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Using Words Well
Using Words Well
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have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text should not be
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In this study unit, Using Words Well, youll learn the meaning of style as it applies to writing in the world of business
and industry. Youll also discover the elements of the writing
process and learn the crucial importance of knowing your
audience.
The main part of this study unit deals with wordsthe parts
of speech and how to use them correctly. Youll spend some
time learning the guidelines for choosing just the right word
and avoiding the mistakes with words that are commonly
misused.
Here are some of the topics youll study in future units:
Developing sentences and paragraphs
Formatting memos, letters, and e-mails
Organizing a technical or business document
Conducting research
Using proper grammar, capitalization, and punctuation
Preparing technical and business reports and proposals
For now, lets get started with the basics presented in this
study unit.
Pr eview
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SELF-CHECK ANSWERS
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EXAMINATION
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Contents
Prewriting
Writing
Revising
FIGURE 3Good writers follow a three-step process for their work: prewriting, writing, and revision.
this feature, however. Its not foolproof (Figure 4). For example,
if you type the word now instead of not, the spelling checker
wont identify the error, because now is a word in the programs dictionary. The grammar checker can help you identify
awkward sentences, weak phrasing, and alternate words that
might better serve your purpose; but again, its not foolproof.
FIGURE 4One wrong letter in
a word (litter instead of letter)
can change the entire meaning
of a sentence.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Because shes familiar with the area, we are happy she will not be able to go with us
on vacation.
ANSWERS: (1) ginger should be finger; (2) traded should be graded; (3) waster should be
taster; (4) wash should be cash; (5) not should be now.
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Self-Check 1
At the end of each section of Using Words Well, youll be asked to pause and check
your understanding of what you have just read by completing a Self-Check exercise.
Answering these questions will help you review what youve studied so far. Please complete
Self-Check 1 now.
1. Briefly explain the difference between business and technical writing.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between style in literature and style in business and technical
writing?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Briefly describe the ABC approach to writing.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Rewrite the following sentences so they take the readers point of view.
a. The specified document has been located and will be faxed later today.
________________________________________________________________________
b. The shipment left here on Friday, and it should arrive by Tuesday.
________________________________________________________________________
Check your answers with those on page 53.
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Nouns
A noun is a naming word that names a person, place, thing,
quality, idea, or action. To understand what a noun is, study
the following examples:
Person
Place
Thing
Quality
Idea
Action
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Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that stands in place of a noun. For
example, the sentence Tom stood alone in the street could
be written He stood alone in the street. In this sentence,
the pronoun he takes the place of the noun Tom.
Pronouns can be classified as personal, demonstrative,
reflexive, intensive, relative, interrogative, and indefinite.
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a specific person or thing. Theyre
grouped according to the person doing the speaking (Figure 7).
A speaker (or writer) should use first-person pronouns to
refer to himself or herself.
A speaker should use second-person pronouns to refer
to the person spoken to.
A speaker should use third-person pronouns to refer to
a person or object being spoken about.
FIGURE 7Personal pronouns
are arranged in three separate
groups (first person, second
person, and third person),
according to the person
doing the speaking.
Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural
I, me, my, mi ne
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns point out something being referred
to. This, that, these, and those are demonstrative pronouns.
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Reflexive Pronouns
Sometimes the suffix self or selves is added to a personal
pronoun to indicate that the action of the sentence is
directed back to the performer of the action. Such pronouns
are called reflexive pronouns.
Examples: If you make a real effort to learn these concepts,
you may surprise yourself.
He beat himself at his own game.
In both of these examples, the action is directed back to the
subject.
Intensive Pronouns
Intensive pronouns take the same form as reflexive pronouns,
but theyre used differently. Intensive pronouns are used to
emphasize the doer of the action.
Examples: As we were talking about her, Linda herself
walked through the door.
If you want a job done right, you should do it yourself.
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns connect two related parts of a sentence
when one part cant be a sentence on its own. The words
who, whom, which, and that are relative pronouns.
Examples: The supervisor will tell us who submitted the
winning proposal.
The Roswell Building, which was constructed last year,
has structural flaws.
