Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse (Fourth Edition) BKLE Abs 5 [5] FA (4Nm) fa EK Sh hettK FURS FA F (% ED hk ) Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse (Fourth Edition) EKLE Nhs 5B] FA (AKG) — I George Tchobanoglous Franklin 1. Burton 4B i] H. David Stensel ERA heat(RES 158 § Wastewater Engineering; Treatment and Reuse( Fourth Edition) Bok LB: MBS AH 4 Mi) Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Copyright © 2003 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, EISBN 0 07 112250-8 Authorized reprint from original English language edition published by the MeGraw Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. This edition is authorized for sale in the People’s Republic of China only, excluding Hong Kong, Macao SAR and Taiwan, A BC 6 NG 3 OB A A A A NAHE AR HSE RAL PE RT ITS GM RT. ABGRA RDG AMADA ARM la eA BME BI, RHA BDDR. ABHDWA McGraw-Hill 2) MHEG HEE ARATE ACTER A EAL ABR PF: 01-2002-4627 BoA: BOK TE: ABS il GE 4D 1 fe # Metcalf 8 Eddy, Inc, SR AEE Ck EASE RAE A 100084) http://www, tup, tsinghua, edu, en SONA WR ATA BT RTE: BEBE ABARAT FR AK: 87X60 1/18 ANF, 35. 75 WR: 20091 AR LR 2008 AL AL 45, ISBN 7-302-05857-1/X » 42 EM %, 0001~3000 Ht: 169.00 704 3 HE HhAbout the Authors George Tchobanaglous is a professor emeritus of environmental engineering in the Department of Civil and Buvirunmental Engineering at the University of California, at Davis. He received a B S, degree in civil engineering from the University of the Pacific, an M.S. degree in sanitary engineering from the University of California at Berkeley, und a Ph.D. in environmental engineering from Stanford University. His prin- cipal research interests ure in the areas of wastewater treatment, wastewater filtation, UY disinfection, aquatic wastewater management systems, solid waste management, and wastewater management for small systems, He has authored or coauthored over 350 technical publications, including 12 textbooks and two reference works, The text- books are used in more than 200 colleges and universities throughout the United States. ‘The textbooks and reference books are also used extensively by practicing engineers both in the United States and abroad, Professor Tchobanoglous serves nationally and internationally as conseltant lo both governmental agencies und private concerns. An active member of numerous professional societies, he is a past president of the Asso« ation of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors. He is u registered civil engineer in California, Franklin L, Burton speat 30 years with Metcalf & Eddy serving as vice president and chief engineer in their western regional office in Palo Alto, CA. He received a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Lehigh University and an M.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of Michigan. He has been involved in the planning, design, and technical review of over 50) wastewater treatment plants. He was he c author of the third edition of this textbook. He retized from Metcalf & Eddy in 1986 and is in private practice in Los Altos, CA, specializing in treatment technology evaluation, ‘energy management, facilities design review, and value engineering. He is a registered civil and mechanical engineer in California and is u life member of the American Soci- ety of Civil Engineers, Water Snvitonment Federation, and the American Water Works Association H. David Stensel is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the Uni- versity of Washington, Seattle, WA. Prior to his acaciemic positions, he spent 10 years in practice developing and applying industrial and municipal wastewater treatment processes. He received & B.S. degree in civil engineering from Union College. Sch- enectady, NY, and M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in environmental engineering from Comell University, His principal research interests arc in the areas of wastewater treatment, bio- logical nutrient removal, sludge processing methods, biodegradation of hazardous sub- stances, and stormwater ireutmeut, He has authored or coauthored over 100 technical publications and a textbook on bialogical nutrient removal. He has received the ASCE Rudolf Hering Medal and (wice received the Warer Environment Federation Harrisonwi About the Authors Prescott Eddy Medal for his research contributions. He is a member of numeraus pro- fessional societies, and has served as chair of the ASCE Environmental Engineering Division, treasurer of the American Association of Environmental Engineering Profes- sors, and associate editor of the Water Environment Federation Research Journal. He is a registered professional engineer and a diplomate in the American Academy of Envi- ronmental Engineers.Preface During the past 12 years since the publication of the third edition of this textbook, the umber of new developments and changes that have occurred in the field of wastewater engineering has been dramatic, especially with respect io (1) the characterization of the constituents found in wastewater, both in terms of the range of constituents and the detection limits; (2) a greater fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of biological wastewater treatment: 3) the application of advanced treatment methods for the removal of specific con- stituents; : (4) the increased emphasis on the management of the biosolids resulting from the treat- ‘tent of wastewater; and (5) the issuance of more comprehensive and restrictive permit requirements for the dis- charge and reuse of treated wastewater. The fourth edition of this textbook has been prepared to address the significant new developments and changes that have occurred in the field and to correct other issues with the third edition to make the fourth edition more user friendly, For example, the theory and practice chupters, separated in the third edition, are now combined in the fourth edition to provide subject continuity ard eliminate redundancy. Because of the importance of biological wastewater treatment, four separate chapters have been devoted to this subject. The chapter on advanced wastewater treatment fas been expanded to inchide processes that are increasingly required to meet more stringent dis- charge requirements. A new chapter on disinfection has been added to deal with recent developments in the field. The chapter om reclamation and reuse has been revised com- pletely and much new material hus been added, Because of the importance of biosolids ‘management, an entire chapter is devoted to this subject, The issves of process design and performance to meet more stringent permit requirements, including the upgrading, of existing treatment plants, are considered in Chapter 15. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THIS BOOK Following the practice in the third edition. more than 100 new example problems have been worked out in detail to enhance the readers’ understanding of the basic concepts presented in the text. Wherever possible, spreadsheet solutions are presented. To aid in the planning, unalysis, and design of wastewater management systems, design data and information are summarized aid presented in more than 300 tables, most of which are new. To illustrate the principles and facilities involved in the field of wastewater man- agement, over 570 illustrations. graphs, diagrams, and photographs are included. To help the readers of this textbook hone their analytical skills and mastery of the material, axxtPreface problems and discussion topics are included at the end of each chapter. Selected refer- ences are also provided for each chapter. ‘The Intemational Systert (ST) of Units is used in the fourth edition. The use of ST units is consistent with teaching practice in most U.S. universities and in many coun- tries throughout the world. In gencral, dual sets of units (ie., SI and U.S. customary) have been used for the data tables. Where the use of double units was not possible, con version factors are included es 1 footnote to the table. To further increase the utility of this textbook, several appendixes have been included. Conversion factors from Intemational System (SI) of Units to U.S. Custom- ary Units and the reverse are presented in Appeudixes A-1 and A~2, respectively. Con- version factors commonly uscd for the analysis and design of wastewater management systems are presented in Appendix A~3. Abbreviations for SI and U.S. ‘Customary units are presented in Appendixes A-4 and A-S, respectively. Physical characteristics of air and selected gases and water are presented in Appendixes B and C, respectively. Dis- solved oxygen concentrations in water as a function of temperature are presented in “Appendix D. Tables of most probable numbers (MPN) are presented in Appendix E, carbonate equilibrium is considered in Appendix F, and Moody diagrams for the analy- sis of flow in pipes are presented in Appendix G. USE OF THIS BOOK Enough material is presented in this textbook to support a variety of courses for one or two semesters or three quarters at either the undergraduate or graduate level. The spe~ cific topies to be covered will depend on the time available and the course objectives. Suggested course outlines follow. For 2 one-semester introductory course on wastewater weatment, the following material is suggested: Ee Topic Chapter Sections Introduction te wastewoler Irectment 1 all Wastewater characteristics 2 All Wastewater flowrales and constituent loadings 3 all Introduction to process analysis 4 All Physical unit operations 5 E1058 Chemical unit operations 6 1, 62, Introduction fe biological treatment of wastewater 7 All Disinfection 12 12+1 to 12-5, 12-9 Water rouse 13 13-1 fo 13-2 Biosolids management 4 All Iniroduction to treatment plant perforrnonce 15 15-1 10 15-3Preface | sexi For a two-semester course on wastewater treatment, the following material is sug- gested: Topic Chapter Sections Introduction to wastewater ireatment 1 All Wastewater characteristics 2 All ‘Wastewater flowrates and constituent loodings 3 All Introduction to process analysis 4 Al Introduction to treatment plant performance 1515-1 to 15-3 Physical unit operations 5 All Chemical unit operations 6 A Introduction to biological treatment of wastewater 7 All Suspended growth hiotogicol treciment processes 8 AR ‘Attached growth ond combined biological irectment processes ° $1105 ‘Anaerobic suspended and tached growth trealment processes 1010-1, 10-2, 10-4 Disinfection 12 All Woter reuse 13 Al Biosolids monagement 14 Al Process control and upgrading treatment plant performance 1518-34017 Fora one-semester course on biological wastewater treatment, the following mate- rial is suggested: Topic Chapter Sections Induction to wastewater reatnent 1 All Wastewater characteristics 2 All Introduction to process onclysis 4 all introduction to treatment plant performance. 15 151 to 15-3 Introduction to biological rectment of woslewoter 7 Al Suspended growth biological reciment processes 8 Al Atoched growth and combined bioogicol keatment processes. = 9 All Anaerobic suspended and cttocked growth ireaiment processes 10 All Anaerobic and cerobic digestion and composting 14 1490 ttt Anaerobic and! cerobic digestion One conePreface For 4 one-semester course on wastewater reclamution und reuse, the following material is suggesied Topic Chapter Sections Introduction to woslewaler treatment 1 all Wostewater choracteristcs 2 all Intreduction to woter reclamation and reuse 13 131 Introduction to risk assessment 1a 134 {alroduction to treatment plant performance 15 15-1 to 15-3 Advanced wastewater realment (optional n 16 Disinfection 12 12140 12-5, 42-7 ro 32-9 Water reclamation technologies 13 a4 Storage of reclaimed water 13 13-5 Reuse of redoimed water 3 13-610 13-9 Planning consideration for reclamation and reuse 13 10 For a one-semester course on physical and chemical unit operations and processes, the following material is suggested. It should be noted that material listed below could bbe supplemented with additional examples trom water treatment, Topic Chapter Sections Introduction to process analysis 41S all lairodudion to treatment plant performance 5 1541 to 153 Introduction to physical unit operations ‘Mixing and Aoceulation: 5 4 Sedimentation 5 55, 57, 58 Gas tronster 5 S110 5-12 Filtration {conventional depth filtration} nv 11-3, 1i-4 Membrane filtration W 16 Adsorption n Ww? Gos stripping au 513, 11-8 UY disinftion 2 128 Intraduction fo chemical unit processes 62 Coagulation é 52 Chemical precipitation 6 631065 fon exchange W no Water stobilizatc 6 oF Chemicel oxidotion {corventional} 6 66 ‘Advanced oxidation processes n 9Preface 1 xxw ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A book of this magnitude cavld nat have been written without the assistance of mumer- ous individuals. First and foremost, Mr. Harold Leverenz, a doctoral candidate at the University of California at Davis, provided exceptional assistance. He read and com- mented on all of the drafts, checked the problems, and prepared many of the new fig- ures for this text, In addition, he helped review the page proofs. His devotion (o thestask of making this book student-friendly was beyond the call of duty. Other individuals who contributed, arranged in alphabetical order. are: Mr. Mike Anderson of Nolte and Associates, reviewed portions of the text and worked several design examples, Professor Takashi Asano of the University of California at Davis, the 2001 Stockholm Water Price recipient, revised Chap. 13, which he hed contributed to the third edition; Dr. Keith Bourgeous of Carollo Engineers contributed and reviewed portions of Chap. 11; Mr. Max Burchett of Whitley Burchett & Associates in numerous discussions over many years has contributed vatuable insights on the application of the- ory to practice; Ing. Ennanno Cavciari of Austep Environmental Protection, Milan, Italy, contributed to the section on anaerobic sludge blanket processes in Chap, 10; Dr, Robert Cooper of BioVir laboratories reviewed and provided valuable mput for Chap. 2; Professor John C. Crittenden of Michigan Technological University reviewed Chap. 4 and the scetion an carbon adsorption in Chap. 11; Dr. Alex Ekster, of Eksler and Associates, contributed the sections on process control optimization in Chap. 15; Dr, Robert Emerick of Ecologic Engineers, contributed the section on UV disinfection in Chap. (1; Mr. William Hartnett of Montgomery/Watson contributed writeups on pro- ‘gram logic controllers and piping and instrument diograms in Chap. 15; Dr. Tim Haug of the City of Los Angeles reviewed and provided valuable insight on Chaps. 