Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC M THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC

BI BO CO:

VI SINH TRONG CH BIN

THC PHM V THC PHM LN MEN
TRUYN THNG

Ch :

GVHD : L Quang Tr, PhD

SVTH:
1. L Th Anh Thin
0853010867
2.Trn Th M Vn
0853011079
3.H Th Kh Vi
0853011082
4.Hong Xun Tin
0853010942
5.H Hong Sang
0853010751

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

A.Gii thiu
Chao l ti kh th v trong thc phm. Tuy ch l mt mn n dn d
bnh thng nhng n li c mt vai tr kh quan trng trong nn vn ha m thc
ca chu ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring. Bi v nu ph mai l mn n ph
bin ca ngi chu u th chao c th xem l mn ph mai ph bin ca ngi
chu . Theo quy trnh sn xut, l mt sn phm ln men truyn thng :hoa
sa u c ln men mc di tc ng ca nm mc iu kin thch hp, to
ra sn phm b dng (v cha nhiu acid amin), li va c hng v c trng.
Chao c mt Vit Nam t rt lu i v ph bin, nht l khi xu hng
n chay ca ngi Vit Nam ngy cng ph bin. Vit Nam, chao l mt thc
phm rt quen thuc. trong rt nhiu bp Vit, h chao nm cnh cc h mm
mui khc nh l mt gia v khng th thiu. ta c th xem chao l mt mn n,
mt thc phm chuyn bit hoc mt loi gia v.
Ty theo mi vng min m c cch ch bin chao cng nh cch n chao khc
nhau. Hu, ngi ta by tht lut n km vi cc loi qu v, chui cht, da leo,
kh vi bt nc chm l chao cha nh tan vi chanh. V mn tht tr nn thm
v bo.
Si Gn, mn chao ph bin nht trn bn nhu ca qunlu d. Bit
bao ngi tng khen nc n ci mn nh d nng. V tt c u ng thanh
nht tr rng, ci mn c y thiu chao th khng ngon. Mi qun u c cch pha
ch nc chm khc nhau nhng tng trng l chao ha tan vi nc chao,
ng, chanh hoc gim va n v c sn st. bt chao ngon th khi chm
ming tht vo, chao bm ly mt lng va , khng qu nht cng khng qu
mn. Ming nh d tr nn ngt l v vng vn hoi ci bo ca chao trn u
li.
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

B.TNG QUAN V CHAO

1. Nguyn liu
a. Gii thiu v cy u nnh:
u nnh l mt loi cy trng ngn ngy, c nhiu tc dng nh: cung cp
thc phm cho ngi, nguyn liu cho cng nghip, thc n cho gia sc, nng sn
xut khu v cy lun, xen canh ci to t tt.
Cy u nnh vi tn khoa hc l Glycin max(L) Merrill, l mt trong s
cy trng c lch s lu i nht ca loi ngi.
Da vo s a dng v hnh thi, Fukuda(1993) v v sau nhiu nh khoa
hc khc cng thng nht rng, u nnh c ngun gc t Mn Chu (Trung
Quc) xut pht t mt loi u nnh di, thn mnh, dng dy leo, tn khoa hc
G. soja Sieb & Zucc (t. Hymovits, 1970). Trong mt s cng trnh nghin cu, cc

nh khoa hc dng tn G.usuriensis thay cho tn trn. T Trung Quc, u

nnh lan truyn dn khp th gii. Theo cc nh nghin cu Nht Bn, vo khong
200 nm trc cng nguyn, u nnh c a vo Triu Tin v sau c
pht trin sang Nht. n gia th k 17, u nnh mi c nh thc vt hc
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

ngi c Engelbert Caempfer a v Chu u v n nm 1954 u nnh mi

c du nhp vo M.
T lu cc nh khoa hc mnh danh u nnh l mt loi tht khng
xng do thnh phn ca n rt giu m thc vt. Loi m ny rt tt thay
th cho tht ng vt v c t m v cholesteron. Bn thn u nnh c nhiu m
cht hn tht, nhiu calium hn sa b, nhiu lecithin hn trng v y cc
amino acid cn thit m c th khng to ra c(8 loi )
Cht lng u ca nc ta tng i tt, c hm lng protein cao. Trong
u nnh c mu vng l tt nht nn c trng v s dng nhiu hn c.
u nnh l cy ly ht, cy c du quan trng bc nht ca th gii, ng
hng th t sau cy la m, la nc v ng. Nm1994, sn lng bt protein v
bt ly du t u nnh trn ton th gii tng ng l 80,2 triu tn v 78,1 triu
tn.
Do kh nng thch ng kh rng nn n c trng khp nm chu lc,
nhng tp trung nhiu nht l chu M 73,03% tip n l chu 23,15% Hng
nm trn th gii trng khong 54 56 triu ha u nnh (1990 1992) vi sn
lng khong 13114 triu tn. Thi k nm 1990 1992 so vi thi k t nm
1979 1981, sn lng u nnh tng ln 26,1% cn din tch s dng tng
8,8% (FAO, 1992).
Hin nay 88% sn lng u nnh th gii c tp trung 4 quc gia: M
(52%), Brazil (17%), Argentina (10%), Trung Quc (9%). Phn cn li phn b
cc nc sau: Canada, n , Indonesia, Nht, Bc & Nam Triu Tin, Mexico,
Paraguay, Rumani v Nga.
b. Gi tr dinh dng ca u nnh:
u nnh c nhiu nh khoa hc xem nh l cha kha gii quyt nn
thiu protein trong dinh dng ca con ngi. u nnh cn c dng cha
bnh tiu ng, suy nhc thn kinh, suy nhc dinh dng
Cht lng u nnh ca nc ta tng i tt, protein khong 3840%,
trng lng 1000 ht : 90120g, ht vng hoc xanh, rn ht nu hoc en. Mt s
ging mi chn gn y c ci thin hn v cht lng: ht vng, trn, rn trng,
t nt, trng lng 1000 ht: 180270g protein 4347%.
Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100g ht u nnh (theo Sinha Sk, 1979):
Loi ht

Calori

Protein (g)

Lipid (g)

Glucid (g)

X (g)

Tro (g)

Ht xanh

436

40,8

17,9

35,8

6,0

5,3

Ht trng

444

39,0

19,6

35,5

4,7

5,5

Ht vng

439

38,0

17,1

40,3

4,9

4,6

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

u nnh c nhiu mu sc khc nhau, trong u nnh c mu vng l

tt nht nn c trng v s dng nhiu.
Thnh phn ha hc trong cc thnh phn ca ht u nnh (theo
Kitrigin, 1981):

Lipid %

Protein
%
(Nx6,25)

Carbohydrates %

Tro %

T dip

23

43

29,0

Phi

11

41,1

43,0

4,4

V ht

8,8

86,0

4,3

Thnh
ht

phn

Thnh phn ha hc ca u nnh thay i ty loi u, thi tit, t ai,

iu kin trng trt. C loi cha hm lng protein ln hn 50%, lipid ln hn
22%.
Lipid :
Cht bo trong u nnh dao ng t 13,524%, trung bnh 18%. Cht bo
c trng cha khong 6,415,1% acid bo no (acid stearic, acid acid archidonic)
v 8093,6% acid bo khng no (acid enoleic, acid oleic).
Trong du u nnh cn cha mt lng nh phosphatid, c bit nhiu
lecinthin c tc dng lm c th tr lu, sung sc, tng tr nh, ti sinh m, cng
xng, tng sc khng.
Carbohydrates:
Glucid trong u nnh khong 2235,5%, trong 13% tinh bt.
Carbohydrates c chia lm 2 loi: loi tan trong nc chim khong 10% v
loi khng tan trong nc.
Thnh phn carbohydrates trong u nnh :
Loi

Phn trm %

Cellulose

4,0

Hemicellulose

15,4

Stachyose

3,8

Rafinose

1,1

Saccharose

5,0

Cc loi ng khc

5,1
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Protein v thnh phn acid amin :

Hm lng protein tng dao ng trong ht u nnh t 29,650,5%, trung
bnh l 3640%. Cc nhm protein n gin (% so vi tng s protein): albumin
(68%), globulin (2534%), glutelin(1314%), prolamin chim lng nh khng
ng k.
V gi tr protein, u nnh ng hng u v m ngun gc thc vt v
khng nhng v hm lng protein cao m c v cht lng protein. Protein u
nnh d tan trong nc v cha nhiu acid amin khng thay th nh lysin,
tryptophan,phenylalanin... Tr methionin v cystein hi thp cn cc acid amin
khc ca u nnh c thnh phn ging tht.
Thnh phn cc acid amin trong protein u nnh:
Loi acid amin

Phn trm%

Isoleucine

1,1

Leucine

7,7

Lysine

5,9

Methionine

1,6

Cystein

1,3

Phenylalanine

5,0

Threonine

4,3

Tryptophane

1,3

Valine

5,4

Histidin

2,6

Cht tro:
Cht tro trong u nnh t 4,56,8%. Nu tnh theo phn trm cht kh
ton ht th thnh phn tro nh sau :
P2O5

0,62,18%

SO3

0,410,44%

K2 O

1,912,64%

Na2O

0,38%

CaO

0,230,63%

Cl

0,025%

MgO

0,220,55%

Cht khc 1,17%

Ngoi ra cn c cc nguyn t khong khc: Al, Fe, I, Mn, Cu, Mo

Vitamin:
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

u nnh cha nhiu vitamin khc nhau, tr vitamin C v vitamin D.

