
vi
nung hn
hp trong l
quay\l
ng
(1400
16000 )
trn vi t
st nhiu
2 & t
qung st=
pp kh\t
clanhke
ngui,
nghin
clanhke vi
1 s cht
ph gia ->
bt min
XI MNG
3CaO.SiO2+5H2OCa2SiO4.4H2O+Ca(OH)2
2CaO.SiO2+4H2OCa2SiO4.4H2O
3CaO.Al2O3+6H2OCa3(AlO3)2.6H2O
Hin nay, ngi ta cn sn xut cc loi xi mng c nhng tnh nng khc nhau: xi mng chu axit, xi
mng chu nc bin,...
nc ta c nhiu nh my xi mng ln nh nh my xi mng: Hi Phng, Hong Thch, Bm Sn...
By Kaitorkid|Page 39
Gang
Tp
Thp
L hp kim ca Fe vi C
l hp kim ca Fe vi C
khi lng C 2%
ngoi ra c 1 t Si,Mn,S,
ngoi ra c Si,Mn,Cr,Ni
Gang trng
Thp thng(thp
cacbon)
Thp c bit
L thp c thm cc ng t
khc (Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, W, V,)
Gang xm
t C
Nhiu C
t C
Rt t Si
Nhiu Si
t Si, Mn
Nhiu xementit
Rt t S,P
3
Rt cng & gin
TC
Km cng & km
gin hn
cng ph thuc
%C
Luyn thp
C nhng tc c hc rt qu:
thp Cr-Ni rt cng ch
to vng bi, v xe bc
thp,
thp ko g (74% Fe, 18%
Cr, 8% Ni) ch to dng
c y t, nh bp
thp W-Mo-Cr rt cng d
0 rt cao ch to li
dao ct gt kim loi cho my
tin, my phay
thp silic tnh n hi tt
ch to l xo, nhp oto
2. Sx
Sx gang
Nguyn
liu
Sx thp
gang trng\xm
cha\rt t P,S
st thp ph liu
cht chy 3
nhin liu: du ma zt \ kh t
oxi
CaO ha hp l cht
By Kaitorkid|Page 40
Ming l
2000
C ca thot ra kh l cao
P CO kh oxit st
4000C
Thn l
500-6000C
32 3 + 23 4 + 2
3 4 +
+ + 2
700-8000C
C+O2CO2
S+O2SO2
+ 2 2
4 + 52 22 5
10000C
3 + 2
13000C
+ 2 3
3 + 2 5 3 (4 )2
P to x
Bng l
+ 2 3
15000C
P to CO
Phu l
18000C
+ 2 2
2 + 2
Ni l
S to
thnh
gang
Cha x
Kk nng c thi vo
Ca tho
x
Tho x ra khi l
Ca tho
gang
Cc pp
luyn
thp
pp Bet x me (l thi
oxi)
pp l in (l h quang
in)
pp
Oxi nn di p sut
10atm c thi trn b
mt & trong lng gang nc
u
im
Kim sot c cc t l
cc ng t & b sung ngt
khc thp cht lng cao
N.sut
Max=300 tn thp/45min
1 m 300 tn/5-8h
Thng
k
12-15%
Hnh
v
Nhin
liu or
By Kaitorkid|Page 41
[i cng KL]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK
Tnh cht
chung
KL ring: max: Os, min: Li. Kl nh: D < 5 g/cm3, Kl nng: D > 5 g/cm3
Nhit nc: max: W, min: Hg (cht lng kt)
Tnh cht ring tnh cng: Cr > W > Fe > Cu & Al
1 kl c
bn
Hp kim: l
vt liu KL
cha
1 s
kl\pk
#
Tnh cht
ng dng
By Kaitorkid|Page 42
W-Co,Co-Cr-W-Fe,
Inva (Ni-Fe)
Inox
Fe-Cr-Mn
Thic hn
Sn-Pb
Ghi ch
c 0 thp (2100C)
Inva
Ni-Fe
dng trong k thut v tuyn
ng thau
Cu-Zn (45%Zn)
Phn ny c
th b gim
ti, cc bn ch
ng c
phn ny vi
^^
cng & bn hn ng
ch to cc chi tit my , thit b dng trong cn ng tu bin
ng bch
Cu-Ni (25%Ni)
bn p, ko b n mn trong nc bin
dng trong cn tu thy (ch to chn vt tu bin,), tuabin cho ng
c my bay phn lc, c tin,
ng thanh
Cu-Sn
ch to my mc, thit b
Vng 9 cara
By Kaitorkid|Page 43
vi anion: 2 42 42
ng dng f
c KL, 1 s PK,1 s HC
H2,O2,F2,Cl2,KMnO4,NaOH,H2O2, Giaven,...
anot tan: vng th
tinh ch 1 s kl
m in
tinh ch Au
anot: vt m:
Cu,Ag,..