The shingles that fell from the roof were loosened by the
wind.
In each case, the relative pronouns (who, which, and that)
relate one part of the sentence to another part.
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Interrogative Pronouns
The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, which, and what.
You may notice that these are the same as the relative pronouns. The difference is in how theyre used. Interrogative
pronouns are used at the beginning of sentences to introduce
a question.
Examples: Who submitted the winning proposal?
Whom do you think we should elect?
Which building has structural flaws?
What caused the shingles to fall?
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns name classes or groups of persons or
things. They include such words as all, another, any, anybody,
anyone, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything,
few, many, more, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, several,
some, somebody, someone, and such.
Examples: All of our sales representatives are highly
qualified.
Some of the supervisors were trained through distance
education courses.
None of the recent graduates is unemployed.
Verbs
A sentence must express a complete thought. Therefore, the
nouns or pronouns in any sentence must be either the
source of some action or the object of some action. That
action is expressed by some form of a verb. A verb is a word
that expresses an action or a state of being. In verbs like
cook, sing, run, and talk, the action is obvious. Other verbs,
such as live, hear, smell, want, think, and consider, express
actions that are perceived or sensed. Finally, some verbs simply suggest a state of being, such as is, am, are, was, seem,
become, grow, and remain (Figure 8).
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(A)
THE DOG RACED
DOWN THE STAIRS.
(B)
HE WONDERED WHEN
HIS FRIEND WOULD ARRIVE.
(C)
SHE IS PRESIDENT
OF THE ROTARY CLUB.
FIGURE 8A verb can express action (A), a perceived action (B), or a state of being (C).
Examples: The dog raced down the stairs. (The action verb
is raced.)
He wondered when his friend would arrive. (Wondered is
a verb in which the action is sensed.)
She is president of the Rotary Club. (The verb is suggests
a state of being.)
Many times, sentences contain more than one verb.
Examples: I think while I run.
She tested the equipment and found it to be faulty.
Some verb forms indicate when an action occurs. Study the
following examples. Notice that in some cases, verbs like is,
are, were, has, had, will, and have are added to indicate the
time of the action. These are called helping verbs.
Examples: Jim is running the race. (Action in the present)
Jim has run his race. (Action in the past)
Jim had run his race. (Action in the past)
Jim will run his race. (Action in the future)
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Other helping verbs include do, does, did, can, could, shall,
would, may, might, must, is, am, are, and other forms of the
verb to be.
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes, or modifies, a noun.
It usually precedes the noun it modifies and answers the
question which one, what kind, or how many.
Examples: last child in line (Last answers the question
which one.)
The tall tree (Tall answers the question what kind.)
Four boys (Four answers the question how many.)
Descriptive words can give your writing clarity. They present
to your audience a clearer picture of what youre trying to
say. For example, consider how adjectives alter the following
sentences (Figure 9).
FIGURE 9Adjectives can add clarity to your writing, which in turn helps your reader to understand your meaning.
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Adverbs
Like adjectives, adverbs modify other words. Adverbs, however, modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs. They answer
the question how, when, where, or how much.
Prepositions
A preposition clarifies or expresses a relationship between a
word in a sentence and a noun or pronoun (the object of the
preposition). It usually indicates a time (when) or space
(where) relationship.
Examples of time relationship: We will work until noon.
After lunch, she will begin plans for the upcoming
meeting.
Examples of space relationship: He ran across the street.
The Apple Deli stands beside the Beaner Bakery.
The English language has many prepositions. Some of the
more common ones are listed for you in Figure 10.
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Prepositions
about
behind
concerning
of
under
above
beneath
down
off
underneath
across
below
for
on
until
after
between
from
since
upon
against
beyond
in
through
with
along
but
into
to
within
amid
by
like
toward
without
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word used to connect two parts of a
sentence. It can connect words, phrases, or even complete
sentences. There are several different kinds of conjunctions:
coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions link parts of a sentence that are
equal in importancefor example, subjects, verbs, prepositional phrases, or sentences.
Examples: Nancy and Rick graduated in the same year. (The
conjunction and joins the subjects, Nancy and Rick.)