Thnh phn vitamin nh sau :
Vitamin

Hm lng

Vitamin

Hm lng

Thiamin

1117,5 %

Inociton

2300 mg%

Riboflavin

3,43,6 %

Vitamin A

0,182,43 %

Niacin

21,423 mg/g

VitaminE

1,4 mg%

Pyrydin

7,112 mg/g

Vitamin K

1,9 mg%

Biotin

0,8 mg/g

Vitamin B1

0,54 mg%

A.patothentic

1321,5 mg/g

Vitamin B2

0,29 mg%

A.folic

1,9 mg/g

Vitamin PP

2,3 mg%

Mt s enzyme trong u nnh:

Urease: chng li s hp th cc cht m qua hng rut do khng nn n u
nnh sng.
Lipase: thy phn glyceric to thnh glycerin v acid bo.
Phospholipase: thy phn ester ca acid acetic.
Amylase: thy phn tinh bt, -amylase c trong u nnh vi s lng kh ln.
Lipoxygenase: xc tc phn ng chuyn H2 trong acid.
2. u ph:
a. S lc v u ph
u ph l mt sn phm c sn xut t u nnh. u ph khng ch
c sn xut ti Vit Nam m cn c sn xut nhiu Trung Quc, Nht Bn,
cc nc ng Nam v c cc nc chu Au nh H Lan, Php,
u ph l sn phm trung gian sn xut chao. Bnh u ph dng
sn xut chao c mt s yu cu nghim ngt hn cc loi u ph dng
n.Tiu chun bnh u ph tt nht sn xut chao l:
Hm lng nc 68-72%,
pH = 6- 6.5
Khng cha vi sinh vt tp v vi sinh vt k kh.

u ph c nhiu dng khc nhau, chnh v th m cng c tn gi khc nhau. Tt

c cc dng v tn gi khc nhau trn u chia lm 3 loi: u ph mm, u ph

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

cng, u ph la. Trong u ph mm c sn xut nhiu nht nc ta.

Trung Quc sn xut c 3 loi. Nht bn sn xut nhiu loi u ph la.
Thnh phn dinh dng ca 3 loi u ph
Thnh
dng

phn

dinh

u ph cng

u ph mm

u ph la

Calories (gm)

120

86

72

Protein (gm)

13

9,6

Carbohydrate (gm)

3,2

Cht bo (gm)

2,4

Cht bo no (gm)

Cholesterol

Natri (mg)

30

Cht x (gm)

Canxi (mg)

120

130

40

St (mg)

b. Qu trnh v phng php sn xut u ph :

Dng tc ng c hc ph v cu trc t bo ca ht u, gii phng cc
thnh phn c trong ht ng thi dng nc lm dung mi ha tan cc cht
thnh dung dch huyn ph. Sau li dng tnh cht ha tan khc nhau gia cc
cht, dng phng php lc tch ly 1 dung dch nh tng trong ch yu l
cht m tan globulin. T dung dch ny, da vo tnh cht ng t ca globulin,
thng qua cc iu kin pH, in tch, nhit , kt ta chng li thnh cc hoa
u ri p nh hnh thnh bnh u ph.
Cc phng php sn xut u ph: gm c 2 phng php:
Phng php xay kh:

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

uu
nnh
Dananh
Nc

Loi b tp
Ngm

Na2CO3

i v
Nc

Xay t
Cht ph bt

Na2CO3

Dch sa u
Lc th

Ra

Phng php xay t:

Nc

Dch sa

Lc tinh

Lc
B

Thc n
gia sc

Sa u
un si
Kt ta

p th

Nc
Page 9

Hoa u

bnh

Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

II.SN XUT CHAO

1.Tng quan v chao
a.Gii thiu
Chao l mt sn phm ln men t sa u nnh ng c do vi sinh vt tit
ra enzyme chuyn bin protein, cht bo, gluxit c trong sa u nnh thnh
nhng phn t n gin nh axit amin, axit bo, cc ng n. Nh vy chao c
mi thm, bo c bit.
Chao c ngun gc t Trung Quc. Do Trung Quc s dng kh nhiu
ting a phng, v c nhiu tr ngi trong qu trnh chuyn i t ting Trung
Quc sang ting Anh, nn hin nay chao c rt nhiu tn gi, v d nh: tosufu,
fusu, furu, toufuru, teoufuru, fuju, fuyu v fooyue. Mt s tn gi khc
ca chao i km vi cc thng hiu ni ting nh tofuzu Mandarin, hay tau
zu (taohuyi) Taiwan. T sufu l tn u tin ca chao xut hin trn cc ti
liu. Sufu c ngha l sa ln mc. cc nc phng Ty, mt s nh nghin
cu nh Hesseltine, Wang gi cc sn phm chao l ph mai Trung Quc. H a
ra quy trnh sn xut nh sau: ngm u nnh qua m, nghin t to cht st,
un si dch ny, lc ly dch chit (sa u nnh), thm vo mui bin hay
mui Sulfate Calcium, Magnesium khi dch vn cn nng, sau kt lng protein
v lipid, gi l dch sa ng. K n em i p, tch nc thu sn phm.
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

V mt dinh dng chao c y cc cht b dng ca sa u nnh,

nhng d tiu ha v cc protit, lipid, gluxit c cc enzyme ca vi sinh vt
chuyn ha ra cc phn t n gin sn sng c tiu ha v hp th.
nc ta, vic lm chao c t lu i. y l mt sn phm truyn
thng, c tnh cht c truyn. Chao c lm v ln men t nhin. Nhng mc
c sn trong khng kh, c l ln men, v sau khi ln men, cho vo keo,
nc mui v ru, thm gia v cho chao chn, mt thi gian sau l dng c.
Vi phng php c truyn ny, nng sut khng cao, thi gian di v nht
l b tp nhim nhiu loi vi sinh vt. Khng nhng mc chao m cn c nhng
mc khc, nm men v vi khun cng pht trin c khi c vi khun gy bnh, vi
sinh vt gy thi, mc lm ng, c tit c t mycotoxin cho nn, i vi sn
xut cng nghip, lm chao cn phi da trn c s khoa hc, lm c k thut
nng cao nng sut v cht lng.
Hin nay chao c sn xut phc v trong nc v xut khu
Trung Quc v Taiwan (i Loan). Vo nm 1977, sn lng hng nm Taiwan
xp x 10.000 tn v lng tiu th l khong 12g/ngi.tun. Tuy nhin, cc nh
sn xut ch bit v quy trnh sn xut m khng hiu r v bn cht khoa hc ca
quy trnh
b. Phn loi:
-

Phn loi theo hnh dng, mu sc:chao nc, chao mn, chao bnh, chao
bt

Phn loi theo khi lng tnh:h ln, h trung, h nh

c. ng dng: c s dng nhiu trong thc phm
-

Lm nc chm trong cc mn lu

Lm gia v

Lm mn n ph

Lm mn n chnh trong cha.

d. C ch sn xut chao
Bn cht ca qu trnh sn xut chao l do h enzyme c trong vi
sinh vt pht trin trn bnh chao c vai tr lm xc tc cho qu trnh thy
phn protid ca u nnh thnh cc peptide v cc acid amin; lipid thnh
cc acid bo nh acid stearic, acid linoleic, acid panmitic v cc hp cht
este thm lm cho chao c hng v c trng hp dn, c v bo ngy, d
tiu ha.
nc ta, chao l mt sn phm truyn thng, c t lu i. Tuy
nhin chao c lm theo phng php c truyn tc ln men t nhin, li
dng h vi sinh vt c sn trong khng kh ln men. Phng php ny
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

nng sut khng cao, thi gian ln men di, ng thi thng xuyn b tp
nhim nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc nh:mc ng, vi khun gy bnh, vi sinh
vt gy thiDo trong sn xut cng nghip cn ch ng da trn cc
c s khoa hc k thut t hiu qu kinh t ln cht lng tt nht
e.Gi tr dinh dng ca chao.
c s dng nhiu trong thc phm.
C gi tr dinh dng v h s tiu ha cao hn rt nhiu so vi u h (V
v bn cht - chao l sn phm ca qu trnh thu phn protein c trong u
h thnh cc axit amin bng phng php vi sinh vt nh enzym proteaza
do cc chng nm mc tham gia vo qu trnh ln men).
Cung cp acid amin: tng hp thu thc n.
Cung cp vitamin B12: s thiu s gy ra nhng ri lon v thn kinh, thiu
mu, km tr nh.