catot: vt cn m
By Kaitorkid|Page 44
Part IV: S n mn KL
I. KN
L s ph hy KL\Hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi trng
II. n mn ha hc & n mn in ha
n mn ha hc
n mn in ha
L qt OXH-K , trong o cc e
ca KL uc chuyn trc tip
n cc cht trong mi trng
Ging
Khc
III. Chng n mn KL
PP bo v b mt
PP in ha
Part V: iu ch KL
pp
Pp thy
luyn\pp t
Pp nhit
luyn
Dng cht kh mnh (CO, CO, H2, Al, KLK, KLKT, ) kh ion KL
trong cc HC 0
KL trung bnh:
Zn,Fe,Sn,Pb
Pp in phn
Hu ht cc KL
2 + 4 2[()2 ] + 2
2[()2 ] + 2 [()4 ] + 2
By Kaitorkid|Page 45
Part I:
Khi nim
Tn
I CNG
P HC
HCHC
Ha hc HC
HCB
Dn xut
Nhm chc
ng ng
Nhng HC c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau 1\nhiu nhm CH2 nwhng cso
tc HH tng t nhau
ng phn
Cng thc
phi cnh
L mt loi CT lp th
Phn ct
ng li
By Kaitorkid|Page 46
Quy tc th
vng benzen
Quy tc cng
Macopnhicop
Quy tc
Zaixep
HCB
HCB
HCB
thm
Tnh thm
Ngun
HCB
thin
nhin
Bi ngun HCB thin nhin c tch ring ra thnh 1 ch . Xem chi tit .
Rifominh
Crackinh
Dn xut
halogen
Ancol
ANDEHIT-XETON-AXIT HC
Andehit
Xeton
By Kaitorkid|Page 47
Lipit
Sp
Steorit
Gm
sterol: Monoancol c gc HCB gm 4
vng chung cnh (vng gip nhau)
este ca sterol vi axit bo
Tn chung: triglixerit \
triaxylglixerol
Photpholipit
Axit bo
- L axit monocacboxylic
- c s chn ng t C (12-24C)
- ko phn nhnh
X phng
Cacbohidrat
Phn thnh 3
nhm chnh
monosacarit
isaccarit
polisacarit
ng phn
ng ct
ng phn
ng knh
Amino
axit
Amino axit
L loi hchc tp chc m phn t cha ng thi nhm amino (NH2) & nhm
cacboxyl (COOH)
Peptit
LK peptit
Peptit
By Kaitorkid|Page 48
Protein
Peptit phn
thnh 2 loi:
Protein
Chia 2 loi
Enzim
Bc I
l trnh t sp xp cc n v
trong mch Pr
Gi vng ch yu nh lk peptit.
Bc II
bc III
bc IV
Enzim
C 2 c
im
i
cng
Polime
Monome
Pt to nn tng mt xch
H s polime
ha \
polime ha
Phn loi
theo ngun gc
Trng hp
polime tng hp
polime trng hp
K: c lk bi\vng km bn
pt rt ln
Trng ngng
L qt kt hp nhiu phn t nh
(monome), ging nhau , tng t nhau
pt rt ln , ng thi gii phng nhng pt
Cht do &
tnh do
Vt lu
compozit
Tnh do l tnh b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p lc bn goi & vn
gi nguyn s bin dng khi vt thi tc dng
Thnh phn: gm cht nn l polime & cht n, ngoi ra, c cht ph gia khc.
Cht n phn tn vo cht nn nhng ko ha tan vo nhau.
Cc cht nn: nha nhit do\nha nhit rn
Cc cht n: cht si (bng, ay,)\cht bt (silicat, bt nh(CaCO3), bt
tan(3MgO.4SiO2.2H2O)
Keo dn
L loi vt liu c kh nng kt dnh 2 mnh vt liu ging nhau \ khc nhau m
ko lm bin i bn cht cc vt liu uc kt dnh
Bn cht l c th to ra 2 mng ht sc mng , bn vng (kt dnh ni) & bm
chc vo 2 mnh vt liu uc dn (kt dnh ngoi)
theo dng
keo
Keo dn hu c
Keo dn v c
Keo lng
Keo nha do
By Kaitorkid|Page 50
[Cc tn gi hu c kh nh]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK
CTCT
Tn gi
2 4
Etilen
2 2
Axetilen
2 = = 2
Butadien
2 = 2 3
3 = 3
2 4 (mch vng
, 0
Etilen oxit ( + 2
Propylen oxit
(2 ci cht ny d P trng hp ny^^)
6 5 2 3
Stiren
Tetralin
ecalin
6 4 (3 )2
Xilen
6 5 3
Toluen
6 5 (3 )2
Cumen
Ankadien
2 = = 2
anlen
Dn xut
halogen
Clorofom
Ch yu l ,
Freon
6 4 3
Crezol
o-6 4 ()2
Catechol (benzen-1,2-iol)
p-6 4 ()2
Hidroquinone (bezen-1,4-iol)
Ancol-phenol
By Kaitorkid|Page 51
Andehit
HCHO
Fomandehit
Dung dch 37-40% HCHO/H2O: fomalin
(hay fomon) ngm xc v, thuc da,
ty u, tit trng
(2 )
Polioximetylen\Parafom
cc l ng 40% HCHO, sau 1 thi gian
bo qun thng thy xut hin 1 lp
bt mu trng lng xung y bnh.