We planned the agenda and headed for the meeting. (The
conjunction and joins the verbs, planned and headed.)
You can get there through Pennsylvania or through
Connecticut. (The conjunction or joins two prepositional
phrases, through Pennsylvania and through Connecticut.)
We want to include a bibliography in the report, but that
might make it too long. (The conjunction but joins two
independent but related ideas.)
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Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions, such as either . . . or, not only . . . but
also, both . . . and, and whether . . . or, are used in pairs to
show relationships.
Examples: Both the teacher and the student agreed on the
study plan.
Either you decide now, or Ill decide for you.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect and show the
relationship between two complete thoughts.
Two thoughts: The proposal was accepted. Well have to
work through the holiday.
With subordinating conjunction: Because the proposal
was accepted, well have to work through the holiday.
Two thoughts: Installing the software requires experience.
Its use does not.
With subordinating conjunction: Installing the software
requires experience, although its use does not.
Notice how the words because and although connect the two
sample sentences and show how theyre related.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs connect two groups of words that could
stand on their own as individual sentences.
Two sentences: The new model is more fuel efficient. It
costs significantly more.
With conjunctive adverb: The new model is more fuel
efficient; however, it costs significantly more.
Two sentences: The market sample was not representative
of the region. It failed to produce increased sales.
With conjunctive adverb: The market sample was not
representative of the region; therefore, it failed to produce
increased sales.
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Conjunctions
Coordinating
Conjunctions
and
but
or
nor
for
so
Correlative
Conjunctions
either . . . or
neither . . . nor
not only . . . but also
both . . . and
whether . . . or
so . . . as
Subordinating
Conjunctions
after
although
as
because
before
how
if
once
since
than
that
though
till
until
when
where
whether
while
Conjunctive
Adverbs
also
consequently
finally
furthermore
hence
however
incidentally
indeed
instead
likewise
meanwhile
nevertheless
next
nonetheless
otherwise
still
then
therefore
thus
FIGURE 11As you can see, you have a great number of conjunctions at your disposal for use in your writing.
Use this figure as a reference to help add variety and coherence to your writing.
Now What?
You may be asking yourself why you need to know the parts
of speech to be a good writer. How will being able to identify
a pronoun or a conjunction help improve your writing?
Thats a fair question.
Here are a few practical ways in which you can use your
knowledge of the parts of speech to improve your writing
skills.
Practice using different pronouns to achieve the effect
you want. For example, if you want to speak on a personal level with your audience, use the second-person
pronoun you. If you want to be less direct, use the
third-person pronoun he, she, or they.
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Self-Check 2
1. In the following sentences, underline the nouns once and the pronouns twice.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2. Insert nouns in the blanks below to make each sentence complete and coherent.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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Self-Check 2
5. In the following sentences, underline the prepositions once and the conjunctions twice.
a. Either Building A or Building B will be demolished in February to create additional
parking space for the faculty and students.
b. Both the tennis team and the soccer team won the state championships for the
second year in a row.
c. Karen decided to practice her music before she started the homework for the next
day.
d. At the corner of Church Street and Maple Avenue stand a library and a bank, both
of which were built in the 1920s.
e. When the game is over, Donna and Helen will do the laundry and set the table.
Check your answers with those on page 54.
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Pronoun Agreement
A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender. For
example, if the pronoun refers to a female, use the pronoun
she, her, or hers. If the pronoun refers to a male, use the pronoun he or his.
Examples: Linda is at her best under stress. (The pronoun
her refers to the female Linda.)
Franco promoted his plan for a sales campaign. (The
pronoun his refers to the male Franco.)
A pronoun must also agree with its antecedent in number.
If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun must also be singular; if the antecedent is plural, the pronoun must be plural.
The table in Figure 7 lists singular and plural personal
pronouns.
Examples: Women often do their best under stress. (The
plural pronoun their refers to the plural noun women.)
Although the book was sitting in clear view, James did
not see it. (The singular pronoun it refers to the singular
noun book.)
Charlotte brings her lunch to work almost every day.
(The singular pronoun her refers to the singular noun
Charlotte.)
