Electric motors

Prepared by
ENG./ A.SOLIMAN


Brushed

DC

Brushless

Split Capacitor

Stepper

Shaded Pole

Universal
Single Phase
Induction

AC

Synchronous

Poly Phase Induction

Capacitor Start
Split Phase

D.C motors

Magnetic filed

Field direction: North South

Right hand rule

Electric Currents Magnetism!

Magnetization

North/South
Pole?

D.C motors
types

Series Motors
Shunt Motors
Cumulative Compound Motor
Differential Compound Motor

Series Motors

Shunt Motors

Compound Motors
The cumulative compound motor is one of the most
common DC motors because it provides high
starting torque and good speed regulation at high
speeds. Since the shunt field is wired with similar
polarity in parallel with the magnetic field aiding the
series field and armature field, it is called
cumulative. When the motor is connected this way,
it can start even with a large load and then operate
smoothly when the load varies slightly.

connections

Brushed D.C motor

The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.

The rotor is the inner part which rotates. In the motor
animations, red represents a magnet or winding with
a north polarization, while green represents a magnet
or winding with a south polariztion. Opposite, red and
green, polarities attract

Brushed D.C motor

Just as the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move

across the commutator contacts and energize the next
winding. In the animation the commutator contacts are
brown and the brushes are dark grey. A yellow spark
shows when the brushes switch to the next winding .

Brush less D.C motor

A brushless dc motor has a rotor with permanent

magnets and a stator with windings.
It is essentially a dc motor turned inside out.
The control electronics replace the function of the
commutator and energize the proper winding.

Full Stepper Motor

This animation demonstrates the principle for a stepper motor using

full step commutation. The rotor of a permanent magnet stepper motor
consists of permanent magnets and the stator has two pairs of
windings. Just as the rotor aligns with one of the stator poles, the
second phase is energized. The two phases alternate on and off and
also reverse polarity. There are four steps. One phase lags the other
phase by one step. This is equivalent to one forth of an electrical cycle
or 90.

Stepper Motor Half

This animation shows the stepping pattern for a half-step stepper motor.
The commutation sequence for a half-step stepper motor has eight steps
instead of four. The main difference is that the second phase is turned on
before the first phase is turned off. Thus, sometimes both phases are
energized at the same time. During the half-steps the rotor is held in
between the two full-step positions. A half-step motor has twice the
resolution of a full step motor. It is very popular for this reason.

More on Stepper Motors

Note how the phases are driven so that

the rotor takes half steps
29

Full step sequence

showing how binary
numbers can control
the motor

Half step
sequence of
binary control
numbers
30

Stepper Motor Applications

Film Drive
Optical Scanner
Printers
ATM Machines

I. V. Pump
Blood Analyzer
FAX Machines
Thermostats

DC Motor Applications
Automobiles

Windshield Wipers
Door locks
Window lifts
Antenna retractor
Seat adjust
Mirror adjust
Anti-lock Braking System

Cordless hand drill

Electric lawnmower
Fans
Toys
Electric toothbrush
Servo Motor

Single phase motor

Split Phase

) (

90


.

Single phase motor

capacitor start

90

Single phase motor

two value capacitor start

Single phase motor

shaded pole motor

)(

Torque speed curves of different types

of single phase induction motors

Poly Phase Induction

Design summary
Built-in thermistors for
temperature monitoring
Newly constructed terminal
box, roomy and easy to work
with

Lubrication system with grtease outlet

plug. Grease nipples in stainless steel.
Permanently greased bearings optional

Class H insulation for high

temperature resistance
Shields with more
effective cooling
flanges

Rating plate and separate lubrication

information plate. In stainless steel.
Allways readable.
Equipped with stainless steel SPM
adaptors for bearing condition
monitoring

Heavy-duty steel fan cover

High efficient cooling fan

New, improved bearing

shields for longer lifetime
Reliable gamma shaft seal
protects the bearing

Reliable anti-corrosion
treatment
Feet with double holes
permit installation of larger
back-up motor

Ready for vibration

measurements
Bearings with C4-clearance as
standard
Optional standby heating systems