7 through 10 and 15; Professor David Jenkins of the University of California at Berkeley, pro- vided photomicrographs of filamentous microorganisms; Ms, Surah Mayhew printed most of the photographs; Ms, Margie Nellor of the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County provided a photograph of the Rio Hondo spreading basins, Professor Kara Nelson of the University of California at Berkeley reviewed Chap. 2: Mr. Andrew Salveson of Whitley Burchett & Associates, reviewed Chaps, 2 and 4 and provided data for Chap. 11; Professor Edward D. Schroeder of the University of Califomia at Davis reviewed an early draft of Clap, 7 and provided valuable organizational and technical comments and guidance, and as a colleague of 30 years, Professor Schroeder has con- tributed significantly 0 the education of the senior author; Dr, Richart: E. Speece of ‘Vanderbilt University reviewed the section on anaerobic digestion in Chap. 14 and pro- vided valuable insight; Mr, Jeff Sallar of EOA, contributed to the probabilistic analysis of multiple processes im Chap. 13; Dr, Rhodes Trussell of Montgomery/Watson in numerous discussions offered valuable insights on disinfection, flocculation, and mix- ing processes; and Mr. Mike Weiner of the Orange County Water District provided a photograph of the water spreading basins in Orange County. The collective efforts of these individuals is invaluable. Reviewers, selected by the publisher, who were asked to assess and comment on the prospectus for the fourth edition included Professor James J. Bisogni Jr. of Cornell University. Professor Alan R. Bowers of Vanderbilt University, Professar Jeff Kuo, of California State University at Fullerton, Professor Bruce Logan of Pennsylvania State University, Professor John A. Olofsson of the University of Alaska at Anchorage, androwi Preface Professor Tian C. Zhang of the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Their input, eafly on, helped guide the development of the final format of the fourth edition. Their contritm- tions are gratefully acknowledged. The reviewers, selected by the publisher, who read the entire manuscript of the fourth edition, were Professor Syed A. Hashsham of Michigan State University; Pro fessor Robert Lang of California Polytechnic University at San Luis Obispo; Professor John T, Novak of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; and Professor Robert M. Sykes of Ohio State University, They provided valuable and timely com- ‘nents that improved the content, organization, and readability of this textbook. Their contributions were significant and are acknowledged gratefully, The assistance of the staif of Metcalf & Eddy in the preparation of this text is also acknowledged. The efforts of Mr, James Anderson were especially important in mak- ing this book possible and in managing the resources made available by Metcalf & Eddy tothe authors, Mr, Jonathan Doane organized the team of staff reviewers and pro- vided liaison between the authors and the reviewers. Vahtable comments were provided that reflect current design practice in both the United States and overseas, “The McGraw-Hill staff was also critical to the production of this textbook. Mr. Bric Munson, formerly of McGraw-Hill, was instrumental in the carly development of this project. Ms. Amy Hill, Developmental Editor, served as the overall project manager. Her organizational skills and tiroless efforts on out behalf have made this book a real- ity, Her sunny personality was also a great help, Ms. Kay J, Brimeyer served as pro- duction coordinator and helped keep all of the loose ends together, while maintaining her sense of humor, Ms, Susan Sexton served as the technical editor. The publishers were Mr, Tom Casson and Ms, Betsy Jones. Finally to Rosemary Tehobanoglous and Nancy Burton who suffered, supported, and encouraged us through the writing of this textbook, we are eternally gratefal. Sup- port for Dave Stensel by Carleen Clark and Pat Halikas was especially helpful George Tchobanoglous Franklin L. Burton —_-H, David Stensel Davis, CA Los Altus, CA Seattle, WAForeword Almost 90 years have passed since Metcalf & Eddy furst published American Sewage Practice, the legendary three-volume treatise that established design standards for sew- rage facilities. Subsequently, the three volumes were combined into a single text, Sew- erage and Sewage Disposal, in 1922 and a second edition was published in 1930 for class use in engineering schools. In 1972, a new version of the textbook was published, Wastewater Engineering: Cottection, Treatment, and Disposal, followed in 1979 by a second edition, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. A companion textbook, Wastewater Enginecring: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater, was also published in 1981. The most recent publication was the third edition of Wastewater Engineering in 1991. Even though the wastewater practice has continued to evolve and grow during this period, no time period in the past can equal the last decade in terms of technological development. In addition, the awareness of environmental issues among the U.S and world com- munities has reached a level not seen before, This active awareness is driving our indus- ity to achieve levels of performance far beyond those envisioned even as recently as the last decade. This fourth edition of Wastewater Engineering incorporates these concepts as an essential part of a central theme. As a result, the fourth edition has been designed with a forward-looking focus. For example, emerging fields of biological process mod- ling and genetic engineering are addressed with some predictions on where these con- cepts may fit into future wastewater engineering activities. ‘Since the third edition was published in 1991, much focus in the wastewater practice has turned to nutrient removal, with particular emphasis on biological nutrient removal (BNR), Research in this field is being carried on worldwide, and new discoveries that challenge some of the conventional theory continue to be made. The chapters in the fourth ‘edition that pertain to biological processes and BNR are therefore essentially new. They deal with both research results and their applications to wastewater engineering design Pressure for environmental compliance today is greater than ever. Regulatory requirements are, as always, present and forceful. Support from the community for environment-related programs is becoming a stronger driving force than ever before. Stakeholders, as they are often referred to, are quite demanding, well organized, and informed. They challenge wastewater engineers to stretch the performance of existing infrastructure through applied research programs, This concept, referred to by Metcalf & Eddy as “infrastretching,” represents one of the most significant challenges to the practice of wastewater engineering in the new century. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Metcalf & Bddy, Inc, has becn privileged to have as our principal autbors Dr. George Techobanoglous of the University of California at Davis; Franklin L. Burton, a retired vice president of Metcalf & Eddy; and Dr. David Stensel of the University of Washington.Foreword ‘The principal authors were responsible for scope of the textbook, writing, editing, and cootuination with the reviewers and the publisher. Two of our principal authors have enjoyed a long association with the textbook. The third principal author, Dr. Stensel, has joined the team for the fourth edition. Dr. Tchohanoglous was the principal author for the first three editions of this text and far the first two editions of the companion val- ume, Wasiewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater Mr. Burton was technical reviewer for the second edition of this text and the companian text anu a prin- cipal author for the third edition. ‘The staff of Metcalf & Edy played a significant rote in the preparation of this edi- tion, We acknowledge the contributions of the following members of the staff for their valuable efforts in review of manuscripts: Kevin L, Anderson Jonathan W. Doane David P. Bova Robert Gay John G. Chalas Charles E. Pound We would also like to offer our sincere gratitude to Dr. Roger T. Haug for his review of the chapters that cover biclogical wastewater treatment processes. Dr. Hanigs comments were very helpful with respect to achieving one of our goels: the presenta- tion of wastewater engineering in a forward-looking fashion Special appreciation is extended to Jonathan W. Doane for his efforts in managing Metcalf & Eddy’s efforts and to John G. Chalas, che former director of technology of Metcalf & Eddy, now retired, who served as special advisor, ‘dn effort such as this fourth edition could not be successful without the profes- sional encouragement and support of corporate management. We gratefully acknow!- edge the contributions of Robert H. Fisher, chairman and CEO of Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., and John Somerville, president of Metcalf & Eddy. We would also like to acknowledge the vision of our parent company, AECOM Technologies, Inc., acting through Richard Newman, chairman, and Raymond Holdsworth, president, for the commitment they made to complete this offort and io pave the way for future editions. Metealt & Fay would like to make special note of the passing in 2001 of Harry L. Kinsel, a former president of Metcalf & Eddy, Harry Kinsel was known for his pro- fessionalism and commitment to education, Metcalf & Eddy established an intemal ‘competition for technical papers in 1973 in Harry Kinsel’s bonor and this competition will continue as an inspiration to Metcalf & Eddy staff and the industry. Finally, | would like to personally express my appreciation to the entire team of authors, editors, and reviewers for their tireless effort, and the senior management of Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., and AECOM Technologies, Inc., for the opportunity to direct this effort for Metcalf & Bddy. James Anderson Senior Vice President Chief Engineer Metcalf & Eddy, Ine.1-1 1-2 1-3 4 1-5 1-6 2 Preface a Acknowledgments mm Foreword awsti Wastewater Engineering: An Overview 1 ‘Terminology 3 Impact of Regulations on Wastewater Engineering 3 Health and Environmental Concems ‘in Wastewater Management ‘Wastewater Characteristics: Improved Analytical Techniques 10 Importance of Improved Wastewater Characterization 0 ‘Wastewater Treatment 10 Treatment Methads I Current Status D Nev Directions and Concerns 15 Future Trends in Wastewater Treatment 20 ‘Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Pa Current Starus: a New Directions and Concerns 4 Fature Trends in Technology m Biosolids and Residuals Management 22, ‘Current Status 2 New Directions and Concerns 2 Future Trends in Biosolids Processing 23 Constituents in Wastewater a” ‘Wastewater Constituents 2 Constituents Found in Wastewater 29 Constituents of Concern in Wastewater ‘Treanment 4 2-3 a4 25 246 Sampling: and Analytical Procedures Sampling Methods of Anaiysis Units of Measurement for Physical and Chemical Parameters Useful Chemical Retatiomships Physical Characteristics Solids Particle Ste Distribution Turbidiy Color Absorption/Transmittance Temperature Conduct Density, Specific Gravity, ad Specifie Weight Inorganic Nenumezalic Constituents pH Chiorides Alkalinity Nicrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Gases Odors ‘Metallic Constituents Importance of Metals Sources of Metals Sampling and Methods of Analysis Topical Effluent Discharge Limits (for Metals Aperepate Organic Constituents Measurement of Organic Content Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Total and Soluble Chemical Oxygen: Demand (COD and SCOD) Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon (TOC and BTOC) UV-Absorbing Organic Constiwents 35 8 az a 31 32 REE 7 7 59 59 Bzr7eas n n n ” eegsa 3 94. 95 viiContents Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) Inserrelationships between BOD, COD, and TOC Oil und Grease Surfactants 2-7 Individual Organic Compounds Priority Poltutants Analysis of individual Organic Compounds Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Disinfection Byproducts Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicats Fimerping Organic Campounds 2-8 Biological Characteristics Microorganisms Found in Surface Waters and Wastewater Pathogenic Organisms Use of Indicator Organisms Enumeration and Identification of Bacteria Enumeration and idenification of Viruses Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Deselopment of Microorganisms Tpping Techniques New und Reemerging Microorganisms 2-9 Tosicity Tests Toxicity Terminology Toxicity Testing Analysis of Texicity Test Resuits Application of Toxicity Test Results Identification of Toxicity Components 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings 3-1 Components of Wastewater Flows 32 Wastewater Sources and Flowrates Domestic Wastewater Sources and Flowrates Stategies for Reducing Interior Water Use and Wastewater Flowraies Water Use in Developing Countries 98 98 109 Th) Wwe loz 12 tot ips 409 1s 418 126 129 1D 130 130 1a 133 1a 136 137 153, isd 1M 158 102 a5 a1 42 Sources and Rates of Industrial (Nondomestic) Wastewater Flows Infliration/Inflow Exfitration from Collection Systems Combined System Flowrates Statistical Analysis of Flovwratas, Constituent Concentrations, and Mass Loadings Common Statistical Parameters Graphical Analysis of Data Analysis of Wastewater Plowrate Data Definition of Terms Variations in Wastewater Flowrates Wastewater Flowrate Factors ‘Analysis of Constituent Mass Londing Data Wuasiewuter Constinent Concensrations Variations in Constituent Concentrations Flow Weighted Constiteent Concentrations Catcuiation of Mass Loadings Effect of Mass Loading Variabitity ‘on Treatment Plant Performance Selection of Design Flowrates and Mass Losdings Design Flowrates Design Mass Leadings Introduction te Process Analysis and Selection Reactors Used for the ‘Treatment of Wastewater ‘Types of Reactors Application of Reactors Hydraulic Characteristics of Reactors ‘Mass-Balance Analysis The Mass-Balance Principle Preparation of Mass Balances Application of the Mass Balance Analysis Steady-State Simplification Modeling Idea! Flow in Reactors Ideal Flow in Complete-Mix Reactor Ideal Flow in Plug-Flow Reactor 162 163 167 168 170 170 m 178 178 179 180. 