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Collective Nouns
assembly
crowd
minority
audience
department
nation
board
faculty
race
chorus
family
society
class
firm
staff
club
flock
strain
committee
gathering
team
community
group
tribe
company
herd
turnout
congregation
jury
union
council
management
variety
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Pronoun Case
Personal pronouns have three cases: the subjective case, the
objective case, and the possessive case (Figure 13). The case
you should use depends on the pronouns use in a sentence.
Basically, a pronoun can have one of four jobs:
1. It can perform an actionthat is, it can be the subject
of a sentence. (Use the subjective case.)
2. It can be the object of a verb or an object of a preposition.
(Use the objective case.)
3. It can show possession. (Use the possessive case.)
4. It can be a predicate nominative. (Use the subjective
case.)
Si ngular
Pronouns
Plural
Pronouns
Subjective C ase
Objective C ase
Possessive C ase
me
my, mi ne
you
you
your, yours
he, she, i t
hi m, her, it
hi s, her, hers, i ts
we
us
our, ours
you
you
your, yours
they
them
thei r, thei rs
A predicate nominative
is a noun or pronoun
that renames the
subject of the sentence.
It follows a verb that
expresses a state of
being.
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Subject-Verb Agreement
Just as a pronoun must agree with its antecedent, a verb
must agree with its subject. If the subject is singular, the
verb must also be singular; if the subject is plural, the verb
must be plural. Fortunately, listening to and regularly using
the English language will serve you well in determining the
correct verb form to use. In addition, your computers grammar check feature can help eliminate many (but not all)
errors in verbs. Still, a review of verb and subject agreement
may be helpful to you now.
First, most verbs form their plurals opposite to the way
nouns do. For example, the noun table (without an s) is
singular; the noun tables (with an s) is plural. However, the
verb need (without an s) is plural; the verb needs (with an s)
is singular.
Examples: The table needs to be repaired. (The singular
noun table takes the singular verb needs.)
The tables need to be repaired. (The plural noun tables
takes the plural verb need.)
In this section of your study unit, youre going to examine
some common subject-verb agreement problems that business and technical writers encounter.
The subject is separated from the verb by one or more
intervening words. For example, what is the correct verb
for the following sentence?
Example: The use of computers by businesses (increase,
increases) daily.
To determine the correct verb, ask yourself who or what
is doing the increasing. Is it the businesses, the computers, or the use? The correct answer is use, which is a
singular subject. Therefore, the sentence should read
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The sentence contains an indefinite pronoun. Such pronouns may be either singular or plural, depending on how
theyre used in a sentence. When you use words such as all,
more, most, none, or some, determine what noun theyre
referring to. If the noun is a word that represents individual
things you can count, use the plural form of the verb.
Examples: All of the machines are under repair. (Since you
can count the individual machines, use a plural verb.)
Some of the circuits were replaced. (Since you can count
the circuits, use a plural verb.)
If an indefinite pronoun refers to a noun that represents
something you cant count, use a singular verb.
Examples: All of the machinery is under repair.
Some of the circuitry was replaced.
A group of words in a sentence is introduced by the
pronoun who or that. In such cases, you should make
the verb agree with the word to which the pronoun refers.
Examples: Mr. Donner is a partner who makes his presence
known. (The word who refers to the word partner, which
is singular. Therefore, the verb that follows who should
also be singular.)
James and Carla are the partners who make their presence known. (The word who refers to the word partners,
which is plural. Therefore, the verb that follows who
should also be plural.)
The books that are on the table belong in the conference
room. (The word that refers to the word books, which is
plural. Therefore, the verb that follows that should also
be plural.)
The subject consists of two or more nouns joined by a
conjunction. For these instances, follow the guidelines you
learned for pronoun agreement. (See pages 2932.)
Examples: Tara and Brett ride the subway to work each
day. (The subject consists of two singular nouns joined
by the conjunction and. Therefore, the subject takes the
plural verb ride.)
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Self-Check 3
Select the correct pronoun or verb to correctly complete the following sentences.