Rotor

Squirrel cage

Wound rotor

AC&DC COILS
AC Diamond Coils

DC Armature Coils

Interpole

Soft coils
Compensating windings

Hard cured coils

Rotor lap & wave

Stator

Three phase motor

Torque speed curves of different types

of Three phase induction motors

Torque speed curves of different types

NEMA standard motors

Codes and standards

NEMA MG1-1993, Rev 4, Motors and Generators.
IEEE Std 1121996, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction
Motors and Generators.
IEEE Std 1151983, IEEE Guide: Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines.
IEEE Std 5221992, IEEE Guide for Testing Turn-to-Turn Insulation on FormWound Stator Coils for Alternating Current Rotating Electric Machines.
IEC 341, 1996, 10th ed., Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 1: Rating and
Performance.
IEC 341, Amendment 1, 1997, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 1: Rating and
Performance.
IEC 342, 1972, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 2: Methods of Determining
Losses and Efficiency of Rotating Electrical Machinery from Tests.
IEC 342, Amendment 1, 1995 and Amendment 2, 1996, Rotating Electrical
Machines, Part 2: Methods of Determining Losses and Efficiency of Rotating
Electrical Machinery from Tests.

Codes and standards

IEC 345,1991, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 5: Classification of Degrees of
Protection Provided by Enclosures of Rotating Electrical Machines (IP Code).
IEC 346, 1991, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 6: Methods of Cooling (IC
Code).
IEC 349, 1990 and 2/979/FDIS, 1997, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 9,
Noise Limits.
IEC 3412, 1980, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 12: Starting Performance of
Single-speed, Three-phase Cage Induction Motors for Voltages up to and
Including 600 Volts.
IEC 3414, 1990 and 2/940/FDIS, 1996, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 14:
Mechanical Vibration of Certain Machines with Shaft Heights 56 mm and
Larger.
IEC 3415,1995, Rotating Electric Machines, Part 15: Impulse Voltage Withstand
Levels of Rotating AC Machines with Form-wound Coils.
IEC 38, 1983, IEC Standard Voltages.
IEC 721, 1991, Dimension and Output Series for Rotating Electrical Machines.

Material specification
Stator
Die cast aluminum alloy
Cast iron

Terminal box
Die cast aluminum alloy
Cast iron

Bearing end shields

Cast iron

Shaft material: Steel

Shaft key: Steel, Fan cover: Galvanized sheet steel
Fan
Aluminum
Glass-fibre reinforced moulded polypropylene

Material specification (cont.)

The following parts are made of stainless
steel
Rating plate
Lubrication plate
Bolts
Grease nipples
SPM adaptors

Fan cover
Metal fasteners for fan cover

P = 3 V I COS

General about hazardous areas

Standards
Motors for hazardous areas comply with the
following international standards:
IEC publications 60079-0 (2000-06) and
60079-15 (2001-02); 61241-1-1 (1999-06)
European standards (latest edition) EN
50014, EN 50016, EN 50018, EN 50019,
EN 50021 and EN 50281-1-1
British standards BS 5000 Part 16

Flameproof enclosure EEx d and EEx de

The motor enclosure shall be designed in such a way that no internal explosion
can be transmitted to the explosive atmosphere surrounding the motor. The
enclosure must withstand, without damage, any pressure levels caused by an
internal explosion. The shape, length and gap of part assembly joints, at shaft
opening, cable entries, etc., shall be designed to allow for throttling and cooling of
hot gases escaping outside. The standards emphasize the impact of an explosive
atmosphere (for instance, explosion pressure) over constructional requirements of
such apparatus. Work on assembly devices of enclosure component parts is only
permitted using prescribed tools. Cable entries must meet the requirements of this
type of protection. The temperature of the motor's external enclosure should not
exceed the self-ignition temperature of the explosive atmosphere of the installation
area during normal operation. For this reason, rated output depends on this rated
maximum temperature for the considered area. No motor device outside the
flameproof enclosure (e.g., ventilation) shall be a potential source of sparks, arcs
or dangerous overheating.
Variants combining two types of protection usually combine d and e
protection. The most commonly used and recognized by the CENELEC European
Standards is the EEx de variant. The motor is designed with an EEx d flameproof
enclosure, while the terminal box features an EEx e increased safety protection.
Such design combines the superior safety degree of the d type of protection with
the less stringent electrical connection requirements of increased safety motors.
Motors featuring dual protection are seldom encountered - such as an increased
safety motor with a flameproof enclosure designated EEx e + EEx d in European
Standards

Increased safety design, EEx e

The design of this motor type prevents the
occurrence of sparks, arcs or hot spots in
service (including starting and locked rotor
situation), that could reach the self-ignition
temperature of the surrounding, potentially
explosive atmosphere, in all inner and outer
parts of the machine.

