THE CALCULUS 7

Louis Leithold

HarperCollmsCollegePublisbers

CONTENTS

Preface

xiii

FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY

1.1

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

1.2

OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS AND

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

12

1.3

FUNCTIONS AS MATHEMATICAL MODELS

21

1.4

GRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION TO LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS

30

1.5

DEFINITION OF THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

AND LIMIT THEOREMS

41

1.6

ONE-SIDED LIMITS

53

1.7

INFINITE LIMITS

59

1.8
1.9

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A NUMBER

CONTINUITY OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND
CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL
CONTINUITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
AND THE SQUEEZE THEOREM

72

1.10

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION

82
92
102

109

2.1

THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE

110

2.2

DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY

118

2.3

THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE

128

2.4

THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC

FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES

132

2.5

RECTILINEAR MOTION

142

2.6

THE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE

155

CONTENTS

2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10

DERIVATIVES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

162
THE DERIVATIVE OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND
THE CHAIN RULE
172
THE DERIVATIVE OF THE POWER FUNCTION FOR RATIONAL
EXPONENTS AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
183
RELATED RATES
192
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW
201

BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR

GRAPHS, EXTREME FUNCTION VALUES,
AND APPROXIMATIONS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FUNCTION VALUES

APPLICATIONS INVOLVING AN ABSOLUTE EXTREMUM
ON A CLOSED INTERVAL
ROLLE'S THEOREM AND THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND
THE FIRST-DERIVATIVE TEST
CONCAVITY, POINTS OF INFLECTION, AND THE
SECOND-DERIVATIVE TEST
SKETCHING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
LIMITS AT INFINITY
SUMMARY OF SKETCHING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
APPROXIMATIONS BY NEWTON'S METHOD, THE
TANGENT LINE, AND DIFFERENTIALS
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND INTEGRATION

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

ANTIDIFFERENTIATION
SOME TECHNIQUES OF ANTIDIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND RECTILINEAR MOTION
AREA
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF THE CALCULUS
AREA OF A PLANE REGION

209
210
219
228
235
244
256
264
276
283
292
304

313
314
327
336
346
356
369
377
389

CONTENTS
4.9
4.10

VOLUMES OF SOLIDS BY SLICING, DISKS, AND WASHERS 398

VOLUMES OF SOLIDS BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
409
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW
415

LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRALS
YIELDING THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
OTHER EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
INTEGRALS YIELDING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF THE

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

vii

LENGTH OF ARC OF THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

CENTER OF MASS OF A ROD
CENTER OF MASS OF A LAMINA AND CENTROID
OF A PLANE REGION
WORK
FORCE DUE TO FLUID PRESSURE
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW

423
424
439
451
458
469
477
491
507
512
526

533
534
541
548
557
564
569

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION, INDETERMINATE

FORMS, AND IMPROPER INTEGRALS
573
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
INTEGRATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
AND LOGISTIC GROWTH

574
583
594
601

viii

CONTENTS

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10

INTEGRATION BY OTHER SUBSTITUTION

TECHNIQUES AND TABLES
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
THE INDETERMINATE FORM 0 / 0 AND CAUCHY'S
MEAN-VALUE THEOREM
OTHER INDETERMINATE FORMS
IMPROPER INTEGRALS WITH INFINITE
LIMITS OF INTEGRATION
OTHER IMPROPER INTEGRALS
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW

614
621
634
644
650
659
664

POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATIONS, SEQUENCES,

AND INFINITE SERIES
671
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10

POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATIONS BY TAYLOR'S FORMULA

SEQUENCES
INFINITE SERIES OF CONSTANT TERMS
INFINITE SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS
INFINITE SERIES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE TERMS
A SUMMARY OF TESTS FOR CONVERGENCE OR
DIVERGENCE OF AN INFINITE SERIES
POWER SERIES
DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION OF POWER SERIES
TAYLOR SERIES
POWER SERIES FOR NATURAL LOGARITHMS AND
THE BINOMIAL SERIES
CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS, PLANE CURVES,

AND POLAR GRAPHS
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND PLANE CURVES

LENGTH OF ARC OF A PLANE CURVE
POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR GRAPHS
LENGTH OF ARC AND AREA OF A REGION
FOR POLAR GRAPHS
A UNIFIED TREATMENT OF CONIC SECTIONS AND
POLAR EQUATIONS OF CONICS
CHAPTER 9 REVIEW

672
681
693
707
720
732
735
744
755
765
773

777
778
785
790
804
813
822

CONTENTS

ix

VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES

IN SPACE
825
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6

VECTORS IN THE PLANE

VECTORS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE
DOT PRODUCT
PLANES AND LINES IN R3
CROSS PRODUCT
SURFACES
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW

VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5

VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS AND CURVES IN R3

CALCULUS OF VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
THE UNIT TANGENT AND UNIT NORMAL VECTORS
AND ARC LENGTH AS PARAMETER
CURVATURE
CURVILINEAR MOTION
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF FUNCTIONS

OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS OF MORE
THAN ONE VARIABLE
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL
THE CHAIN RULE FOR FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN
ONE VARIABLE
DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND GRADIENTS
TANGENT PLANES AND NORMALS TO SURFACES
EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW

MULTIPLE INTEGRATION
13.1
13.2

CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES

DOUBLE INTEGRALS

826
838
850
861
873
886
903

907
908
916
925
932
941
953

957
958
970
986
999
1011
1021
1031
1036
1051
1061

1069
1070
1076

CONTENTS

13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6

APPLICATIONS OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
TRIPLE INTEGRALS
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL
COORDINATES
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW

INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS

OF VECTOR FIELDS
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6

VECTOR FIELDS
LINE INTEGRALS
LINE INTEGRALS INDEPENDENT OF THE PATH
GREEN'S THEOREM
SURFACE INTEGRALS
GAUSS'S DIVERGENCE THEOREM AND STOKES'S
THEOREM
CHAPTER 14 REVIEW

APPENDIX PRECALCULUS TOPICS

A.1
REAL NUMBERS AND INEQUALITIES
A.2
COORDINATES AND GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS
A.3
LINES
A.4
PARABOLAS
A.5
CIRCLES
A.6
TRANSLATION OF AXES
A.7
ELLIPSES
A.8
HYPERBOLAS
A.9
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
A . 10 THE GENERAL EQUATION OF THE SECOND DEGREE
IN TWO VARIABLES AND ROTATION OF AXES
A . 1 1 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
SUPPLEMENTARY SECTIONS
1.5 SUPPLEMENT
1.7 SUPPLEMENT
1.10 SUPPLEMENT
2.8 SUPPLEMENT
4.5 SUPPLEMENT

1090
1102
1111
1117
1124

1129
1130
1141
1150
1161
1174
1182
1189
A-l
A-l
A-l 3
A-22
A-32,
A-37
A-42
A-48
A-58
A-67

CONTENTS

5.1
8.2
8.5
8.8

SUPPLEMENT
SUPPLEMENT
SUPPLEMENT
SUPPLEMENT

12.3 SUPPLEMENT
12.4 SUPPLEMENT
12.8 SUPPLEMENT
FORMULAS FROM TRIGONOMETRY
FORMULAS FROM GEOMETRY
THE GREEK ALPHABET
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES
INDEX

xi

A-104
A-l08
A-l09
A-l 10
A-l 14
A-l 16
A-l 18
A-120
A-l 21
A-l 21
A-l 23
1-1