Bng: Gi tr dinh dng ca chao so vi u ph

Loi

Nng Protein Cht Carbohydrat X Tro Ca

lng (g)
bo (g)
(g) (g)
(cal)
(g)

Fe

Na

u
ph

33

3.1

1.9

1.5

0.0 0.5

114 38

Chao 79

7.8

5.0

2.5

0.0 1.0

110 137 1.0 3700 55

0.8 4

f.Thnh phn ho hc ca chao :

Bng: Thnh phn ho hc ca chao
Thnh phn

Cc loi sn phm ca chao

Chao nc

Chao bnh

Phn ci(%)

Phn nc(%)

Hm m

73-75

65-70

m ton phn

2-2.9

12.5-13

2.3-2.6

m Formol

0.7-0.85

7.5-7.8

0.8-0.9

m amniac

0.3-0.4

2.5-3.0

0.3-0.4

Mui n

4.5-5

6-6.2

6.0-6.5

Cht bo

8-8.5

9.0-10.0
Page 12

119

Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

chua

110.0-120 mg NaOH 0.1N/100g

Cc axt amin khng thay th

Lizin

2.84-2.9

5.3-5.5

Treonin

3.3-3.5

2.8-2.9

Valin

1.7-1.75

1.5-1.6

Triptophan

0.15-0.2

0.4-0.45

Phenilalanin

1.55-1.6

2.5-2.7

Izolxin

Lxin

1.8-1.9

0.8-0.9

Methionin

0.4-0.5

0.4-0.5

Hin nay nc ta vn rt thng dng vi cch lm chao truyn thng,

chao c lm ti nh, hoc cc c s sn xut nh vi quy m th cng,
d nhim nhiu tp khun, khng t cht lng n nh.
2.Ngun vi sinh vt v enzyme trong sn xut chao:
Vic chn ging mc sn xut chao rt quan trng. Tiu chun i vi mt
chng vi sinh nh sau:
Khun ty ca nm phi trn,bng,c mu trng hoc hi vng chao sn
xut ra c mu c trng.
Cu trc ca si nm: phi cht, dy, to mt lp mng vng chc trn mt
bnh u.
Khng to ra mi v kh chu do nm b nhim.
To c enzyme c hot tnh thy phn m cao.vt sn xut chao
V th mun chao c cht lng tt, sn phm n nh, trong sn xut phi
c vi sinh vt thun chng v to cc iu kin ti thch hp nh: nhit , m,
mi trng, pH, pht huy ht tnh u vit ca chng.
H vi sinh vt thng s dng lm chao :
Tc nhn nm mc.
- Actinormucor elegans (ch yu)
- M.hiemalis
- M.silvaticus
- M.sultiliscimus
Tc nhn vi khun
- Bacillus mycoides
- Bacillus mensentericus v B.megatherium
- Bacillus cereus
Page 13

Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Bacillus Subtilis
Wai (1929) phn lp c mt chng mc dng Mucor, v ng
t tn l Mucor sufu(mc chao). ng tin rng mc ny do ngun gc rm
r m ra, v ngi ta thng dng rm, r chao.
Vit Nam, Actinomucor elegant l loi nm mc c s dng
rng ri nht v l mt trong nhng loi tt nht cho sn xut chao. Ngoi
ra cn c cc loi M.hiemalis, M.silvaticus, M.praini. Tuy nhin, ngi ta
ch mua ging v sn xut vi quy m nh.
Trung Quc, i Loan v mt s nc c sn xut chao, ging
Actinomucor taiwanensis c s dng rng ri v mt s u im ph hp
vi sn xut quy m cng nghip.
Mt vn ca cc nh sn xut hin nay khi s dng cc loi thuc
chng Actinomucor l khi thi tit nng ln (nht l vo ma h) th cc
hot ng ca vi sinh vt ny b c ch, gy nh hng n sn xut. Mt
tin s Trung Quc l Bie-Zhong Han, tm ra rng Rhizopus oligosporus li
hot ng bnh thng mc nhit cao nh th. Tuy nhin, sn phm
chao s c mu xm, gy nh hng n gi tr cm quan.
3. Quy trnh lm chao c truyn:
a. C ch v nguyn tc chung ca sn xut chao:
Qu trnh ln men u ph cc enzyme VSV tham gia qu trnh thy phn
protein to thnh acid amin, lipit thnh ester thm nn chao c g tr dinh dng
cao v c mi v c trng.
VSV trong sn xut chao thng c hot protease v amylase cao: nm mc
Murco elegans, M.praini, vi khun Bacillus subtilis.
Vic chn ging tt sn xut chao rt quan trng, quyt nh cht lng sn
phm.
Thnh phn chnh ca u nnh l protein, glucid nn ln men u nnh ch
yu l qu trnh thy phn potein glucid thnh cc phn t nh hn di tc
dng ca cc enzyme. Cc enzyme ny ch yu do nm mc sinh tng hp
enzyme amylase v protease.
Ngoi ra trong qu trnh ln men cn do cc VSV khc sn sinh t sn phm
ln men nh qu trnh trao i cht, cc VSV ny thng l cc vi khun.
Vi khun hp thu cc cht dinh dng c phn t nh hn acid amin, acid bo,
acid mch ngn, cc ng ln men v to thnh sn phm ln men thi vo
mi trng. Mt s vi khun khc qua qu trnh trao i cht to hng cho
sn phm.
b. Qui trnh lm chao Vit Nam
Chao Vit Nam sn xut theo phng php truyn thng c 3 giai on:
Lm ming chao.
Ln mc chao.
Nu chao chn.
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

S sn xut chao truyn thng:

u nnh ngm ncxay nhuynlcun sidch sa ung t
hoa uct mingthanh trngln mc chao chndch mnsn
phm
Gii thch quy trnh
Lm ming chao:
u nnh tt, u ht c ngm qua m (5-6 gi tu tnh trng ca u).
u c xay di dng nc v thu c mt khi lng, mn.
Lc qua vi th loi b phn b, cn li l phn sa lng.
Pha thm nc cho t l mt phn u, mi phn nc v nu dung
dch sa lng ny trong vng 30 pht cho si chn v bc mi thm.
Dung dch sa lng ngui xung 500C (c th dng khuy cho mau
ngui) v dng nc chua c kt.
Nc chua l nc p ca ming chao cho chua ln men lactic v thm
axit. ( ln lm chao u tin c th s dng axit t dm n hay axit acetic pha
ra c pH 3).
Lng nc chua cho vo va (n khi c hin tng c kt ). Khi
cho nc chua vo, phi khuy mnh, khi cho , th ngng khuy v cho
c kt t t.
Khi c kt hon ton, khi kt ng yn, phn nc trn c ht ra,
phn c c cho khung g c b dy 2 2.5 cm, c vi mn, dng vt nng
p ln loi b ht nc, c c u h. Nu dng 18kg u nnh tt, c th
thu c 55,5kg u h c 88 90 % nc.
u h ny c hm lng nc cao, khng thch hp cho ln men chao v
d thi v vi khun d pht trin. Nn cn p thm cho n khi hm lng
nc khng qu 83% v cho ct ra tng ming nh c kch thc 2x2x1cm
hay1x1x0,7cm.
u h dng lm chao c hm lng nc 83%, m khng tan 9,1%, m
tan 0,4%, cht bo 4%.
Ln mc chao
Cc ming chao c xp vo khay c c l di y v c xp cch
u nhau mt khong cn thit cho thng thong mc chao mc u khp
trn b mt ca ming chao.
em cc khay xp vo phng v c xp cch u cho thng thong.