l sn phm t trng hp ca HCHO
Axit
cacboxylic
3 =
Axetanehit\anehit axetic
2 =
Propenal\Acrolein
3 2 =
3 = =
Crotonanehit\anehit crotonic
(3 )2 2 =
Isovaleranehit\anehit isovaleric
Axit axetic
2 5
Axit propionic
2 []2
Axit butyltric
(3 )2
Axit isobutylric
3 [2 ]3
Axit valeric
2 3
Axit acrylic
2 = (3 )
Axit metacrylic
Axit malonic
[2 ]3
[2 ]4
Axit aipic
6 5
Axit benzoic
By Kaitorkid|Page 52
AXIT BO:
1,4 6 4
Axit terephtalic
15 31 (256)
Axit panmitic
17 35 (284)
Axit stearic
17 33 (282)
Axit oleic
17 31 (280)
Axit liloneic
Axit khc
() ()
3 ()
()()
1,2 6 4
Axit salixylic
Anhidrit
Anhirit phtalic
(3 )2
Anhirit axetic
B sung Axit bo
-axit panmitic:
3 [2 ]14
15 31
256
-axit stearic
3 [2 ]16
17 35
284
3 [2 ]7 = [2 ]7
17 33
282
17 31
280
-axit oleic
-axit liloneic
cacbohidrat
Page 53 of 88| Kin thc b lng qun
By Kaitorkid|Page 53
: 180
*glucozo
*frutozo:
*mantozo
By Kaitorkid|Page 54
*xenlulozo:
Amin
Pirolidin:
Amino axit
By Kaitorkid|Page 55
CTCT
PE
(CH2 CH2 )n
PVC
(CH2 CH(Cl) )n
28n
62,5n
PP (polipropylen)
PS (polistiren)
xt, to, p
nCH CH2
C6H5
CH CH2 n
C6H5
PVA
(polivinylaxetat)
nCH2
Polivinylancol
(CH2 CH(OH) )n
PMM\Poli(metyl
metacrylat)
CH OCOCH3
xt, to, p
xt, to, p
nCH2 CH COOCH3
CH3
metyl metacrylat
Poli(phenolfomanehit) (PFF)
CH CH2 n
OCOCH3
CH3
CH CH2 n
COOCH3
poli(metyl metacrylat) (PMM)
C 3 dng:
nha novolac: un nng hn hp fomanehit v phenol ly d vi
xc tc axit nha novolac (mch khng phn nhnh):
OH
OH
+
+ nHCHO
H ,t
CH2
+ nH2O
Teflon:
T:
Tn
CTCT
Ghi ch
Nilon 6 (T Capron)
(NH[CH2 ]5 CO )n
poliamit
Nilon 7 (t enang)
(NH[CH2 ]6 CO )n
poliamit
Nilon-6,6
(NH[CH2 ]6 NH CO[CH2 ]4 CO )n
226n
poliamit
T lapsan
(CO C6 H4 CO O C2 H4 O )n
192n
polieste
53n
B sung:
Caprolactam:
By Kaitorkid|Page 56
T axetat: Xenlulozo triaxetat: [C6 H7 O2 (COCCH3 )3 ]n , l t bn tng hp l sn phm khi cho Xenlulozo tc
dng anhidrit axetic (CH3 CO)2 O
T visco: l t bn tng hp. Sn phm ca p gia Xenlulozo vi CS2 (cacbon isunfua) v NaOH l 1
dung dch rt nht gi l visco. Khi bm dung dch ny qua nhng l rt nh (ng knh 0,1mm) ngm trong
dung dch H2 SO4 long, xenlulozo c gii phng ra di dng nhng si di v mnh, ng mt nh t, gi
l t visco.