181 181 185 192 i94 197 197 199 205 25 218 218 220 220 m m2 2a 224 225, 226 226 2745 a7 48 Analysis of Nonideal Flow in Reactors Using Tracers Factors Leading to Nonideat Flow in Reactors Need jor Tracer Analysis Types of Tracers Conduct of Tracer Tests Analysis of Tracer Response Curves Practical Interpretation of Tracer Measurements Modeling Nonideal Flow in Reactors The Distinction between Molecular Diffusion, Turbulent Diffusion, and Dispersion Plug-Flow Reactor with Asia! Dispersion Compiete-Mix Reaciors in Series Reactions, Reaction Rates, and Reaction Rate Coefficients Types of Reactions Rate of Reaction Reaction Onder Types of Rate Expressions Rate Expressions tised in Environmental Modeling Effects of Temperature on Reaction Rate Coefficients ‘Analysis of Reaction Rate Coefficients Modeling Treatment Process Kinetics Batch Reactor with Reaction Complete Mix Reactor wish Reaciion Complete-Mix Reactors in Series with Reaction Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Reaction Comparison of Complese-Mix and Plg-Flow Reactors with Reaction Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Retarded Reaction Plug-Flow Reactor with Axial Dispersion ond Reaction Other Reactor Flow Regimes and Reactor Combinations ‘Treatment Processes involving Mass Transfer Basic Principle of Mass Transfer 209 28 2M 231 21 233 222 245 Us 261 261 26s 269 269 Pan mI 2 us 7 28 281 283 283 5-2 Contents Gas-Liguid Mass Transfer LiguidSolid Mass Transfer Incroduetion to Process Seleetion Important Factors in Process Selection Process Selection Based on Reaction Kinetics Process Selection Based on Mass Transfer Process Design Based! on Loading Criteria Bench Tesis and Pilot-Plart Studies Reliability Considerations in Proves Selection Physical Unit Operations Screening Classification of Screens Coarse Screens (Bar Racks) Fine Sercens Microsereens: Sereenings Characteristics and Quantities Coarse Solids Reduction Comminutors Macerators Grinders Design Considerations Flow Equalization Description/Apptication Design Considerations Mixing and Foceulation ‘Consinaous Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment Continuous Mixing in Wastewater Treatment Energy Dissipation in Mixing ind Flacculation Timescale tn Mixing ‘Tapes of Mixers Used for Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment Thpes of Misers Used for Floccuiation Jn Wastewater Treatment Types of Mixers Used for Continuous ‘Mixing in Wastewater Treatment 284 293 297 297 299 300 301 304 301 3 3i5 35 316 322 326 327 330 331 352 333 333 333 333 335 344, 345 245 347 350 350 355 3595-5 57 5-10 $11 12 Contents New Developments in Mixing Technology Gravity Separation Theory Description Particle Seting Theory Discrete Particle Settling Floceulent Particle Settling Inclined Plate and Tube Sening Hindered (Zone) Seung Compression Setting Gravity Separation in an Accelerated Flow Field Grit Removal ‘Types of Grit Chambers Horizontal-Flow Grit Chambers Aerated Grit Chambers Vortex-Type Grit Chambers Solids (Sludge) Degrining Grit Characteristics, Quantities, Processing, and Disposal Primary Sedimentation Description Sedimentation Taak Performance Design Considerations Charactertsites and Quantities of Solids (Sludge) and Scum High-Rate Clarification Enhanced Particle Flocculation Analysis of Ballasted Particle Flocculation and Seating Process Application Large-Scale Swit! and Vortex Separators for Combined Wastewater and Stormwater Flotation Description Design Considerations for Dissolved-Air Flotasion Systems ‘Oxygen Transfer Description Evaluation of Oxygen Transfer Coefficient Aeration Systeris Types af Aeration Systems Diffused-Air Aeration 361 6! 362 303 367 372 314 378 2B 383 384 385 385 386 392 392 394 396 397 405 406, 4 4ui a2 412 a4 ay) 49 419 422 425 425 425 430 430 430 5-13 ol 62 Mechanical Aerators Energy Requirement jor Mixing in Aeration Systems Generation and Dissolution of High-Purity Oxygen Pastaeration Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) by Aeration Emission of VOCS Mass Transfer Rates for VOCs ‘Mass Transfer of VOCs from Surface ‘and Diffused-Air Aeration Processes Contra! Strategies for VOCS Chemical Unit Processes Role of Chemical Unit Processes in Wastewater Treatment Application of Chemical Unit Processes Considerations in the Use of Chemical Unit Processes Fundamentals of Chemical Coagulation Basie Definitions Nature of Particles in Wastewater Development and Measurement of Surface Charge Particle-Particle Interactions Particle Desiabilization with Potentia!- Determining fons and Electrolytes Particle Destabilization and ‘Aggregation with Polyelectroistes Particle Destabilization and Removal with Hydrolyzed Metal Tons ‘Chemical Precipitation for Improved Plant Performance Chemical Reactions in Wastewater Precipitation Applications Enhanced Removal of Suspended Solids in Primary Sedimentation Independent Physicai- Chemical Treatment Extimation of Studge Quantities from Chemical Precipitation Chemical Precipitation for Phosphorus Removal 443 452 456 456 457 450 463 a5 416 any 478 479 430 ag 482. 483, 285 486 498 493, 497 398 499 500é7 Chemisty of Phosphate Precipitation Strategies for Phosphorus Removal Phosphorus Removal Using Metal Salts and Polymers Phosphorus Removal Using Lime Phosphorus Removal with Effluent Filtration Comparison of Chemical Phosphorus Removal Processes Estimation of Sludge Quantities from Phosphorus Precipitation CChemicat Precipitation for Removal of Heavy Metals and Dissolved Inorganic Substances Precipitation Reactions Coprecipitation with Phosphorus Chemical Oxidation Fundamentals of Chemival Oxidation Applications Chemical Oxidation of BOD and COD Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia Chemical Neutralization, Seale Control, and Stabilization pH Adjustment Analysis of Scaling Potential Sealing Control Stabilization Chemical Storage. Feeding, Piping, and Control Systems Chemica’ Storage and Handling Dry Chemical-Feed Systems Liguid Chemical-Feed Systems Gas Chemical-Feed Systems Initial Chemical Mixing 301 503 505 307 508 508 509 54, 54 517 sv $17 922 523 a4 526 326 528 $32 $32 532 533 $33 536 57 340 Contents7-2 rH 7-4 Fundamentals of Biological Treatment Overview of Biclogical ‘Wastewater Treatment Objectives of Biological Treatment Sonie Useful Definitions Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment Types of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment Composition and Classification of Microorganisms Celi Components Celi Composition Environmtenizal Factors Microorganism Idensificaiion and Classification Use of Molecular Tools Introduction to Microbial Metabolism Carbon and Energy Sources for Microbial Growih Nutrient and Growth Factor Requirements Bacterial Growth and Energetics Bacterial Reproduction Bacterial Growth Patterns in a Batch Reactor Bacterial Growth and Bromass Yield Measuring Biomass Growth Estimating Biomass Yield und Oxygen Requirements from Stoichiometry Estimating Biomass Yield from Bioenergetics Stoichiometry of Biological Reactions Biomass Synthesis Yields for Different Growth Conditions Observed versus Synthesis Yield Microbial Growth Kinetics 348 S47 598 555 337 538 598 501 563 563 565 565 566 566 367 567 sn aT x9 S80) 580 74 7-7 78 Microbial Growah Kinetics Terminology Rute of Utilization of Soluble Substeaces Other Rate Expressions jor the Unitecation of Soluble Substrate Rate of Soluble Substrate Production from Biodegradable Particwlate Omanic Matter Rate of Biomass Grows with Soluble Substrates Kinetic Coefficients for Substrate Utilization cord Biomass Growth Rate of Oxygen Uptake Effects of Temperature otal Volatile Suspended Solids anit Active Biomass Net thamasy Yield and Observed Yield Modeling Suspended Growth Treatment Processes Description of Suspended Growth Treutment Processes Biomass Mass Balance Subseraie Mass Butane Mixed Liquor Solids Concentravion ‘and Solids Production ‘The Observed Yield Oxygen Reguirements Design and Operating Parameters Process Performance und Stability Modeling Plug-Flow Reactors Substrete Removal in Atached Growth Trcaument Processes Substrate Fhec in Biofilms Substrate Mass Ralcice for Biogilne Substrate Flux Limitations Aerobic Bivlogieat Oxidation Process Description Microbiology 583 5a 584 585 585. 586 387 588 589 $89 $92 592 595 595 598 600 ear 02 606, on 608 608~~ 7-10 7-12 7-3 8-1 Stoichiometry of Aerobie Biological Oxidation Growth Kinetics Environmental Factors Biological Nitrificawon Process Description Microbiology Stoichiometry of Biological Nurification Growth Kinetics Environmental Factors Biological Denitrification Process Description Microbiology’ Stoichiometry of Biological Denitrification Growth Kinetics Environmental Ractors Biological Phosphorus Removal Process Deseription Microbiology Stoichiometry uf Biological Phosphorus Removal Growth Kinetics Environmental Factors Anuerobie Fermentation and Oxidation Pravess Description Microbiology Stoichiomerry of Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxutarion Growth Kinetics Ervirownental Factors Biologicat Removal of Toxic and Recalcitvant Organic Compounds, Development of Biological Treatment Methods Anaerobic Degradation Aerobic Biodegradation Abiotic Losses Modeling Biotic and Abiotic Losses iological Removal of Heavy Metals Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes Introduction <0 (he Activated- ‘Shudge Process. ow a 610 61k ot 61 612 old ois 616 616 ais ve) 621 62 623 624 62s eT 629 6 629 630 1 633 634 635 635 635 ai? 638 638. oan 658 et 8-2 Contents Historical Devetopment Description of Basic Process Evolution of the Activated: Sludge Process Recent Process Developments Wastewater Characterization Key Wastewater Constituents jor Process Design Measurement Methods for Wastewater Characterization Recyele Flows and Loadings Fundamentals of Process Analysis, and Control Process Design Considerations Process Control Operational Problems Actrvated-Shadge Selector Processes Processes for BOD Remewal and Nittification Process Design Considerations Complete-Mix Activated Sludge Process Sequenving Baich Reactor Process Stayed Aciivated-Sludye Process Alternative Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification Process Design Parameters Process Selection Considerations Processes for Bivlogical Nivoger Removal Overview of Biological Nitroger- Removal Proresses Single-Sludge Biological Nitrogen- Removal Processes Process Design Considerations Anaxic/Aerobic Process Design Step-Feed Anoxieierobie Process Design Intermittent Acranian Process Design Postanoxic Endogenous Denitrification Sequencing Batch Reactor Process Analysis Postanoxie Deeitrification with aan Externat Carbon Source Nitrogen Removal in Anaerobic Digestion Recycle Streams 661 61 663 666 666 oH 6 616, on 6x9) 604 700 703 104 705 0 734 TBR 749 180 749 750 750 783 761 165 116 780 Bl 74 788xiv | Contents 8 8-10 ot Alternative Process Configurations {for Biological Nitrogen Removal Process Design Parameters Process Selection Considerations Processes for Biological Phosphorus Removal iological Phasphorus- Removal Processes Process Design Considerations Process Control Solids Separation Facilites Methods to Improve Phosphorus. Removal Efficiency in BPR Systems Biological Phosphorus Removal Process Performance Alternative Processes for Biological Phosphorous Removal Process Design Parameters Provess Selection Considerations Selection and Design of Physical Facilities for Activated-Studge Processes Aeration System ‘Aeration Tanks and Appurtenainces Solids Separation Design of Solids Separation Facilities Suspended Growth Aerated Lagoons Types of Suspended Growth ‘Aerated Lagoons Process Design Considerations for Flow-Tarough Lagoons Duai-Powered Flow-Through Lagoon System Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation Overview of Membrane Biological Reactors Process Description Membrane Fouling Control Process Capabilities Simulation Design Models Mode! Mairix Format, Camponents. ‘and Reactions ‘Model Applicaslons Attached Growth and Combined Biological Treatment Processes Background 789 789 789 709 798 801 SoH 805 805 807 809 809 R16 816 816 820 833 840 841 gat 853 854 854 855 897 a58, 859 360 861 88? 888 2 os 9% o7 Evolution of Attached Growth Processes Mass Transfer Limitations ‘Trickling Filters Trickling Filter Classificaaion ‘ond Applications Design of Physical Facilites Process Design Considerations Nitrification Desiga Rotating Biological Contactors, Process Design Considerations Physical Facilities for RBC Process RBC Process Design ‘Combined Aerobie Treatment Processes ‘Trickling Fitter/Solids Consace cond Trickling Filter/Activated- Shudge Processes Activated Biofilter and Biofiter Activared-Sladge Processes Series Trickting Filter-Activated- Sludge Provess Design Considerations for Combined ‘Tickling Filter Activated- Sludge Sestems Activated Sludge with Fixed- Film Packing Processes with Internal Suspended Packing for Attached Growth Processes with Internal Fixed Packing {for Sitached Growh Submerged Attached Growth Processes Downflow Submerged Attached Growth Processes Upflow Submerged Anached! Growth Processes Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors (FBR) Attached Growth Denitrification Processes Downflow Packed. Bed Postunoxie Denitrification Processes Upftow Packed-Bed Postanoxic Denitrification Reactors Pluidized-Bed Reactors for Postanoxic Denitrification Submerged Roiating Biologicat Contactors Aitached Growth Preanoxic Denitrification Processes 888 890 893 896 922, 930 