TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2000

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

1 unified atomic mass unit,
Proton mass,

kg

N0 = 6.02 10 23 mol 1

k B = 1.38 10

23

J/K

c = 3.00 10 8 m / s

Plancks constant,

h = 6.63 10 34 J s

= 4.14 10 15 eV s

hc = 1.99 10 25 J m
= 1.24 10 3 eV nm

Universal gravitational constant,

Acceleration due to gravity
at the Earths surface,
1 atmosphere pressure,

0 = 8.85 10 12 C 2 / N m 2
k = 1 / 4 0 = 9.0 10 9 N m 2 / C 2

0 = 4 10 7 (T m ) / A

k
= 0 / 4 = 10 7 (T m ) / A

G = 6.67 10
g = 9.8 m / s

11

m / kg s
3

1 atm = 1.0 10 N / m
5

= 1.0 10 5 Pa

1 electron volt,

10

mega

10

kilo

centi

milli

micro

nano

pico

1 eV = 1.60 10

19

second

ampere

kelvin

R = 8.31 J / (mol K )

Speed of light,

Magnetic constant,

kilogram

m p = 1.67 10

e = 1.60 10 19 C

Vacuum permeability,

giga

kg

meter

27

Magnitude of the electron charge,

Coulombs law constant,

10 9

= 931 MeV/c

me = 9.11 10 31 kg

Vacuum permittivity,

Symbol

Electron mass,

Boltzmanns constant,

Prefix

Name

mn = 1.67 10 27 kg

Universal gas constant,

Factor

1u = 1.66 10 27 kg

Neutron mass,

Avogadros number,

PREFIXES

UNITS

mole

mol

hertz

Hz

newton

pascal

Pa

10 2
10
10

3
6

10 9
10

12

Symbol

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

FOR COMMON ANGLES

joule

watt

coulomb

volt

ohm

henry

farad

tesla

45o

sin

cos

tan

3 /2

3 /3

30o

1/2

37o

3/5

degree
Celsius

53o

electronvolt

eV

60o
90o

2 /2

4/5

4/5
2 /2

3/4
1

3/5

4/3

3 /2

1/2

The following conventions are used in this examination.

I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.
II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).
III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.
IV. The work done by a thermodynamic system is defined as a positive quantity.

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

u = u0 + at
x = x0 + u 0 t +

1 2
at
2

u 2 = u 0 2 + 2 a x x0
F = Fnet = ma
F fric mN
ac =

u2
r

t = rF sin q
p = mv
J = FDt =
K =

Dp

1
mu 2
2

DUg = mgh
W = F s = Fs cos q
Pavg =

W
Dt

Ts = 2 p

m
k

Tp = 2 p

l
g

1
f

UG =

1 q1q2
4 p 0 r 2

E =

F
q

UE = qV =
E avg =
V =

V
d

rii
q

1
4 p 0

C =

Q
V

C =

0 A
d

1 q1q2
4 p 0 r

1
1
QV = CV 2
2
2

Uc =

DQ
Dt

I avg =

rl
A

R =

V = IR

Ci
i

1
1
=
Cs
C
i
i

1 2
kx
2

FG =

F =

Cp =

Fs = k x

T =

acceleration
force
frequency
height
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
displacement
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque

P = IV

P = Fu

Us =

a =
F=
f =
h =
J =
K=
k =
l=
m=
N=
P=
p =
r =
s =
T=
t =
U=
u=
W=
x =
m=
q=
t =

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Rs =

Ri

1
=
Rp

1
Ri

FB = qu B sin q
FB = BIl sin q
B =

m0 I
2p r

Gm1m2
r2

fm = B

Gm1m2
r

eavg

= Blu

A = BA cos q

Dfm
Dt

A=
B=
C=
d =
E=
e=
F=
I =
l=
P=
Q=
q =
R=
r =
t =
U=
V=

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
emf
force
current
length
power
charge
point charge
resistance
distance
time
potential (stored) energy
electric potential or
potential difference
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