Cao su
Tn
Cao su
buna
CTCT
Na, t
nCH2=CHCH=CH2
CH2 CH CH CH2
Cao su
bunaS
nCH2
Cao su
bunaN
o
nCH2 CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt
cao su
isopren
Cao su
clopren
o
CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt
54
CH2 CH CH CH2
C6H5
CH CH2
CN
nCH2
CH
to, p, xt
C CH2
Cl
C6H5
CH2
CH
68
CH2 n
Cl
Keo dn
Keo dn epoxi:
ur fomanhit: ( 2 )
= 72
CTGN
(4 6 ) (6 5 2 3 ) = 54x + 104y
(2 3 ) 2 31 +1
= 73,2%: = 1
= 66,7%~67% = 2
: %Cl=
{
62,5+34,5
= 64% = 3
35,5(+1)
(5 8 ) 5 82 2 : %S=
64
68+62
35,5
(5 8 ) 5 8+1 : %Cl=
68+36,5
By Kaitorkid|Page 57
Xianuahidrin:
Anhirit axit: (= ) (= )
Halogenua axit: (= )
Amit : (= ) 2
Nomex:
Koel:
2,4-D ( 2,4-iclophenolxiaxetic) :
2,4,5-T ( 2,4,5-triclophenolxiaxetic) :
ioxin:
By Kaitorkid|Page 58
Part I: DU M
I . Trng thi t nhin , tc vl & tp hh ______________________________________________
* Tp ha hc
l 1 hh phc tp gm hng trm HCB thuc cc loi ankan, xicloankan, aren
ngoi ra c 1 lng nh CHC cha O, N, S & vt cc Cht v c
By Kaitorkid|Page 59
1 t
CHC
cha
O, N, S
Du m: 1
hh phc tp
vt cc
cht
v c
Du cc m khc nhau
thng c tp cc loi HCB & tp cht rt khc nhau
nhng tp nguyn t thng nh nhau: ch yu : C (83-87%) H(11-14%) 1 lng nh S,O,N
kim loi nng (1 phn triu\ phn vn)
Lu hunh c trong nhin liu s gy hi cho ng c
* Ch bin du m bao gm chng ct du m & ch ha du m
II
CHNG CT DU M ________________________________________________________
3. Chng ct di p thp
Phn cn li sau khi chng ct p sut thng (c th chim ti 40% du th) l mt hn hp nht
c, mu en, gi l cn mazut.
Khi chng ct cn mazut di p sut thp, ngoi phn on linh ng hn dng crackinh ngi ta
thu c du nhn ( bi trn my), vazlin v parafin (dng trong y dc, dng lm nn,...). Cn
en cn li c gi l atphan dng ri ng.
Tt c qu trnh chng ct du m tch ly cc sn phm nh trnh by trn c gi l tinh ct,
hoc thng thng cn gi l " lc du ".
By Kaitorkid|Page 60
III
Aren > anken c nhnh > ankan c nhnh > xicloankan c nhnh > anken ko nhnh > xicloankan ko
nhnh > ankan ko nhnh
isooctan (2,2,4-trimetylpentan
rt tt)
1 Rifominh
Ti sao phi Rifominh?
V xng thu c t chng ct du m c ch s octan thp (v cha ch yu cc ankan ko phn nhnh)
Th no l Rifominh?
L qu trnh dng xc tc & nhit bin i cu trc ca HCB t ko phn nhnh phn nhnh , t ko thm
thm
Trong qt Rifominh xy ra 3 loi p ch yu sau:
chuyn ankan mch thng nhnh & xicloankan:
By Kaitorkid|Page 61
2 Crackinh
L qt b gy phn t HCB mch di cc phn t HCB mch ngn hn nh td nhit (crackinh nhit) \
ca xc tc & nhit (crackinh xc tc)
Crackinh nhit
0 = 700~9000 , ch yu nhm to ra eten, propen, buten & penten dng lm monome sx polime
Cracking xc tc
ch yu nhm chuyn HCB mch di ca cc phn t on c 0 xng nhin liu
Tp
%V
Khi m du
Kh TN
Metan
50-70
70-95
Etan
~20
2-8
Propan
~11
~2
Butan
~4
~1
Pentan (kh)
~2
~1
~12
~4-20
By Kaitorkid|Page 62
By Kaitorkid|Page 63
[Danh php hu c]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK, moon.vn
Part I: iu cn bit
1. Tn cc nhm chc
STT
Tn gi
CT
Nhm Hidroxyl
-OH
Nhm Oxi
-O-
Nhm Fomyl
-CHO
Nhm cacbonyl
>C=O
Nhm Cacboxyl
-COOH
-COO-
Amin bc I
-NH2
Amin bc II
-NH-
Amin bc III
-N<
2 tn 1 s gc HCB
Loi
CT
Tn gi
Gc ha tr I
No ko nhnh
()
Ankyl
V d: metyl, etyl,
No c nhnh
(3 )2
(3 )2 2
3 2 (3 )
3 (3 )2
3 (3 ) 2 2
3 (3 )2 2
3 2 (3 )2
By Kaitorkid|Page 64
2 =
Vinyl \etenyl
2 = 2
2 = (3 )
Anlyl \propen-3-yl
Isopropenyl \1-metylvinyl
mch chnh l mch ko no nh s bt
u t nguyn t C c ha tr t do
Thm
6 5
Phenyl
6 5 2
Benzyl
Mch C chnh
mono
met
et
tri
prop
tetra
but
penta
pent
hexa
hex
hepta
hept
octa
oct
nona
non
10
eca
ec
Khng xut
pht t s m
Xut pht
t s m
Part II: Danh php IUPAC & gc chc tng loi HCHC
Loi
Quy tc
V d
HCB
Ankan
Ko phn nhnh:
Tn mch chnh
Metan,.