1. Send the results of the test to George and (I, me).
2. Drafting and planning (is, are) two tasks of an architect.
3. Either you or I (are, am, is) going to write the report.
4. I cant remember whether Eric or Lisa (like, likes) black coffee.
5. (Was, Were) Tina or you supposed to submit the budget outline?
6. It was (she, her) who wanted to start early.
7. All of the supervisors called (his, their, its) workers together.
8. The increase in unemployment in those districts (is, are) attributed to the sluggish
economy there.
9. The section in which you discuss future plans (need, needs) more development.
10. Physics (is, are) the most difficult science to study.
11. Four days (was, were) enough time to complete the job.
12. The management and the board of directors (has, have) to approve the plan before the
president can make a decision.
13. Either management or the board of directors (has, have) to submit the plan to the
president for approval.
14. Down by the stream (is, are) two large apple trees.
15. The committee (was, were) in session for two hours.
Check your answers with those on page 55.
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People who write novels and short stories use concrete words
to place their reader in a specific setting, to make that person feel the situation. For example, in fiction, a novelist
might write, The asphalt smelled of rain and diesel fuel,
instead of The asphalt was wet. In business and technical
writing, however, your main goal is to help your reader know,
not feel. In both literature and business writing, concreteness
is about getting your readers undivided attention. Consider
and compare the general and specific approaches in the following sentences.
General: Our report covered the entire problem at the
Bluefield plant.
Specific: Our January 18 report analyzed, located, and
solved the parts-supply problems, which have been
reducing output at the Bluefield assembly plant.
Avoid Jargon
Jargon refers to the specialized vocabulary of a specific activity or group. Generally, there are two kinds of jargon:
1. It may be the specialized technical language peculiar to
some academic or industrial environment. For example,
electrical engineers, mathematicians, and accountants
each have a vocabulary that relates specifically to their
area of expertise. This type of jargon is intelligible and
useful to specialists in the field, but it can be very confusing to outsiders.
2. It may be a special language that has developed within
a corporation. In this case, jargon is a kind of insider
language that separates us from them. This type of
jargon is also confusing to outsiders.
As an example of a specialized technical language, consider
two archeologists working at an excavation. You overhear one
of them ask, Did you notice the supraorbital torus on that
skull fragment from S-14? His companions reply might be,
I did. Definitely distinctive. You may read that conversation
over and over and never understand its meaning, unless
youre familiar with the jargon of archeologists. To the two
specialists, however, the exchange is crystal clear: The skull
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fragment from the S-14 location designated by the site coordinate map has a pronounced or unusual brow ridge. You
can see that specialized language, which is unintelligible to
nonspecialists, is useful shorthand for the archeologists.
As an example of insider language, suppose you overhear
yourself referred to as the person in green at meat processing. It may take you a while to understand that youve
simply been referred to as a new employee in the human
resources department.
This type of insider jargon isnt likely to show up in a memo
or letter. However, some kinds of jargontypically the technical kindare often used inappropriately. For example, a
stockbroker may write a follow-up letter to a potential investor.
In the letter, the broker says, Youll be pleased to know how
well our firm stays on top of P/E ratios. This investor may
know that a P/E ratio refers to a price-earnings ratio, but
she may not be certain just what that means. When you
write, be alert to the jargon you use. Unless youre writing to
someone familiar with your field, make sure you use terms
that nonspecialists can understand.
The use of personal computers and electronic communication
has created a whole new world of computer jargon. Today,
almost everyone who engages in business or technical writing
uses personal computers. However, that doesnt mean that
everyone who uses a computer understands terms like http,
ISP, ICQ, URL, and ftp. Even if people know what the letters
stand for, they may not understand what these letters really
mean. Be judicious in your use of high-tech terms, even if
youre knowledgeable about those expressions (Figure 14).
When you must use technical terms to an audience that may
be unfamiliar with them, always include an explanation.
In business and technical writing, the problem with jargon is
always the same: It obscures information. And obscured
information is seldom useful. If youre tempted to use insider
or technical jargon in an effort to impress your reader, think
again. Avoid the temptation; confusing people to impress
them is poor communication. If you feel the need to use a
specialized term, ask yourself if your audience will clearly
understand it. If they wont, youre offering jargon. When in
doubt, explain, revise, or delete.
