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Scalars, Vectors and Tensors
Scalars, Vectors and Tensors
A scalar is a physical quantity that it represented by a dimensional number at a particular point in space and time. Examples are hydrostatic pressure and temperature.
A vector is a bookkeeping tool to keep track of two pieces of information
(typically magnitude and direction) for a physical quantity. Examples are
position, force and velocity. The vector has three components.
velocity vector
v1
X
~v = v1~x1 + v2~x2 + v3~x3 =
vi~xi = v2
i
v3
11 12 13
stress tensor
ij = 21 22 23
(1-25)
31 32 33
For stress, we keep track of a magnitude, direction and which plane the
component acts on.
1
11 12 13
ij = 21 22 23
31 32 33
(1-25)
The first subscript keeps track of the plane the component acts on (described by its unit normal vector), while the second subscript keeps track of
the direction. Each component represents a magnitude for that particular
plane and direction.
Figure 2: Four of the nine components of the stress tensor acting on a small
cubic fluid element.
ij = ji
(1-26)
Thus there are only six independent components of the stress tensor.
Tensor calculus will not be required in this course.
(1-27)
13 = 31 = 32 = 32 = 0
(1-28)
11
0
ij = 22 0
0
0 33
(1-29)
11 0
0
ij = 0 22 0
0
0 33
(1-30)
P 0
0
ij = 0 P 0
0
0 P
(1-30)
(1-32)
N2 22 33
(1-33)
(1-35)
ui (t2 ) uj (t2 )
+
xj (t1 ) xi (t1 )
(1-37)
(1-38)
The components of the local velocity vector are vi = dui /dt (1-39). Since
the coordinates xi and time t are independent variables, we can switch the
order of differentiations.
ij
vi
vj
+
xj xi
4
(1-40)
0 0
ij = 0 0
0 0 0
Where the scalar = u1 /x2 + u2 /x1 (1-41)
0 0
ij = 0 0
0 0 0
(1-51)
2 0
0
ij = 0 0
0 0
Where the scalar u1 /x1 .
2 0
0
ij = 0 0
0 0
Where the scalar d/dt.
(1-47)
(1-48)
(1-49)
Equation (1-49) is valid for all components of the extra stress tensor in
any flow of a Newtonian fluid. All low molar mass liquids are Newtonian
(such as water, benzene, etc.)
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
ij =
0
ij =
0
(1-48)
(1-48)
(1-53)
and the normal stress differences are thus both zero for the Newtonian
fluid
N1 = N2 = 0
(1-54)
ij = 0
0
ij = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(1-48)
(1-55)
acceleration ~a =
~a =
d~v
dt
d~v
dt
dvx
dt
~a =
ay =
dvy
dt
az =
dvz
dt
Divergence n.
~ ~v
vx
x
vy
y
vz
z
y
x
z
If v
> 0 and v
> 0 and v
>0
x
y
z
and vx > 0 and vy > 0 and vz > 0
then you have an explosion! the name divergence.
~
P
P ~
i
x
P ~
j
y
P ~
k
z
Laplacian n.
2~v
2~vx
x2
2~vy
y 2
2~vz
z 2
2 vx 2 vx 2 vx ~
~v =
+
+
i
x2
y 2
z 2
2
vy 2 vy 2 vy ~
+
+
j
+
x2
y 2
z 2
2
vz 2 vz 2 vz ~
+
+
+
k
x2
y 2
z 2
2
(~v ~n)dA = net flow rate (mass per unit time) out of control volume.
R
d
dt
R
V
Mass Balance:
d
dt
R
V
dV =
R
S
(~v ~n)dA
Z
dV =
(~v ~n)dA
Z
(~v ~n)dA =
~ (~v )dV
Z
V
~
+ (~v ) dV = 0
t
~
+ (~v ) = 0
t
10
=0
= constant
Z
dV =
(~v ~n)dA
S
becomes
Z
(~v ~n)dA = 0
S
Continuity Equation
~ (~v ) = 0
+
11
(1-57)
Cylindrical Coordinates: r, , z
1 v vz
1
(rvr ) +
+
=0
r r
r
z
Spherical Coordinates: r, ,
1
1 v
1 2
(r vr ) +
(v sin ) +
=0
2
r r
r sin
r sin
~ ~v = 0
All are simply
12