an
Phn nhnh:
s ch v tr-tn nhnh
tn mch chnh
an
u gn nhnh n gin hn
gi tn mch nhnh theo th t ABC
Xicloankan
S ch v tr-tn nhnh
an
By Kaitorkid|Page 65
S ch v tr-tn nhnh
Tn mch chnh
-v tr-en
(Tng t anken)
ch : u tin ni i hn ni ba
Dn xut halogen, ancol, phenol
Dx
Halogen
Tn gc chc=
Tn gc HCB + halogenua
2 2 : 1,2-icloetan
Tn thay th:
Ancol
2 = : vinyl clorua
Tn thng thng
Ancol+tn gc HCB+ic
Tn thay th:
Butan-2-ol;
2-metylpropan-1-ol;
3,7-imetyloct-6en-1-ol,
nh s b t pha gn OH hn
ANEHIT-XETON-AXIT CACBOXYLIC
Anehit
IUPAC:
al
Metanal, etanal,
IUPAC:
on
But-3-en-2-ol
ESTE (RCOOR,)
Este
Metyl axetat,
By Kaitorkid|Page 66
Amino
axit
Tn 1 s
V tr
S Hi Lp
Mch chnh
- Locant - cha bo ha
dng hu t en\in\an
dng hu t, c th c
tin t s m
By Kaitorkid|Page 67
phn cch cc tin t cu to (sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-,) & cc tin t v tr (ortho-,) vi cc phn cn
li. Cc tin t ny ko c vit hoa d u cu.
V d: sec-butyl clorua
khong trng : dng phn cch cc t trong danh php gc chc)
mc () dng :
tch ring cho r mt gc phc tp m tip tc c nhnh ring
V d:
CT
Tin t
Ch c tin t
F-
Flo-
Cl-
Clo-
Br-
Brom-
I-
Iot-
-NO2
Nitro-
-OR
(R)oxi-
C c tin t &
hu t
Hu t
Axit -oic
-(C)OOH
-COOH
Cacboxi-
Axit -cacboxylic
-(C)HO
Oxo-
-al
-CHO
Fomyl-
-cacbanehit
>C=O
Oxo-
-on
-OH
Hiroxi-
-ol
-NH2
Amino-
-amin
(ch : C trong -(C)OOH & -(C)HO l C c tnh trong mch chnh, khng tnh trong nhm th)
Nhm chc chnh:
tp chc: th t u tin: axit (-COOH) anhidrit axit Este (-COO-)halogenua axitamitanehit
(CHO) xeton(>C=O)ancol (-OH) & phenol amin ete (-O-)
vi HCB: ni i ni 3
Page 68 of 88| Kin thc b lng qun
By Kaitorkid|Page 68
di nht
max lk i, ba ( u tin lk i)
Nu c vng:
khi mch thng c nhiu C hn mch vng th chn mch thng l mch chnh
khi mch thng c t C hn vng v ko cha nhm chc th chn mch vng lm mch chnh
mch thng m c nhm chc th u tin chn mch thng l mch chnh
nhiu vng ri rc chn mch thng l chnh
nh s:
B1: chn C1
cn 1 s quy tc khc trong chn mch chnh, nh s, nhng chc ko cn thit cho thi H nn thui
mnh ko a vo ^^
By Kaitorkid|Page 69
By Kaitorkid|Page 70
MORE
MORE
Part I: V c
Phn I. n cht
halogen: F2 ko tan trong nc v phn hy nc mnh.
Cl2,I2,Br2 tan tng i t trong nc & tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c (nht l hexan &
CCl4)
Phn II. Kh v c
NH3 tan rt nhiu trong nc. Th nghim nc chy ngc chng minh tnh tan
Tng t HCl cng vy, c bit:
dd HCl c: cht lng ko mu, mi xc, bc khi: trong kk m.
, dd HCl c nht : 37%, D>H2O. Khi un nng, u tin HCl bay ra cng vi lng nh hi
nc. n khi CddHCl=20,2 HCl & H2O to thnh 1 hh ng ph , si
CO2 tan nhiu trong nc (kt, 1 lt H2O ho tan 1 lt CO2)
Phn III. Axit v c & hc khc
H2 SiO3 ko tan /H2O
H2O2 : lng ko mu, nng hn nc, tan trong nc bt k t l no.