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Tu iu kin nhit , m v thng thong, trong vng 36-48 gi,

mc chao c trong khng kh mc ln ing chao. Khi ming chao ph y
cc khun ty t trng, ng sang vng xm l c.
Khng c mc xanh, mc en pht trin, khng c mi kh ngi l ming
chao tt c hm lng nc 74%, m tan 2,3%, m khng tan10,4% v
bo 4,3%.
thnh ph H Ch Minh, tu theo ma (ma kh mt v ma ma m)
nn to iu kin tiu kh hu thch hp cho phng mc chao pht trin
tt, vi sinh vt tp (nht l mc en, mc xanh, vi khun gy thi ra) khng
pht trin v cc cn trng rui, gin, chut khng xm phm c vo trong
phng .
chao chn
Khi mc chao chn, c mi c trng ca chao, khng c mi ng
thi th em sp vo keo, l dung dch mn vo v tip tc cho chao
chn.
Tu theo lng mui trong ming chao v nng mui trong nc chao
m ngi ta c khuynh hng lm hai loi chao: chao ni v chao chm. (Tht
ra th khng ng phn loi nh th). Chao t mui (chao ni) mau chua hn
chao nhiu mui (chao chm) nhng d b thi. lm loi chao ny khng
thi, ngi ta phi dng bt chng mc Sodium benzoat. Nn s dng nc
mui 13 14 0B v 10% ru etylic cng vi gia v ln men ym kh lm
cho chao chn t t. Thng th t 40 n 60 ngy, th chao chn.
Sau , hp keo chao l nng thanh trng trc khi phn phi tiu
dng.
Cht gia v thng c dng lm am sc v tng hng v chao.
Ngi ta dng go lt v u nnh rang nghin ra thnh bt cho vo
dung dch mn, cng vi t xay nh lm chao c mu hoc dng go ln
men, nghin thnh bt cho thm hng v ru cho chao. i khi cng
dng tiu, hng hoa hng.
Theo phng php truyn thng, cc cng on dit khun rt cn thit
ngn s tp nhim vi sinh vt nht l vi khun cha c quan tm nn phm
cht chao thng xy ra c mi hi thi, v ng. do phi m bo yu cu
v sinh trong cc cng on sn xut chao.

C.T VN :
Chao Vit Nam l sn phm truyn thng c t xa xa, sn xut chao
thng s dng phng php truyn thng, ngi thay i, th nn ta c th
thy c cc khuyt im sau:
Sn xut ch t mc quy m nh, hp tc x, h gia nh
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Sn xut bng cc chng ging vi sinh vt khng xc nh c trong

rm r dng chao, gy cc m chao khng ng nht, hoc sn
phm b ng, h hng do nhim.
Cc ging vi sinh vt mua v khng kim tra c cht lng, cng
dn n nhng hu qu trn, ngoi ra cn tooins km thm chi ph.
Vit Nam, Actinomucor elegant l loi nm mc c s dng nhiu nht v
l mt trong nhng loi tt nht cho vic sn xut chao. Tuy nhin, do c tnh
khng chu nhit ca n gy kh khn cho sn xut quy m cng nghip.
Ging Actinomucor taiwaiensis c s dng rng ri v mt s u im ph
hp vi sn xut quy m cng nghip Trung Quc, i Loan v mt s nc c
sn xut chao. Tuy nhin, sn phm chao c mi khc l hn so vi chao Vit
Nam, m c th do mt s sn phm ph sau khi thy phn ca n nh cc ester,
alcohol
Rhizopus oligospours li hot ng bnh thng mc nhit cao nh th.
Tuy nhin sn phm chao s c mu xm, nh hng cm quan.
Chnh v th, chng ti ngh mt phng php ci tin chao Vit Nam nh
sau:s dng phng php ti t hp to chng Actinomucor elegant ci tin
v ng dng vo cng ngh sn xut chao vi quy m cng nghip v b sung
mt s ci tin trong quy trnh sn xut.
Phng php ny nhm mc ch:
To chng nm mc chu c nhit cao thch hp vi quy m cng
nghip. gii c bi ton kh cho vic s dng nm mc cho ci tin chao
Vit Nam.
Lp nn quy trnh sn xut khp kn cho sn phm chao v t c
ng nht cho sn phm.
a sn phm chao tr thnh thc phm c gi tr, an ton i vi ngi s
dng.
Trong u nnh c isoflanoes, cht tr ung th, bnh tim, bnh long
xng, ri lon kinh nguyt, cht chng oxi ha, cn lm gim bt cm gic nng
bng mt ph n thi k mn kinh, lm tng tnh min dch, lm gim cc triu
chng ca bnh tiu ng, bt sn ti mt
Isoflanoes (phytoestrogen)- l mt ha cht thc vt c cu trc tng t
nh cht kch t sinh dc ca phi n( female hormone estrogen ) v c chc nng
ging nhestrogen.
Trong nhiu loi thc vt th u nnh l loi thc phm duy nht c cha
cht isoflanoes. Rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu trn th gii khng nh cht
isoflanoes trong u nnh c kh nng phng chng: bnh long xng, tng
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

huyt p, tim mch, chng tng cholesterol trong mu, mt s bnh ung th v cc
triu chng thi k mn kinh.
V t l isoflanoes trong u nnh, cc nh khoa hc kt lun c 1g u
nnh kh th thu c 3mg isoflanoes.
Isoflanoes gm 2 thnh phn chnh l genistein v aizein:
Tc dng genistin:
-

Chng estrogen (anti- estrogen) bng cch ngn cn khng cho sn

sinh estrogen khi qu lng estrogen cn thit cho c th.

Ngn nga s pht trin cu cc t bo ung th.

Kch thch cc t bo ung th lm cho chng tr trng thi bnh

thng.

Ngn cn s ln mnh ca cc t bo ung th DNA nhng khng

ngn cn s ln mnh ca cc t bo bnh thng.

Chng oxi ha.

Tc dng ca Daidzein
-

C kh nng ngn cn s hao mn xng v s pht trin ca chng

bnh xp xng.

Chng oxi ha (anti- oxidant) v chng ung th( anti cancer)

Kch thch cc t bo ung th mu tr thnh th khc v chuyn

hon chng v trng thi bnh thng.
Nhng trong qu trnh sn xut u nnh th cht ny b lai ra trong
qu trnh lc v Isoflavon l cht khng phn cc nn n khng tan c
trong nc. ci tin Chao c cht lng tt cho sc khe chng ta cn
gi c Isoflavon .
Isoflavon khng tan trong nc do n khng lin kt c vi nc. V vy
mun gi c Isoflavon trong dch lc,chng ta c th thm Dextrin ,
Maltogenic amylase. Maltogenic amylase s thy phn dextrin thnh
glucose ,glucose s gn vo Isoflavon gip n tan uc trong nc.,trong
dch lc lc ny s c Isoflavon.
Trong qu trnh ta , Isoflavon ta th cn b sung thm amylase ct lin
kt gia glucose v Isoflavon.Nh vy kt ta c cha Isoflavon.
Trong thnh phn ca u nnh, hm lng khong v vitamin
chim t l kh n inh trong nguyn li. Tuy nhin, mt lng ln cc
cht khong v vitamin khng c tm thy trong sn phm chao. C
th nguyn nhn dn n hin tng ny l do qu trnh lc v kt ta trong
qu trnh sn xut chao loi b khong v vitamin trong nguyn liu.
khc phc hin tng trn chng ti ngh phng php ci tin:
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Vitamin v khong d tan trong nc. ci tin chao c cht lng

tt ta phi gi c cc thnh phn vitamin v khong trong nguyn liu.
trong qu trnh kt ta dch lc c th mt phn vitamin v khong b loi
theo dch lc. Do cn b sung thm mt s cht h tr g c
vitamin v khong ny.
D.PHNG PHP CI TIN:
1.Phng php ti t hp:
a. Thu nhn gen:
Mc ch to on gen chu nhit Rhizopus oligosporus vo Actinomucor
elegans, tng kh nng chu nhit nhit 35oC, nhm nng cao nng sut.
Ta s dng phng php tng hp gen t mRNA ca gen tng ng,v n
c nhiu u im.
Phng php ny da vo qu trnh phin m ngc, nh s dng enzyme
phin m ngc reverse trascriptase. N c kh nng tng hp nn DNA mt
mch c gi l c-DNA t khun mRNA. Nh enzyme ny m ta c th tng
hp hu nh bt c gen chuyn bit no min c mt mRNA ca gen . on cDNA kp gn vo plamisd v bin np vo t bo nhn Actionmucor elegans
to dng c-DNA.
b.Vector chuyn gen:
plamsid c th tn ti trong t bo Eukaryote, ta nn chn plasmid vng
trn 2 micrometer, di khong 6300pb, c nhiu trong nm men Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
To plasmid ti t hp: gn on DNA vo vector chuyn gen to
plasmid c mang DNA l gi l plasmid ti t hp.
S dng phng php dng enzyme terminal transferase: da vo kh nng
c hiu ca enzyme terminal transferase c th gn cng mt loi nucleotide
thnh chui vo u mt 3OH ca mch DNA.
on DNA sau khi thu nhn t Rhizopus oligospourus, c vi enzyme
terminal transferase to hai u mt 3GGGGG.
Khi trn ln hai loi DNA li vi nhau, cc u mt c trnh t b sung vi
nhau s bt cp trn on DNA ca thu nhn t nm mc c th gn vo plasmid.
Enzyme polymeraseI s gn cc nucleotide tng ng vo ch trng v ligase s
hn gn li.
c. Bin np DNA ti t hp vo t bo:
Sau khi to c plasmid ti t hp mang gen chu nhit, tip theo l a
n vo t bo nm mc Actinomucor elegans khng mang plasmid. Ta c th s l