Increased safety design, EEx e

This is ensured by applying constructional or dimensional provisions that
mainly concern:
specified minimum values for creepage distances and clearances
use of tracking-proof isolating materials
suppression of sharp angles where static electrical loads could build-up
ensuring electrical and mechanical assemblies are tightly secured
minimum backlash values between stationary and rotating parts (e.g., air
gap, ventilation, etc.)
temperature-rise limits, taking into account locked rotor, normal
operation, accidental mechanical stalling of machine under the most
adverse thermal
conditions, i.e. when thermal equilibrium of machine is reached while in
service.
Temperature rise limits are to be considered for two operating aspects;
one for normal operating conditions and the other under accidental
stalling conditions.

Non-sparking design, EEx nA, Ex nA

This type of protection is allowed to be used in the
hazardous area corresponding to zone 2.
This design is also known as 'Non-sparking' type as
the motor must be designed in such a way that no
sparks can occur in normal operation, and used
within the ratings specified by the manufacturer,
which excludes thermal requirements due to
starting or accidental stalling.
EEx nA motors are not flameproof motors. They
have no flamepath, and thus the enclosure groups
A, B and C have no relevance. The letter "A" stands
for non-sparking equipment according to EN 50021.

Frame size

General purpose motors range

Insulation class

Duty type

IP

Mechanical protection

Service factor

Cooling methods

Cooling modes
Flexible design : a complete range of enclosures and cooling
arrangements can be built on top of the standard basic module

Open Drip Proof

IP23 IC01
ODP / WPI
Direct air cooling

Weather protected
IPW24 IC01
WPII with filters
Weather protected

Totally Enclosed Water

cooled CACW
IP54 IC81W
TEWAC
Single tubes copper

Totally Enclosed Air

cooled CACA
IP54 IC611
TEAAC
Aluminium alloy tubes

Mounting

SPM Vibration and shock pulse

measurements
SPM adaptors in stainless steel
SPM stands for Shock Pulse Method
Gives early warning of developing
bearing damages
Prepared areas for vibration measuring
For axial measuring
For horizontal measuring
Magnetic measuring devices

Junction box

Terminal box

PTC

H.V motors

Heavy-duty welded steel

construction

stator design
- Welded lamination stacking
- Strongly braced heavy-duty winding
- Complete stator vacuum pressure impregnated

Vacuum and Pressure Impregnation

Exceeds class F requirements
Excellent mechanical strength
High moisture resistance
Basic impulse level exceeds IEC requirements
1

Pressure

Resin

Resin

OVEN
Insulation system Drying

Increase the pressure

Vacuum

Vacuum

Resin

Resin
Make the
Vacuum

Remove the varnish

OVEN
Inject the varnish

Cure the varnish

HV winding insulation
VPI impregnation Class H resin

Stator
Iron

Air gap
Rotor Iron

1.1

Filler Strip

Class H

1.2

Mica/glass main Insulation Class H

1.3

Copper Conductors

1.4

Mica inter-turn Insulation

1.5

Spacer

Class F

1.6

Filler Strip

Class F

1.5

Slot Wedge

Class F

Class F

Main terminal box

IEC box
NEMA box

Motor rating selection

Hydraulic Pump Power

The ideal hydraulic power to drive a pump
depends on the mass flow rate, the liquid
density and the differential height

Ph = q g h / 3.6 106 (1)

where
Ph = power (kW)
q = flow capacity (m3/h)
= density of fluid (kg/m3)
g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h = differential head (m)

Site altitude

Ambient derating

Motor system voltage

Winding single-phase (Delta connected).

Winding shorted phase to phase.

Winding shorted turn to turn.

Winding with shorted coil.

Winding grounded at edge of slot.

Winding grounded in the slot.

Shorted connection.

Phase damage due to unbalanced voltage.

Winding damaged due to overload.

Damage caused by locked rotor.

Winding damaged by voltage surge.

Thank you.
The end.