Phn III. Mui & M(OH)n
Phn ny cc bn c bng tnh tan ri suy ra cch nh cng c. ^^
ngoi l: 2 3 hi t tan
Tt c cc mui Na+, K+, NH4+ tan
Mui halogen
Page 71 of 88| Kin thc b lng qun
By Kaitorkid|Page 71
Hu ht cc mui Cacbonat(
), sunfit( ) , Silicat ( ), Photphat ( ) khng tan ,
nhng:
mui vi + , + , + , + , 4+ tan
2 3 , 3 4 t tan
cc mui cacbonat ca KL ha tr III nh 2 (3 )3 , 2 (3 )3 , 2 (3 )3 khng tn ti trong
nc, Chng b thy phn hon ton trong nc to hidroxit kt ta & CO2
Hu ht cc hidroxit dng M(OH)n ca KL khng tan nhng:
vi KLK: MOH, () , tan
() , () t tan
, , b phn tch trong nc to oxit KL & H2O
Part II: Hu c
y cp n tnh tan, nh \ nng hn nc, tnh tan trong dung mi HC & tnh ha tan ca cc
loi HCHC
1Sp xp theo loi:
Loi
HCB
khng tan hoc rt t tan /H2O, tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh benzen, ru, ete...
tt c cc akan u khng tan /H2O (chng th hin tnh k nc), khi trn vi nc tch
lp & ni ln trn
c bit Benzen c th ha tan brom, iot, lu hunh, cao su, cht bo,
striren nh hn nc
Nng cao:
Dx halogen
(Nng cao)
cng hu nh ko tan /H2O, tan good trong cc dung mi ko phn cc (HCB, ete,)
Este
By Kaitorkid|Page 72
Polime
Ancol
Anehit &
xeton
Axit
cacboxylic
Axit fomic, axit axetic, axit propionic (tc C1C3 no) tan v hn trong nc
s C tng tan gim dn
Amino axit
Cacbohidrat
Amin
Protein
2 More
Tt c cc mui axetat(CH3COO-) tan.
Hu ht cc mui Oxalat ( 2 42 ) khng tan tr mui vi KLK, amoni
3. (ang b sung)
By Kaitorkid|Page 73
Part I: V c
2. Mui hidrocacbonat: b nhit phn to mui trung ha, phn ng rt d xy ra, ngay c khi un nng
dung dch.
t0
V d: +
Mui nitrat ca KL t Mg Cu b nhit phn thnh oxit KL + 2 + 2 :
V d: ( ) + +
Mui nitrat ca Ag, Au, Hg,(sau Cu) b phn hy thnh KL + 2 + 2 :
V d: + +
4. Cc mui\hp cht khc ca nit:
0
3 2 + 2
0
4 () 3 () + ()
0
4 3
2 + 22
By Kaitorkid|Page 74
4 3
2 + 2 + 22
2
0 (5000 )
2
2002500
5 23 4
4005000
4 2 7
2 + 2 + 22
2
4 2 7 + 2
23 + 2
7 Amoni icromat:
8 32 3
23 4 +
2
4 3 3 + 2 + 2
( ) + +
3.Cc mui cacbonat ca KL ha tr III nh ( ) , ( ) , ( ) khng tn ti trong nc,
Chng b thy phn hon ton trong nc to hidroxit kt ta & CO2
4.mui sunfua ca kim loi ha tr III nh , , khng tn ti trong nc. Trong nc chng
b thuy phn to hidroxit kt ta & 2
5. , , b phn tch trong nc to oxit KL + H2O
6.
By Kaitorkid|Page 75
Vd: + 2 2
Part II: hu c
[Lm kh kh m]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: ti liu ca tc gi TQS (khng r tn chnh xc)
[ bng tng hp ]
H2SO4
CaO
NaOH
CaCl2
By Kaitorkid|Page 76
Part I: V c
Cht
Tc hi
Nhm Halogen
Kh Clo
Mui florua
Kh ko mu, mi c bit, rt c
Brom
Rt c, ri vo da gy bng nng
Nhm Oxi
Ozon ( )
Photpho
Nng hn kk, mu nu , c
By Kaitorkid|Page 77
CO2
(ang cp nht)
Part I: Hu c
Cht
Tc hi
HCB
Benzen &
toluen
Axit glutamic
Bt ngt
By Kaitorkid|Page 78
[Mu sc kh nh]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK, hoahocngaynay.com
Part I: V c
I Mu sc hp cht\ion KL
Loi
Cht rn
Ion(dd)
Kt ta (cng l cht
rn)
Trng
bc
KMnO4 tm
K 2 MnO4 lc thm
Natri
Trng
bc
Canxi
Xm bc
CaC2 O4 trng
CaCO3 trng
CaSO3 trng
Bari
Trng
bc
BaCrO4 vng ti
BaSO4 trng
BaSO3 trng
BaCO3 trng
Ba3 (PO4 )2 trng
Ba(HPO4 )2 trng
Mg
Trng
bc
Mg(OH)2 trng
Nhm
Trng
bc
dd AlCl3 ko mu
Km
Xm
nht nh
lam
dd ZnSO4 ko mu
Zn(OH)2 trng
Crom
Trng
bc
Cr2O3 lc
CrO3 thm
Phn crom-kali
(2 4 . 2 (4 )3 . 242 )
mu xanh tm
42
2 72
CrCl2 lc sm