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bng ha cht(CaCl2) km sc nhit th DNA ti t hp c a vo t bo nhiu

hn. Hiu qu to cc th bin np nhiu hn.
C nhiu phng php bin np DNA ti t hp vo trong t bo nhng
chng khng thch hp cho t bo nm mc. v d: in bin np th t bo cht
cao, vi tim thng s dng cho ng vt c v, bn DNA vo t bo s dng cho
ng vt.
d. Chn lc:
Sau khi chuyn DNA ti t hp vo trong t bo nm mc Actinomucor
elegans ta phi nui cy chng nhit 35 0C chn lc nhng nm mc t
yu cu cho sinh sn to dng.
e. S biu hin ca gen:
Mun gen to dng c biu hin tng hp protein cn cu to vector c
cc yu t phin m v dch m, c gi l vector biu hin.
Nu gen khng nm gia promoter v du hiu kt thc, n khng c
phin m. Gen ca ta c tng hp t c-DNA khng c promoter nn phi gn
chng cnh promotor th mi c biu hin phin m.
Tuy nhin, ngy nay ngi ta s dng phng php PCR, l mt phng
php n gin khch i nhanh nhiu bn sao ca cc on DNA m khng qua
to dng.
PCR l qu trnh khch i mt trnh t DNA c hiu invitro do s xc tc
enzyme DNA polymerase. S khch i ni chung c thc hin nh cc chu
trnh nhit lp li gm un nng( 95 0 C), lm ngui (37-650) v lu 720C .
trong dung dch c cc on mi, mi loi s bt cp b sung vi u mch n
tng ng.
Nh vy, mt mch kp DNA sau phn ng cho DNA polymerase thc hin
hai mch DNA kp v c th thc hin chu trnh khch i theo cp s nhn 2 n.
II . Sn xut chao theo phng php hin i.
C rt nhiu loi chao khc nhau nhng v c bn quy trnh cng ngh no
cng gm 5 bc:
- Sn xut u ph lm chao.
- Nui mc.
- p mui.
- Ln men v ch bin.
- ng gi.
sn xut chao c cht lng tt, mt s cng on v yu cu v
sinh cn c b sung vo quy trnh cho hon chnh nh sau:
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Khi c sa u nnh bng nc chua, nn lu cho t l khong 6%

mui n gip ngn nga vi sinh vt tp nhim pht trin lm ung thi
chao.

Nn dng CaSO4 hay MgSO4 vi nng 0,03 - 0,04N thay cho

nc chua c kt sa u nnh, c li hn l cu trng ming chao, thch
hp hn v cn l ngun calcium cho sn phm. Nhng trc khi mc,
phi nhng chao vo dung dch nc mn cha 6% mui n v 2,5% axit
citric C6H8O7OH trong khong 1 gi c pH 3 4 cho mc chao pht
trin tt.

Trc khi cho ln mc, cc ming chao cn c thanh trng (hp

0
100 C trong khong 15 pht dit khun).

Nn phn lp v nui nhn mc chao thun chngng chi trong khi

gieo ming chao , cc loi mc en, mc xanh khng pht trin
c.
Cc mc Mucor elegans, Mucor hiemalis, Mucor silvaticus, Mucor
subtilissimus u c c tnh ln men chua tt nhng mc Mucor elegans l tt
nht.
Chao thnh phm tt, khi cc ming chao cn nguyn ming, b mt
nguyn vn, nhn mn. Trng thi ca chao chc, khng r nt, ln cn ht, c
mu vng ng c trng, khng en thm hoc xanh en, nc chao khng
c. Chao c mi chua c trng khng c mi thi hoc hi. V ca chao bo,
thm v hi chua, du, khng c v ng, tanh hoc v kh chu no khc. Chao
lm t u nnh sch, nc mui lng lc tt s khng c ct hoc vt th
l.
Chao lm t nc chua ln men lactic 41 0C c hm lng m ton phn,
tnh trn cht kh khong 55%, t axit acetic hm lng m c th ln n
57,1% v so vi c c bng calcium sulfat l 54% tnh trn cht kh.
1. Quy trnh sn xut chao:

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

u nnh
Nc

Ra sch

Nc

Ngm nc

Nc

Xay

Lc

Dch sa u

un si
Kt ta
CaSO 4
Lc vi
Whey
Hoa u
p
u ph chao
Ct khc
X l nhit
Nui mc
Bo t mc
p mui
NaCl
Ln men
chn
Chao

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

2. Gii thch qui trnh

a. Chun b u ph chao:
u nnh qua la chn phi t yu cu sau:
Ht ln, u, cn trn, t b nt v v
Ht khng b cn trng gm nhm hay cn hi
V ht c mu vng sng

Khng b mc hay mc mm
Sau , em phi kh, ra sch ri ngm nc khong 56 gi v u
mm, sau x nc v i cho trc bt v i.
Xay t trong ci n khi c dch sa u nnh.
Nhm gii phng lng protein ha tan trong u ra ngoi do lng
nc cho vo phi thch hp, tt nht l theo t l 1:6, ng thi s dng cht ph
bt(do saponin to bt trong qu trnh xay)

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Lc : tin hnh hai bc lc th v lc tinh thu nhn hon ton

dch sa, v phi tin hnh nhanh(khng qu 30 pht sau khi xay).
S dng my lc khung bn.

m bo u ph chao khng cha vi sinh vt tp v vi sinh vt k kh,

sa phi c un si ngay v gi nhit ny trong 5 pht, sau lc qua vi
mn tch phn b cn li.
Gia nhit v kt ta: dch sa sau khi gia nhit phi un si ngay
95-100oC loi b cc c t, vi sinh vt tp, kh mi tanh,ng
thi hydratcacbon trong dch sa s chuyn ha thnh ng thi
gian gia nhit cng nhanh cng tt.
Kt ta protein:
- Mc ch:
+ y l cng on ng t sa u thnh hoa u bng cch a
dch sa u v khong pI ca protein u nnh (pI 4).
- Tc nhn kt ta:
+ C th dng CaSO4, MgSO4 hoc nc chua (nc p sau khi lm
u ph k trc, li my ngy cho chua). Trong sn xut chao thc t
ngi ta thy CaSO4 gip thu hi protein tt nht. Hm lng thng dng
l 2g/l, sau khi nng nhit ca dch sa ln 100 oC th lng m Nit
cn li trong nc lc rt t, ch khong 45% so vi tng lng Nit.
+ Nu so vi s dng nc chua kt ta nh trong ngnh sn xut
u ph thng dng th CaSO4 c nhng u im r rt:
Trong dch kt ta khng c tp khun gy thi v cc vi
khun k kh.
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D kim, r tin.
Thao tc n gin, do c th c gii ha.
Khi dng ng lng s p c bnh u rn chc, c
lng nc ph hp vi yu cu pht trin ca nm mc.
Phng php thc hin:
- em 1 kg CaSO4 (loi 98% Ca2+) ha trong 15l H2O, lc b rc cn, un
si dung dch ny.
- Khi cho dung dch CaSO4 vo phi tin hnh khuy u, nh tay t di
ln trn trnh hin tng xy ra ng t cc b. Kinh nghim cho thy khi trn
mt dch sa xut hin nhng lung nc trong, mu vng nht, ln trong hoa u
l c. lng 23 pht, sau cht b phn nc (whey, c th dng nui gia
sc). Kt ta em i p s c bnh u ph dng sn xut chao.
- Thng thng hoa u c a vo mt mnh vi t trong khun p,
gi li ri p. Bnh u sau khi p xong khng c c chiu dy ln hn 2cm, v
nu qu dy th enzyme ca mc sau ny khng thm thu vo gia c, lm cho
bnh chao c phm cht khng ng u.
Lu :
- Lng tc nhn kt ta sn xut u ph chao cao hn 20% so vi sn
xut u ph thng, v vy bnh u ny rn chc hn bnh u n hng ngy rt
nhiu. Lng protein kt ta khong 2.53.5% khi lng cht kh ban u ca
u nnh. Cn ch nu cho qu nhiu CaSO 4, trn mt bnh u s c nhng
khoang trng loang l, d lm cho chao c v nng v ng cht, ng thi gim v
bo ngy ca chao sau ny.
- Bnh u c coi l c cht lng tt l bnh u sau khi p xong phi
rn chc, ly dao ct li vt ct mn, khng c l rng. Thnh phn bnh u
nh sau l tt nht: hm lng nc nh hn 60% (cao hn d nh hng n qu
trnh nui mc), tuy nhin thng thng hm m khong 6372%, pH = 66.5.
b. Nui mc v cy mc:
Mc ch:
- L giai on quan trng nht trong qu trnh sn xut chao. S pht trin
ca mc c ngha rt ln trong s chuyn ha protein v lm cng bnh chao.
Bn cht ca qu trnh ny l sinh tng hp h enzyme cho giai on ln men.
Phng php thc hin:
- Bnh u thu c em ct khi, kch thc thng thng l4x4x2cm, c
th thay i ty th hiu ngi tiu dng. Mc ch vic ny l tng din tch b
mt nui mc.