THERMAL PHYSICS

D l = a l 0 DT
Q = mL
Q = mcDT
p =

F
A

pV = nRT
3
k T
2 B

Kavg =

3 RT
=
M

urms =

3k B T

W = pDV
Q = ncDT

DU = Q W
DU = ncV DT
e =

Q QC
W
= H
QH
QH

A = area
c = specific heat or molar
specific heat
e = efficiency
Kavg = average molecular
kinetic energy
L = heat of transformation
l = length
M= molecular mass
m = mass of sample
n = number of moles
p = pressure
Q = heat transferred
T = temperature
U = internal energy
V = volume
urms = root-mean-square
velocity
W = work done by system
a = coefficient of linear
expansion
= mass of molecule

WAVES AND OPTICS

n =

c
u

n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q2
sin qc =

n2
n1

1
1
1
+
=
si
s0
f
h
s
M = i = i
s0
h0
f =

R
2

d sin q = ml
xm

ml L
d

Kmax = hf f
l =

h
p

DE = ( Dm) c 2

E=
f =
K=
m=
p =
l=
f=

energy
frequency
kinetic energy
mass
momentum
wavelength
work function

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

T TC
ec = H
TH

u = fl

E = hf = pc

d = separation
f = frequency or focal
length
h = height
L = distance
M= magnification
m = an integer
n = index of refraction
R = radius of curvature
s = distance
u = speed
x = position
l = wavelength
q = angle

Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 pr l + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q = c
a
tan q = b

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l =
w=
r =

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000

MECHANICS

u = u0 + at
1
x = x0 + u0 t + at 2
2
u 2 = u0 2 + 2a x x0

F = Fnet = ma
dp
F =
dt
J = F dt = Dp
p = mv
F fric mN

IF

W =

ds

1
mu 2
2
dW
P =
dt
DUg = mgh
K =

ac =

u 2 = w2r
r

= rF
t = t net = Ia

I = r 2 dm = mr 2
rcm = mr m
u = rw
L = r p = Iw
1
K = Iw 2
2
w = w0 + at
q = q0 + w0 t + 12 at 2
Fs = kx
1
Us = kx 2
2
2p
1
T =
=
w
f
m
Ts = 2 p
k
l
Tp = 2 p
g
Gm1m2
FG =
r$
r2
Gm1m2
UG =
r

a =
F=
f =
h =
I =
J =
K=
k =
l=
L=
m=
N=
P=
p =
r =
s =
T=
t =
U=
u=
W=
x =
m=
q=
t =
w=
a=

acceleration
force
frequency
height
rotational inertia
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
angular momentum
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
displacement
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque
angular speed
angular acceleration

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

1 q1q2
4 p 0 r 2
F
E =
q
Q
E dA =
0
dV
E =
dr
qi
1
V =
4 p 0 ri
F =

UE = qV =

1 q1q2
4 p 0 r

Q
V
k0 A
C =
d
C p = Ci
C =

1
1
=
Cs
C
i
i
dQ
I =
dt
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
rl
R =
A
V = IR
Rs =

Ri

1
=
Rp

1
Ri

P = IV
F M = qv B
B d l = m0 I
F =

I Id l B

Bs = m0 nI
fm =

IB

dA

dfm
dt
e = L dI
dt
1 2
U L = LI
2

A=
B=
C=
d =
E=
e=
F=
I =
L=
l=
n =

area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
emf
force
current
inductance
length
number of loops of wire
per unit length
P = power
Q = charge
q = point charge
R = resistance
r = distance
t = time
U = potential or stored energy
V = electric potential
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux
k = dielectric constant

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 prl + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q =
c
tan q =

a
b

CALCULUS
df
d f du
=
dx
du dx

2 7
2 7

d n
n 1
x = nx
dx
d x
e = ex
dx
1
d
(1n x) =
dx
x
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = sin x
dx
1 n +1
xn dx =
x , n 1
n +1
ex dx = ex

I
I

dx
= 1n x
x
cos x dx = sin x

I
I sin x dx = cos x

A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =

area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius

a
90

q
b