Cr(OH)2 vng
Kali
By Kaitorkid|Page 79
Trng
xm
FeO, Fe3 O4 en
Fe2 O3
FeSO4 . 7H2 O xanh lc
dd Fe(SCN)3 mu
dd FeCl2 lc nht
dd FeCl3 vng
ng
CuO en
Cu2O gch
CuCl2 khan mu trng
CuSO4 khan mu trng
CuSO4.5H2O xanh
dd Cu(NO3 )2 xanh
Cu(OH)2 xanh lam
dd CuCl2 xanh
CuS en
dd CuSO4 mu xanh lam
Phc Cu2+ lun xanh lam
Bc
Bc
Vng
Vng
Niken
Trng
bc
Thic
Trng
bc
Ch
Hi xanh
Mangan
FeS en
Fe(OH)2 trng xanh
(ha nu ngoi kk)
Fe(OH)3 nu
AgCl trng
AgBr vng nht
AgI vng m
Ag 3 PO4 vng
Ag2CrO4 gch
Ag2S en
Hn hng (Hg-Au) trng
Phc [(3 )6 ]2+
xanh lc
Ni+ lc nht
Ni(OH)2 xanh lc
NiS en
4 tm hng
Dd 2 xanh lc
Cd
CdS vng
2+ hng
Co
Hg
HgS
HgI2
ti sao mnh li tch cht rn & kt ta ring? V th l cht rn nhng cht rn vn c th tan trong
nc. V d CuCl2 khan & CuCl2 dung dch,
bng ny c th cn thiu\tha(v ko c trong sgk), nu pht hin sai st th cc bn t sa nha, c th pm
cho mnh th cng tt ^^
II Mu sc ngn la
Cht\Ion
Ni+
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Ba2+
CO chy trong kk
Thao tc\P
t chy trn ngn la v sc
2CO+O22CO2
Mu ngn la
Ngn la mu thm
Ngn la mu vng ti
Ngn la mu tm hng
Ngn la mu da cam
Ngn la mu lc (hi vng)
Ngn la mu lam nht
HC
CuS ,FeS ,Fe2S3 ,Ag2S ,PbS ,HgS, CdS
en
ZnS
Trng
CdS
Vng
Hu ht u mu trng (BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4,)
Mu
By Kaitorkid|Page 80
n cht\hp cht
Kh Cl2
Nc Clo
Mu
Vng lc
Vng nht
Part II: Hu c
(phn ny ko cn thit lm v c bn cc cht ny u quen thuc ^^)
Mu sc
KT TA
trng
trng
vng
phenol
keo trng
R-C=C-Ag or Ag-C=C-Ag
vng
HCB
Tt c cc HCB u ko mu
By Kaitorkid|Page 81
I.
Ion
Li+
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Ba2+
Thuc th
ION KL
t chy trn ngn
la v sc
2
CrO2
4 \Cr2 O7
Mg 2+
Al3+
Zn2+
Cr 3+
Fe3+
Cu2+
Ag +
Hin tng
Ngn la mu thm
Ngn la mu vng ti
Ngn la mu tm hng
Ngn la mu da cam
Ngn la mu lc (hi
vng)
vng ti
tinh th mu trng
trng nhng ko tan
trng tan
trng ko tan
Phc mu
HF
AgF tan ko c P
AgCl trng
HCl
AgBr vng nht
HBr
AgI vng m
HI
Ag 2 S en
H2 S
Ag 3 PO4 vng
H3 PO4
Dd NH3
trng tan trong NH3 d
2+
Dd KI
PbI2 vng
Pb
Dd Na2 S, H2 S
PbS en
Dd kim
trng tan trong kim d
Page 82 of 88| Kin thc b lng qun
Ba2+ + CrO2
4 BaCrO4
2+
Ba + Cr2 O2
7 + H2 O BaCrO4
+2H +
Mg 2+ + HPO
4 + NH3 MgNH4 PO4
By Kaitorkid|Page 82
Dd KI
Dd Na2 S, H2 S
HgI2
HgS
Dd mt mu
keo H2SiO3
Dd t mu vng cam
Dd t mu cam vng
242 + 2 + 2 72 + 2
Cd2+
OH
NO
3
SO2
4
Cl
Br
I
S 2
PO3
4
CO2
3
SO2
3
SiO
3
CrO24
Cr2 O2
7
ANION
Dd I2
HCl, CO2
H+
Thuc th
Cht rn
Axit
NH3
HIn tng
Ko tan
Kh
AgCl tan
AgBr ch tan trong NH3 d
AgI ko tan c trong NH3 c (ch tan trong KCN & Na2S2O3 v to
phc)
CO2 (ko
mu, ko
mi)
SO2 (ko
mu, mi
hc,c)
Cl2 (vng
lc, hc,
c)
NO2 (nu
, c)
H2S (mi
trng
thi)
NH3 (ko
mu,
khai)
NO (ko
mu)
CO(ko
mu)
H2
O2
HCl
Cht kh
Nc brom, KMnO4,
cnh hoa hng
Ko mt mu
Mt \nht mu thuc th
KI & h tinh bt
Lm xanh h tinh bt
Nc brom
Dd nht\mt mu
Tinh bt mu xanh
5Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2 O 10HCl + HBrO3
Lm lnh
Kh mu nu nht dn
sang ko mu
FeSO4 20%
Phc thm
FeSO4 + NO Fe(NO)SO4
Dd PdCl2
, si bt kh
CO + PdCl2 + H2 O Pd +2HCl +
CO2
I2
By Kaitorkid|Page 83
Nhn bit
c
Bezen
Toluen
Nc Br2
Phenol,
anilin
Hin tng
Bezen ch p
chm vi Br2
khan xt Fe
p nhanh hn
to 2 f o,p
trng
OH
OH
+ 3Br2
Br
Br
Br
+ 3HBr
By Kaitorkid|Page 84
NH2
Br
+ 3Br2
Br
+ 3HBr
Br
Br2//CCl4
HNO3 c
=
-CHO
Protein (vd:
abumin,..)