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

- Trc khi cy mc, bnh u cn c x l nhit tiu dit vi sinh vt

tp nhim. C th chn nc si hoc sy 100oC trong 15 pht.
- Mc chao sau khi c sn xut dng bo t, cy trc tip vo bnh
u khng cn phi thm cht dinh dng no khc, ta c th cy ging mc vo
bnh chao bng my hoc th cng. Lng ging mc cho vo theo t l: 100kg
bnh u cn dng 0,5kg ging mc bo t, 500kg bnh u cn 1kg v 1000kg ta
dng 1,2kg. Nu cho mc bng phng php th cng th lng ging mc phi
nhn vi h s 0,20,3.
- Sau khi cy mc xong th phi m bo nui nhit 2830 0C, hm m
khng kh l 90% nhng gi u. Sau 1416 gi nui, trn b mt u xut hin
nhng khun ty mu trng ta phi a hm m ln 95%. nhng gi cui nui
mc cn phi lm gim hm m xung hn ch s pht trin ca nm mc, v
nu mc qu tt (khun ty di trn 2.5cm) s c hot lc enzyme qu cao, thy
phn protein qu mnh, lm cho chao nng mi khng hp vi th hiu ngi tiu
dng.
- i vi kh hu nc ta, kinh nghim trong sn xut thng iu chnh
hm m ca bu khng kh xung quanh bnh u nui mc bng cch: 5 gi u
ph x mn t ln cc gi mc, sau 12 gi nhng nc khn mt ln. 2830 gi
sau, b khn m gim m trnh tnh trng ko di thi gian nui, ng thi
khng ch c hm lng men cho ph hp vi yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut.
- Khng ch hm m thch hp vi iu kin sinh trng v pht trin ca
nm mc l vn ht sc phc tp, phi nm vng 3 yu t c lin quan mt thit
vi nhau iu chnh cho thch hp.
+ Hm m ca bnh u sau khi p.
+ Hm m ca phng nui mc.
+ Hm m ca khng kh.
- c bit nhng thng hn kh, m ca khng kh c khi xung ti 60
70% phi tng cng m, nhng thng m t phi ty theo thi gian sinh
trng ca mc m khng ch hm m ca phng nui cho thch hp. Ni chung
m ca khng kh thp th mc s cn ci, nu m cao nui s khng ng
thi gian quy nh, mc s lu gi lm cho cc khu trong dy chuyn sn xut
khng nhp nhng.
- Nui mc ng k thut sau 3642 gi mc c hot lc thy phn protein
cao nht l 2.83.5 n v protease. Khi thy mc chuyn t mu trng sang mu
hung nu l kt thc giai on nui mc. Lc ny khun ty ca mc c th t n
2cm.
- vic nui mc tt cn lu phng nui mc phi c thit b iu chnh
nhit (10200C), gi c m v nn phng phi c kh nng thot nc. Mt
phng ch nn nui mc trong 1000kg u. Thng thng i vi cc phng thng
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gi t nhin 100kg bnh u dng nui mc cn c dung tch 67m 3 kh trn

din tch 2m2.
- Trung Quc, vo ma xun hoc thu, sau 37 ngy thy h nm mc
trng mc trn b mt cc ming u ph, lc ny ngng qu trnh nui mc v
u ph c ly ra ngay p mui.
Quy trnh sn xut vi sinh vt:
Sn xut ging ng thch:
Sn xut ging ng thch l khu u tin ca cng tc ging v vy phi
ht sc thn trng, mi cng vic u phi tin hnh trong iu kin v trng
ging khng b tp nhim. Mi trng nui cy c nhiu loi, mi trng tiu biu
c thnh phn nh sau:
Thch

1820g

ng

20g

Nc gi u

1000ml

Cch lm:
- Ra sch 300g gi u cho vo 1000ml nc, un si na gi, cht ly
nc, b sung thm nc cho 1000ml, cho thch v ng vo un si, lc, li
un si tit trng ln na, iu chnh pH mi trng t 4.55.0 bng acid citric
hoc acid acetic.
- Trng hp nu khng c gi u c th ly ht u nnh, ngm vo nc
t 68 gi, ty theo thi tit khc nhau. Ra sch gn b nc, cho nc mi vo
theo t l mt u bn nc, un 34 gi, cht ly nc. Thng 100g u ly
c 200ml dung dch. C 1000ml dung dch li cho thm 2530g thch v 4%
ng maltose, lc qua vi mn ta c mi trng.
- Trc khi phn phi mi trng vo cc ng nghim, ng nghim phi
c c sch, thanh trng, y nt bng, sy nhit 100 oC trong 1 gi. Mi
trng cha trong mi ng nghim ch c bng 1/5 dung tch ca n, khng
dnh mi trng vo ming ng d gy nhim. Sau khi phn phi xong y nt
bng, ly giy du bt kn u ng nghim, a vo thanh trng p lc 1,2
kg/cm2 trong 1 gi. Nu khng c ni hp p lc th dng phng php thanh
trng gin on (hp cch thy 1gi ly ra trong t m 2830C trong mt ngy
ri li hp tip 3 ln). Sau ln hp cui cng t nghing ng nghim to
thnh ng mi trng c mt nghing, ri t vo t m 2830C gi 3 ngy.
Kim tra li khng thy c khun lc xut hin mi cy ging. Dng que cy
ging, nui nhit 2830C trong 45 ngy khi thy mc c mu hung l
c, v lc ny mc thi k c bo t. Ging ng thch ch nn dng qua 7
th h, sau phi thay ging gc mi.
Sn xut mc ging trung gian:
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Ging trung gian l loi ging c nhn t ng thch ra, s dng trc
tip cy vo nguyn liu sn xut. C 2 cch nui ging trung gian: nui trong
bnh tam gic v nui trong hp nhm.
Nui ging trong bnh tam gic:
- i vi nhng xng sn xut qui m nh (5001000kg chao/ngy) c
th dng bnh tam gic c 1 lt nhn ging trung gian. Thnh phn mi trng:
B u ph

1kg

Bt m

0.5kg

- Cc nguyn liu ny c phi hp vi nc cho mi trng c hm

m 7072%, pH ca mi trng c iu chnh 5.56.0 bng acid citric hoc
acid acetic.
- Mi trng phn phi vo mi bnh tam gic t 5060g, y nt bng,
dng giy bc hoc giy du bt kn ming, hp p lc 1,2 kg/cm 2 trong 45 pht
(nu hp p lc thng phi 2 gi). Mi trng sau khi hp xong c mu nu
nht l tt, m qu l hng v protid b bin tnh l do mi trng qu acid,
thi gian hp qu di, p lc hp qu cao, nhit hp qu ln. Hoc c trng
hp mi trng sau khi hp xong b vn cc do hm m qu cao hoc qu thp.
Mi trng sau khi hp xong phi lc ngay nguyn liu trong bnh c ti
v xp gip cho mc pht trin tt. Khi mi trng ngui n 3035C, cy ging
ng thch vo. Nui nhit 2830C khong 1824 gi sau, ta thy xut hin
cc khun ty ngn mu trng, 34 ngy sau cc khun ty pht trin di n 34cm.
Nui trong cc hp bng nhm:
- nhng xung sn xut qui m ln (1 tn/ngy tr ln), phi dng cc
hp nhm nhn ging trung gian. Hp nhm c kch thc ph hp l loi c
ng knh 30cm, cao 12cm, c np y va kht, t trong cc phng tng i
v trng nui. Thnh phn mi trng cng nh i vi bnh tam gic nhng
hm m phi thp hn 6067% nu hp trong iu kin th cng, 6267% trong
iu kin p lc cao sau khi hp xong mi trng c hm m 70% ph hp vi
yu cu pht trin ca nm mc. Phng php hp cng nh nui tin hnh ging
nh nui trong bnh tam gic, tuy nhin thi gian nui ngn hn ch khong 4856
gi l c.
Sn xut mc bt bo t:
Mc ging trung gian cho vo bt m rang chn vng vi t l 1:1, dng
tay sch bp tht nh mi trng cc bo t trn khun ty quyn ln vo bt,
ry ly bt ta c mc bt bo t. Khi cha dng, em bt sy nhit 40 oC
trong 4 gi, ng vo cc ti P.P hai lp, bo qun nhit 03 oC, s dng dn
trong 78 ngy.
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Qui trnh sn xut ging vi sinh vt