952, 935 957 940, 940, 943 944 982 982 955 957 987 959, 961 962 962 967 967 96910 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 Anaerobic Suspended and Attached Growth Biological Treatment Processes ‘The Rationale for Anaerobic Treatment Advantages of Anaenbec Treatment Processes Disadvantages aj Anaerobic Treatment Processes Summary Assessment General Design Considerations for Anaerobic Treatment Processes. Characteristics of the Wastewater Solids Retention Time Expected Methane Gas Production ‘Trecament Efficiency Needed Sulfide Production Ammonia Toxicity Liguid-Solids Separation Anaerobic Suspended Growth Processes Complete-Mix Process Anaerobic Coniact Process Anaerobic Sequencing Baich Reactor Design of Anserobic Suspended Growth Processes Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Provesses: Upfiow Sludge Blanket Reactor Process Design Considerations for UASB Process Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor Attached Growth Anaerobic Processes Upfiow Packed-Bed Atiached Growth Reactor Upflow Attached Growth Anaerobic Expanided-Bed Reactor Anached Growth Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Reactor Downflow Attached Growth Processes ‘Other Anacrobic Treatment Processes Covered Anaerobic Lagoon Process Membrane Separation Anaerobic Treatment Process 983 984 986 986 986 ONT 991 992 994, 998 995 996 996 oor 997 999 999) 1005 L005 1007 1016 1017 1018 lane 120 120 1022 1024 1024 1026 VW M1 11-2 11-3 14 11-5 Contenss Advanced Wastewater Treatment ‘Need for Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies Used for Advanced Treatment Residual Constituents in Treated Wastewater Classification of Technologies Removal of Organic und Inorganic Colloidal and Suspended Solids Removal of Dissolved Organic Constinents Removal of Dissolved Inorganic Constinents Removal of Biviogicul Conssinents Process Selection and Performance Data Introduction to Depth Filtration Description of the Filtration Process Filter Hydraulics Analysis of the Filtration Process Selection and Design Considerations for Depth Filters Available Filtration Technologies Performance of Differeni Types of Filter Technatogies issues Related to Design and ‘Operation of Treatment Facilities Importance of influent Wastewater Characteristics Selection of Filtration Technology Filter-Bed Characteristics Filter Flownate Control Filter Buckwashing Systems Filter Appurtenances Filter Instrumentation and Controt Systems Effluent Filtration with Chemical Addition Filter Problems Need for Pitor-Plant Stuties Surface Filtration Dixcfilter® Cloth-Media Disk Filter® Performance Characteristics xv 1035 1037 1038 1038 1038 4038 1040, rot 1043 1044. 1044 1944 1050 1057 1069 1069 1078 1080 1081 1081 1084 1089 1091 1093, 1093 1095 1096 1996 1098 1098 1100 1103xvi | Conton's 11-6 — Membrane Filtration Processes Nos Performance Expectations in wo. Envi- Membrane Process Terninaloge og Reclamation Applications standards Membrane Process Classification 104 Operating Prabiems 13d in Membrane Configurations 110% Disposal of Concenirated Waste 1208 * Membrane Operation ut Membrane Fouling MF Application of Membranes Ht Electrodiabysis Wel Pitot Studies for Membrane Applications 1134 Disposal af Concemirated Waste Streams 1038 VI-7— Adsorption 13 Tepes of Adsorberts TRS Fundamentals of Adsorption nao Aetivaied Carbon Adsorption Kinetics 146 Activated Carbon Treatment Process Applications iy Anaysis and Design of Grant Activated Carhon Contactor 1152 Smatl-Seate Column Tests 1156 Anatysis and Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Contactor 1159 Activated Sludge with Powdered Activated Carbon Precament let 11-8 Gas Stripping L162 Anaiysis of Gas Stripping Les Design of Stripping Towers nv Application 178 TIO Ton Exchange Heo Jon-Bxchange Materials uel Typical lon-Exchange Rewctns TKD Exchange Capacity of Tor Buchange Resins 1183 Jon-Exchange Chemistry 1185 Application of lon Exchange 1189 Operational Considerattons 1196 11-10 Advanced Oxidation Processes 196 Theory of Advanced Oxidation 1196 Technotogies Used ti Produce Hydrexst Radicals (HO") 1197 Applications 1200 Operational Problems 1202 V1=11 Distillation i202 Distittation Processes 120212 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 Disinfection Processes Regulatory Reyeizements tor Wastewater Disinfection Doinlection Theory Characrevisties of su leat Disinfectant Disinfection Methods nd Meas Meehanisos of Disintrewrts rctons tnfbacing the Acre of Disonfectanis Disinfsction with Clone Characteristics of Chterive Compennds Chemesiry of ChHoriie Componnes Brewhpoin Reaction with Chlorine Measurement aad Reporting vf Diunicetion Pricess Variables Germivicitd bifeienes of Chlorine und Vavieine Chiorme Conyouds Factors That Afiect Dasinfection Hifvienc uf Chtorine Masletiny the Chtorine Phrinicetion Process Revtew of the Cyt Concept Requived Chlorine Doseige for Divinfeetion Formation and Convred of Disinfection Baproducs Eavirommtentel Impacts Disnleetion with Chlorine Dinside Characteristics of Chlorine Deavide Cherie Diecide Chevtistes Bifectiveness of Chiorine Dieaite cas Dishyectant Byprodtuct Formation and Cosine Enciroumenial Impacts Dechlormanien Need Jor Dechlorination, 1s 1260 1261 el 161 12-6 12-7 12-8 12-9 Dechiorination af Wastewater Treated with Chtorine act Chlorine Compounds Dechlorination of Cilorme Binide with Sulfur Dioside Design of Chlorination and Dechlorination Facilities Sistine Chlorination Facitities Application Flow Diagrams Bosage Control Injection cma Teittal Mixing Chlorine Contact Busin Design Chlorine Residual Measurement Chlorine Storage Facilities Chlorine Conmtainent Bacitines Dechlorination Facilities Disnafeenon with Gaone Ocone Properties Osune Chemisty Ozone Disinfection Sustemns Components Effecmveness of Or0Re as ¢ Disingectaant Modeling the Ozone Dasinfection Process Required Ucone Dosages jor Disinfection Bxproduct Formation and Control Environmental bnpacts of Using Osone tier Benefits of Using Orome Other Chemical Disinfection Methods Peracesie Acid Osanestivdregen Perenide (Peroxane} Combined! Chemical Dasinfection Pracesses Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Disinfection. Sorrce of UV Radvation UY Disinfection Syvtem Components and Configurations 1261 1264 1264 1258 1266 1269 1270 ea 4283 1284 1284 1286 1286 1287 1287 1288 1290 1230, 1293 1293 1295 1295 1205 1295 1297 1297 1298 198 1301xviii 12-10 13 11 13-2 133 We ‘Comments Germicidal Fffectiveness of WY Radiation Modeling the UY Disinfection Process Estimating UV Dose Uteravioles Disinfection Guidelines Selection and Sizing of a UY Disinfection System Troubleshooting UY Disinfection Systems Environmental Impacts of UV Radiation Disinfection Comparison of Alvemative Disinfection Technologies Germicidal Effectiveness Advantages and Disadvantages Water Reuse Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse: An Introduction Definition of Terms The Role of Water Recveling in the Hydrologic Cycle Historical Perspective Wastewater Reuse Applications Need for Water Reuse Public Health and Environmental Assues in Water