Dd phai\mt
mu
Dd phai mu
Ko p
vng
V ko c H2O
Nhm C6 H4 OH ca 1 s gc amino axit trong pr
p vi HNO3 :
( vng)
Cu(OH)2
(c th c
thm
NaOH)
Cu(OH)2,
(c th c
thm
NaOH)
CuO
Tripeptit tr
ln
Cu(OH)2 y c c t p CuSO4+NaOH
Ancol t nht
2 (-OH) k
nhau
(glixerol,
etilenglicol,
glucozo,)
Dd xanh l trong
sut
Tinh bt &
saccarozo
-CHO
Ko p
AgNO3/NH3
CH2 OH
HO CH2
CH2 OH HO CH2
CH OH + Cu(OH)2 + HO CH CH O Cu O CH + 2H2O
CH2 OH
HO CH2
CH2 OH HO CH2
Cu2O gch
V ko tan trong nc
t0
To Cu , sp cho
p trng gng
Ancol bc II
To Cu , sp ko
trng gng
Ko p
Ko hin tng
To sau 5
Ancol bc III
Thuc th
Ancol bc I
Lucas
Ancol bc II
(ZnCl2/HCl)
Ancol bc III
Axit nitro
HNO2
(=NaNO2+
HCl)
Amin bc I,
0
Amin thm
bc I,
0 (0
50 )
R-CH
To ngay
Thot kh N2
To mui iazoni
t
R CH = O + Cu + H2O
R CH2 OH + CuO
0
t
R CO R + Cu + H2O
R CH2OH R + CuO
ZnCl
ZnCl2
R CHCl R +H2 O
R3 C OH + HCl
R3 C Cl +H2 O
C2 H5 NH2 + HONO C2 H5 OH + N2 +H2 O
050 C
C6 H5 N2+ Cl + 2H2 O
vng
HC CH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH Ag C C Ag + 2H2O
+ 4NH3
RC CH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH RC CAg + H2O +
2NH3
By Kaitorkid|Page 85
-CHO
trng
0
Dd KMnO4, =
P ko cn , 3CH2 = CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3HOCH2CH2OH +
mt trung
dd phai mu tm, 2MnO2 + 2KOH
tnh
en
3CHCH+8KMnO4 3HOOCCOOH + MnO4+8KOH
CH = CH2
CHOH = CH2OH
+ 2MnO2 + 2H2O
+ 2KMnO4 4H2O
Toluen
Dd KMnO4,
mt
+ (thng
l H2SO4)
Dd NaHSO3
Dd iot
CuCl trong
NH3
(COOH)2,
(COOK)2,
stiren,
-CHO
Tinh bt
R-CC-H
P cn
0 (80
1000 ), dd phai
mu tm, en
en, c CO2
COOK
CH3
HO
2
+ 2KMnO4
0
80-100 C
+ 2MnO2 +KOH+H2O
C kt tinh
To dd xanh tm,
khi un nng,
mu xanh tm
bin mt,
ngui,mu li
xut hin
Qu (ci ny (NH2)xR(COOH)y
d ri^^)
x>y
x<y xanh
x=y tm
-COOH
amin
xanh
RNH3Cl
Phenol &
Ko i mu qu
anilin
(cn
nhiu )
Vi sa
sacarozo
DD trong sut,
C12H22O11 + Ca(OH)2 C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O
khi thi CO2 vo
C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O +CO2 C12H22O11+CaCO3+2H2O
th vn c
B sung:
Phn bit cc loi dn xut Halogen (thuc chng trnh NC):
Ankyl halogenua ko p H2O (c 0 ) , b thy phn khi un nng vi dd kim:
0
3 2 2 + 3 2 2 +
Dx loi anlyl halogenua b thy phn ngay khi un si vi nc:
= 2 + 2 = 2 +
(halogen nh trc tip vng benzen)
=
0
ko p dd kim thng cng nh khi un si. Chng ch P dd kim thp & p cao:
3000 ,200
6 5 + 2
6 5 + + 2
By Kaitorkid|Page 86
(ang cp nht)
By Kaitorkid|Page 87
Kt
Ks2N
By Kaitorkid|Page 88