Gi u

B u+bt m+nc
Trn u

Nc
un si

Phn phi vo hp nhm hoc bnh tam gic

Lc

Hp
Cy ging

Nc u

nui

un si

Trn
Hp
ng mi trng
ng ging

ry

Bt m rang chn

Bo t ging cho sn xut

Cy ging
Nui mc ging

c. p mui v ngm mui

Mc ch: ngng s pht trin ca nm mc, chun b chuyn sang ln
men.
Phng php thc hin:
- u ph chao ln mc c chuyn vo cc h snh ln (7 hL/h Trung
Quc). Xp vo h snh c mt lp u mt lp mui. Lng mui thch hp
ngm l 130150g/kg bnh u mc mc. n lp u cui cng th ph mt
lp kn b mt u. Mui p phi sch. Thi gian p mui khong 24 gi (
Trung Quc l 34 ngy), sau cc ming u c ly ra, ra nc sch v xp
vo h khc ch bin.
- Ngoi phng php p mui, cn c phng php nhng mui, thc
hin nh sau: chun b dung dch mui c nng 300320g/l v nhng bnh u
ln men trong lin tc 67 gi th nhc ln, kh 24 gi, sau cho vo thit
b ln men.
d. Ln men v ch bin:
Mc ch:
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Sau nui mc, ln men l cng on rt quan trng, giai on ny quyt

nh cht lng ca sn phm. Trong giai on ny cc enzyme ca nm mc s
tham gia hng lot cc phn ng sinh ha, m ch yu l protease vi s thy phn
protein thnh cc acid amin, lipid v cc ester thm, to thnh cc sn phm v
hng v c trng cho chao. Hng v ny do 4 nhm chnh to nn: cc acid
amin v NH3, cc sn phm thy phn protein, cc acid bo, v methylacetone.
Thnh phn ca nc mui chao chn nh hng n tnh cht mnh m
ca sn phm cui cng. N lun cha 10-12% mui,ru go 10% hm lng
ethanol (ethanol ngoi tc dng dit khun cn c tc dng to thm hng v cho
chao). y pehteze s c trong dung dch mui 12% v ru 10% ng thi
c b sung cc gia v (t 0.5%, ng 2%) gip cho sn phm c hng v thm
ngon hn.
T l 2 nc: 1 ci, dung dch chn phi ngp bnh u. trong giai on
ny cc enzyme ca mc s tham gia phn ng sinh ha, ch yu l:
Protein thy phn protein thnh cc acid amin
Lipase thy phn lipid thnh cc acid bo mch ngn kt hp vi ru to
thnh cc ester thm, to hng v c trng cho chao.
Phn tch thnh phn nguyn liu u nnh.u nnh thnh phn chnh l
protein, lipid, tinh bt.
Phn tch c hm lng Enzyme sinh ra sau khi .Sau s xc nh
lng enzyme cn b sung thy phn lng tinh bt,protein, lipid. To ra sn
phm chao tt nht.
Phng php thc hin:
- Thit b h ln men khong 80 lt, thng bng snh.
+ u tin phi chun b hn hp o ngoi (dressing mixture), cc
hn hp ny rt a dng v c rt nhiu loi chao.
V d:
- Chao : b sung red Koji (cm mc mc M.purpureus).
- Chao Kwangtung (i Loan): dng bt t , hi bn cnh mui v
red Koji.
+ Xp ln lt tng lp u v hn hp o ngoi vo h n 80%
th tch h, sau cho vo dung dch nc mui nng khong 20%.
+ Mc d c nhiu loi hn hp o ngoi cho chao, nhng cng thc
chung nh sau:
Mui n

2kg

Bt u nnh nghin

1kg

Red Koji

0,6kg
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Jaggery

0,6kg

Nc

0,6kg

- Chao hng (rose sufu): b sung thm tinh cht hoa hng.
- Chao Tsao (Tsao sufu): b sung thm hm ru go.
+ Sau cho thm ru trng vo, mc ch chnh l bo qun:
chng vi sinh vt, c bit l vi sinh vt gy thi.
+ Cc h snh c y bng np g v kn trong vng 3 thng (v
nguyn tc chao cng lu cng ngon).
+ Trong phng php truyn thng, u ph c em phi nng
khong vi gi, mc ch l tn dng UV ca nh sng mt tri tit trng b
mt u ph. Tuy nhin phng php ny s dn n tn tht do s phn
hy ca u ph.
3. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong sn xut chao:
Giai on t u h-pehtze : tng s vi khun B.cereus, vi khun Lactic (LAB),
enterobacteriacea v nm pht trin mnh.
Giai on mui ca pehtze: nng mui 8-12%: tt c vi sinh vt u
gim.
Tng s vi khun hiu kh (TMAB) v bo t u gim cn 106 CFU/g
B. cereus duy tr mc 103 CFU/g
LAB gim xung cn di 102 CFU/g nhng tng ln 109 CFU/g trong
chao 5% mui.
4. Cc yu t nh hng ti sn xut chao:
a. nh hng ca mui:

Wang (1967) nghin cu kh nng tit enzyme protease ca h nm M.

hiemalis khi n c pht trin trn mi trng u nnh. Kt qu ch c mt phn
nh enzyme ny c vi sinh vt tit ra vo trong dch lc mi trng, cn phn
ln protease u nm b mt ca h si. pH ti thch cho enzyme protease l
3.03.5. Khi hnh thnh cc enzyme c nh trn h si, nu thm NaCl hay cc
mui ion ha vo mi trng nui cy, cc mui ny s tch mt s enzyme ra
khi b mt h nm. Khi nng NaCl ln n 0.3M, lng protease c gii
phng l cc i. Cc hp cht khng c kh nng ion ha nh urea, glucose, v
sucrose s khng thch hp cho qu trnh tch ra protease. Do , c th kt lun
rng cc enzyme protease lin kt vi b mt h nm bng cc lin kt ion.
Trong qu trnh gii phng cc enzyme ny, s khng c s tham gia ca cc phn
ng ha sinh, bi v qu trnh tch ra ny din ra nhanh chng ngay c 0C.

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

V vy, nu vi sinh vt c cy trn mt mi trng khng c mui, s ch

c mt phn nh protease c mt trong dch lc mi trng cy, cn hu ht cc
enzyme ny s nm dnh vi h si. Khi nm mc pht trin trong mi trng c
cha mui, khng nhng c th phc hi c mt lng ln hot tnh ca
enzyme trong dch lc m cn lm tng cao tng hot tnh ca protease, v qu
trnh tch lin tc protease khi b mt h nm s lm cho vi sinh vt c th tng
hp c nhiu enzyme protease hn.
Khi nghin cu, M. hiemalis c pht trin trn mi trng c nng
mui thp, do cc protease s bm trn h si, t ta c th nghin cu v tr
ca cc enzyme trc khi c tch ra, v c th hiu c qu trnh ngm mui
trong ln men chao.
Nh vy, chc nng ca NaCl trong qu trnh ln men chao gm c:
- c ch s pht trin ca nm mc v cc vi sinh vt gy hi.
- To v mn cho sn phm.
- Gii phng cc protease c nh trn b mt h nm. Trong qu trnh ln
men chao, nm mc c c nh trn b mt khi tu h, nhng h nm khng
th thm nhp su vo khi ny, mt khc cc enzyme ca nm mc tit ra khng
phi l enzyme ngoi bo; do m chng ch lin kt lng lo vi h nm bng
cc lin kt ion. V vy, cc enzyme ny d dng b tch ra bi NaCl hay cc
dung dch mui ion khc, t cc protease ny s thm vo u h ln mc v
tin hnh phn gii protein.
Mt t chc kim tra v sinh v an ton thc phm Trung Quc khi kim
tra cc sn phm trn th trng u pht hin cc vt nhim c do vi khun. Tuy
nhin, hm lng ca endotoxin trong sn phm rt thp nn khng gy nguy
him, nhng iu li cho thy c vn trong khu v sinh khi ch bin. V
nng mui cao nn vi sinh vt khng pht trin c, nhng endotoxin c th
gy c nu nng mui c gim xung.
b. nh hng ca s thy phn:

Mi v ca chao ngy cng m trong qu trnh ngm mui v . Lc

ny, cc enzyme do nm mc tit ra s phn hy cc cht nn, to ra cc sn phm
ca qu trnh thy phn protein v lipid, l nhng thnh phn chnh gy nn mi
v m du v c trng cho chao.
Protein ca u nnh s c protease ca nm mc thy phn thnh cc
peptid v acid amin. iu ny c chng minh bng s c mt ca cc acid amin
t do nh acid aspartic, acid glutamic, serine, alanine, v leucine / isoleucine trong
dch chit.
Cc lipid ca u nnh b thy phn thnh mt lng ln cc acid bo. Khi
b sung ru vo dung dch, s to nn phn ng ha hc nhm hnh thnh cc
ester, nhng hp cht ny to ra hng thm d chu cho sn phm. Ngoi ra,
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

etanol cng c tc dng ngn nga s pht trin ca cc vi khun khng mong
mun.
c. nh hng ca cc phng php bo qun:

Vn thi hn s dng ca chao vn cn nhiu iu phi gii quyt. Hin

ti ngi ta ang tm mt phng php bo qun cho chao m khng dng cn, v
cn s to ra v gt cho sn phm. Mt vn khc l qu trnh ngm u, v n
to ra v qu mn. Do m cc phng php bo qun truyn thng b hn ch,
lm gim lng tiu th sn phm.
trnh cc hin tng trn, Wai xut phng php o ngoi ton b
khi u ln mc mt lp parafin ( nhit 60C). Khi u ny u tin c
ngm trong dung dch NaCl 7%, sau c ph mt lp parafin nng chy. Khi
parafin ng c li, sn phm c cho vo mt thng cha bng thy tinh,
nhit phng trong mt thng, lc lp parafin s nt ra, phn sn phm bn
trong sau khi kim tra cm quan cho thy kt qu t yu cu v cht lng.
d. nh hng ca cc peptid:

Theo mt nghin cu ca mt s trng i hc Trung Quc v cc

trung tm nghin cu Nht v hot tnh ca cc enzyme chng Oxy ha v tng
huyt p ca hai sn phm sufu (Bc Kinh, Trung Quc) v tofuyo (Okinawa,
Nht) l mt sn phm tng t nh chao; kt qu cho thy cc enzyme chng
Oxy ha v tng huyt p trong chao c hot tnh kh cao. Ngi ta cho rng iu
ny l do trong chao cha nhiu peptid c khi lng phn t khong 10 kDa.
Cc nh khoa hc cho rng mt s hp cht c hot tnh sinh l khi c
to thnh, hot tnh ca n s c gi trong qu trnh ln men. Yasuda v cc
cng s th nghim, ghi nhn li nhng thay i ha hc trong sn phm
tofuyo, c ln men t ging nm Monacus. Theo bo co, trong sn phm,
protein l thnh phn thay i r rt nht. u giai on ln men, hm lng cc
loi protein chnh trong u nnh c mt kh nhiu, nhng ch sau 3 thng, cc
protein ny u bin mt ngoi tr cc tiu phn c bn ca glycinin. T , h
kt lun rng thnh phn ca tofuyo chnh l cc tiu phn ny v cc peptid c
khi lng phn t 1115 kDa.
Hin nay, c nhiu nghin cu cho thy nhiu loi peptid c hot tnh
chng Oxy ha. Cc nh khoa hc phn tch cu trc ca mt s peptid chng
Oxy ha t enzyme conglycinin trong u nnh, v xc nh c 5 loi
oligopeptid (cha 616 acid amin). Khi phn tch t cc enzyme chng tng huyt
p conglycinin v glycinin, h xc nh c trong cha cc 4 loi peptid c
67 acid amin.
T kt qu ny, cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu tip v cu trc ca cc
peptid ny, v mi lin quan gia cc peptid vi hot tnh ca 2 enzyme trn,

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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

nhng trong tng lai s pht trin theo hng ng dng chao tr thnh mt loi
thc phm chc nng.
5. Mt s hin tng h hng ca chao.
Hin tng chao b ng:
Thng thy chao bnh.
Nguyn nhn:
+ Do mc xu, nui trong iu kin khng t yu cu.
+ Do nhim vi khun gy b ng.
+ Do dng qu nhiu CaSO4khi kt ta.
+ Do cht ng c sn trong nguyn liu.
C mi kh chu:
Nguyn nhn c th do b nhim mc en, c th do mc pht trin qu
mnh. Khi kh nng thu phn s rt cao, kt qu l sn phm cui cng ca
qu trnh thu phn to ra nhng sn phm gy mi, hoc cng c th do bnh u
sau khi p cn m qu cao d b nhim cc vi sinh vt khc.
6. Tiu chun ca chao:
Yu cu thnh phm : bnh chao c mu vng nht, mi v c trng, thm,
bo. Hm lng nc t 67-70%, lipid 8-9%, mui 5,8-6%, pH= 5.9-6.1.
a. Ch tiu cm quan:
Ch tiu

Yu cu

1. Hnh dng v mu Nguyn vn, khng b cnh, gc, khng r

sc ming chao
nt.
Mu vng ng c trng, khng thm en
hoc c mu l khc.
2. trong v mu Nc chao khng qu c
sc ming chao
Mu sc c trng
3. Mi

Thm c trng v hi chua

Khng ng thi hoc c mi kh chu

4. V

Thm bo v chua c trng, mn va.

Khng ng tanh v c v tanh

5. Tp cht

Khng tp cht(mnh g, t, ct)

b. Ch tiu l ha:
Ch tiu
1. Hm lng cht kh(% chao)

Mc
17-28
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Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

2. Protid (nit *6.25)(%cht kh)

30-35

3. m thi chuyn ra NH3 (%cht kh)

4. Cht bo c trch vi ete (% cht kh)

19-23

5. Mui n(NaCl) (%cht kh)

26-47

6. Hm lng acid ca nc chao (chuyn ra 2-3

CH3COOH)(%nc chao)
c. Ch tiu vi sinh vt :
Vi sinh vt

Gii hn cho php

trong 1g hay 1ml

1. Tng s Coliform trong 1g chao (khng 10

ln hn)
2. Escherchia coli (E.coli)

3. Cl. Perfringens

10

4. Staphylococcus aureus

10

5. Streptococcus

6. Tng s vi khun hiu kh

5.103

7. Samonella

E. LUN V KIN NGH:

Kt lun:
Trong bi bo co ny chng ta xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
chao trong cng nghip nhm a vo sn xut vi quy m ln vi cht lng
c nng cao, chi ph thp. nhm to thng hiu th trng trong v ngoi
nc.
-

Quy trnh sn xut chao trong quy m cng nghip.

To c loi nm mc sn xut chao chu c nhit cao.

sn phm chao c cht lng tt, ng thi rt ngn thi gian ln men,
chng ti nghin cu nng cao nng sut.

Kin ngh:

Nghin cu ra loi nm mc phn hy protein nhanh v mnh, ng thi to

hng v cho chao. C s dng kt hp gia nm mc v enzyme Alcalase trong
sn xut gim v ng trong chao.
Nghin cu v phn lp mt s vi sinh vt c trong chao c nh hng n
hng v c trng trong chao.
Page 35

Ci tin sn xut chao Vit Nam

Hng pht trin chao thnh mt sn phm chc nng dnh cho ngi cao
huyt p (gim nng mui, khng ch lng enzyme sinh ra)

TI LIU THAM KHO:

1.Gio trnh cng ngh ln men. Trng i hc Cng nghip thnh ph H Ch
Minh khoa cng ngh thc phm v sinh hc nm 2006
2.Cng ngh sn xut m chnh v cc sn phm ln men c truyn. PGS.TS
Nguyn Th Hin. Nh xut bn khoa hc v K thut H Ni.
3. Sn xut chao. Ths. L Thanh Sn.
4.K thut ch bin u tng. B NN & PTNN. NXB Nng Nghip 2006.
5.Google.com.vn

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