Reuse Constituents in Reclaimed Water Public Heaith Issues Environmental Issues The Evolution of Water Reuse: Guidelines in the United States Water Reclansation Criteria in Other Countries What Level of Trearment ds Necessary? Introduction to Risk Assessment Risk Assessment Risk Management Ecological Risk Assessment Risk Assessment for Water Reuse Limitations in Risk Assessment for Water Reuse ‘Water Reclamation Technologies: 1304 1309 Bu 1816 Bt 1326 (329 19 133 1330 (aa5 137 137 U7 1349 iss) 1384 1386 bse Lass 1388 1388 Le2 1365 1366 1366 Br 1373 1378 i374 1336 13-5 13-6 V7 13-8 13-9 Constituent Removal Feckinologies Conventional Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagrams for Wazer Reclamation Advanced Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagrams Performance Expectations for Water Reclamation Processes Predicting the Performance of Treaiment Process Combinations Treatment Process Reliability Storage of Reclaimed Water Need for Storage Meeting Water Quaiity Discharge Requirements Operation of Storage Reservoirs Problems Involved with Siorage of Reclaimed Water ‘Management Strategies for Open cand Enclosed Reservoirs Agricuiaral and Landscape Inigation Evatuation of Irrigation Water Quality Other Problems Industrial Water Reuse Industrial Water Use Couling Tower Makeup Water Water and Sat Balances ix Coating Tower Common Water Quality Problems in Cooting Tower Svstems Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Water Gromndwater Recharge Methods Pretreatment Requirements for Groundwater Reckarge Fave of Contaminants in Groundwater Groundwater Recharge Guidelines Planned Indirect and Direct Potable ‘Water Reuse Planned Indiveet Potable Water Reuse Planned Direct Potable Water Reuse Planned Poiable Waser Reuse Criteria What Is the Ultimate Wiawer Reuse Goal? 1376 (377 1379 1379 1387 1391 1391 1392 1392 98 1399 1401 1401 1410 llr 1413 1413 lala Late 1422 1423 1426 1427 1429 1429) 1431 132, 1432, 143313-10 1311 14 14-1 14-2 43 14-4 14-5 4-6 147 14-8 149 Planning for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Planning, Basis Market Assessment Monetary Analyses Other Planniaig Factors Planning Report Epilogue on Water Reuse Issues Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal of Solids and Biosolids Solids Sources, Charactensties, and: Quantities Sourves Characteristics Quantities Regulations for the Reuse and Disposal of Sotids in the United States Land Application Surface Disposal Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Incineration Solids Processing Flow Diagrams Sludge and Scum Pumping Pugs Headioss Determination Stuctge Piping Preliminary Operations Grinding Screening Degritting Blending Storage ‘Thickening Application Description and Design of Thickeners Introduction to Stadilization Alkaline Stabilization Chemicut Reactions in Lime Stabilization Heat Generaiton Application of Alkaline Stabilization Processes Anaerobic Digestion Process Fundamentals 1433 W433 WH 135 6 7 1438 1447 14st ist Wat $454 1400 1st L361 Ler L464 L405 L465 1465 1475 M8i 1482 1482 182 L484 Last 1aNs HRS SAS 1x9 1399 1500 is0o 102 1502 sus 1506 14-10 wit 14-12 14-13 1414 145 Contents Description of Mesophitic Anaerobic Digestion Processes Process Design for Mesophitic Anaerabie Digestion Selection of Tank Design and Mixing System Methods for Enhancing Solids Loading and Digester Performance Gas Production, Collection, and Use Digester Heating Thermophilic Anaembic Digestion Two-Phased Anaerobic Digestion Acrobic Digestion Process Deseription Conventional Air Aerobic Digestion Dual Digesiton Autoihormel Thermophilie Aerobie Digestion (ATAD} High Purity Oxygen Digestion Composting Process Microbiology Process Description Design Considerations Cocompasting with Municipal Solid Wastes Public Health and Lawnanmental sues Conditionny Chemical Condinoning Other Conditioning Methods Dewatering Contrifagation Belt-Filter Press Filter Presses Sixdge Drying Beds Reed Bets Lagoons Heat Drying Heat-Transfer Methods Provess Descripiion Product Characteristics Provct Transport and Storage Fire and Explosion Hazards Air Poitution and Odor Consro! Incineration Fundamental Aspects of Complete Combustion Muliple-Hearth Incineration Fluidiced-Bed incineration 1507 1509 1516 1522 1923 1523 1529 1531 1533 1934 1535 1541 1541 1845 1546 i847 1887 1550 1551 1454, 1854 1555 1557 i588 1589 1563 1565 1570 1578 1578 1579 1879 1580, 1584 1585 1585 1585 1586 1587 1588 1590Xx 14-16 14-17 14-18 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 Contents Coincineration with Maricipat Solid Waste Ai Pollution Control Solids Mass Balances Preparation of Solids Maxy Bulurces Performance Date far Salids- Processing Fucilines Ampact af Return Flows arid Lawl ‘Application of Biosolids tn Land Site Evaiuation and Seiection US. EPA Regulations for Beneficial Use and Disposal of Biosotids Design Loading Rates Appticeaion Methoris Application to Dedicated Leands Laratitings Biosolids Conveyance and Storage Conveyance Methods Storage Issues Related to Treatment-Plant Performance Need for Upgrading Treatment-Plant Performance Meeting Curren: and Future Needs Mecting Mare Stristgent Discharge Reguiresnenss Divcharge Lamits for Wastewater Treatment Plants Teeatment Process Reliability snd Selection of Design Values Variability in Wastewater Treatment Selectian of Provess Desig Parameters in Meet Discharge Permit Luntits: Pergiormener of Combined Processes Development of frpat-Ouiput Date Oxlor Management Tigres of Odors Sources af Odars Movernent of Osiors from Wastercater Treaiment Fuctiities Strategies for Odor Management Gdior-Trewtenent Methods Selection and Design of Qdor-Contrul Fecitties Design Considerations for Chemical Scrubbers Is 1s92 1592 1595 19% 1504 Fotis 1909 Loo Il} Il? Layo ler sol 1622 167 1633 to leM Weis 168 Hoan 136 reat les? Tout 1650 1650 1650 1654 1sd Inge eats 1068 134 15-5 15-6 15-7 Appen A 8 € D Design Considerations for Oddor- Control Biofiters Introduction te Automatic Process Contra! Process Disturbances Conteal Systems for Wastewater Treatment Phanits Contral Algonans Process Conrad Diagrams Description of Automate Contra Suaiens Klemens Faergy Mficreney vp Wastewater Treatment Overview of the Use of Blectricity in Wiestewater Treatett Measures for Fnprowing, Energy Eyficienct Upgrading Wastewater Treazmeat- Plant Performance Pracess Oprinication Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Facititees Lnuportant Design Considerations For New Wasiewatee Treatment Plants Process Design Considerations for Liguidd Sirvauns Proveas Design Considerations for Sulids Processing Odor Coatrat dixes Conversion Factors: Physical Properties of Selected Gases and the Composition of Air Physical Properties of Water Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen in Water ay a Furchon of Salinity and Barvmetrie Pressure MPN Tables and Their Use Carbonate Equilibrium Moods Diagrams for the Analysis of Flow un Pipes Indexes Name Index Subject Inder 1670 tort 1678 1879) 1682, 1680 1693 708 Wot 1105 1708 1708 ur 172i m1 1721 ne i729 ust Val 1745 1739 1753 18ST 1759 im