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Casual
(Colloquial and
Slang Usage)
Informal
(Polite, but
Conversational Tone)
Formal
(Wordy and Stiff
Language)
It was with sincere disappointment that I learned
my request for vacation
did not meet with my
supervisors approbation.
FIGURE 15Here are three ways to say the same thingfrom the extreme casual to the formal. In your business
and technical writing, strive for the middle ground of polite, but conversational. Above all, however, always keep
your audience in mind.
Avoid Pomposity
Pomposity is formality carried to extremes. Your business or
technical writing is likely to be considered pompous if you
use words like aforementioned instead of previous, ubiquitous
instead of widespread, superfluous instead of extra, or deleterious instead of harmful. Consider these two paragraphs:
Pompous: It has become evident through complaints proffered to management that the resistance of employees to
standards of conformity with linguistic cafeteria decorum
has become ubiquitous and, thereby, has placed a deleterious burden on the cafeteria staff.
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FIGURE 16If you speak or write in a pompous manner, your audience may lose interest because your information
is so difficult to follow. If you want to communicate effectively, use conversational language thats familiar to your
audience.
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Inclusive language
is that which doesnt
discriminate against
an individuals gender,
race, age, and so on.
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Self-Check 4
1. All of the following sentences contain weaknesses in diction. Rewrite each sentence
using the tools you learned in this section. For example, replace general terms with
concrete ones and informal words with more appropriate formal ones.
a. The survey evaluated the attitudes of each guy in our department.
b. A lot of my buddies from our gang were sacked because of their lousy production
records.
c. My boss was too cheap to fork over the dough for the new lab equipment.
d. A girl came by to check out the inventory records.
e. The new drill presses have done a great job.
2. Some of the sentences below include misused words. Carefully read each sentence.
Cross out the errors and write the correct word above the mistakes. If all of the words
are used correctly, write Correct in the space provided. If necessary, consult the list
of misused words in this study unit.
_____ a. The increased work load had surprisingly positive affects on the employee
morale.
_____ b. The supervisor divided the project between Joe, Dave, and me.
_____ c. Our companys president and the president of Abbott Electronic collaborated on
the report for the merger committee.
_____ d. From the description George gave at the meeting, we have decided that the
new computer software will make our jobs easier.
_____ e. We found a way to utilize the equipment donated to our small business.
_____ f. If you replace mica wafers with beryllium oxide wafers, youre liable to get the
same results.
_____ g. In her speech at the department meeting, our supervisor inferred that if production didnt increase, a few workers may be dismissed.
_____ h. Susans theory was that all thermal conductors work equally well when used in
identical situations.
_____ i. When Stan Crawford went on vacation, I assumed his role as assistant production coordinator.
_____ j. The transistor degenerated when the thermal joint compound failed to conduct
the heat rapidly to the heat sink.
Check your answers with those on page 56.
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Self-Check 1
1.
3.
4.
Answers
53
Self-Check 2
1. a. The Deckers didnt come because their babysitter was
sick.
b. Our picnic ended when an army of ants invaded our
blanket.
c. A stitch in time saves nine.
d. This year, our company expects a large increase in
profits.
e. Denise, his assistant, wrote these reports on the
progress of the project.
f. This is the first time he was able to pass the test.
2. Here are some possible answers.
a. The technician constructed the circuit and tested it.
b. Bradley checked out a book from the library.
c. Andrew performed the job according to the
specifications.
d. The programmer was in need of assistance.
e. I like writing, I dislike dictation, and I hate typing.
3. a. More than 100 spectators watched as the car crashed
into the wall.
b. Technical and business writing is something anyone
can learn.
c. The repair technician had trouble with the installation
of the parts for the older model television set.
d. When the faucet dripped, I thought it was raining.
e. Sara likes spaghetti, but she loves ice cream.
4. a. The broken coffeemaker produced cold, weak coffee.
b. The elderly stockholder gave his substantial holdings
to a distant relative.
c. Ned works efficiently, but his poor attitude makes him
a risky employee.
d. The clogged carburetor caused many problems on
cold winter days.
e. Her favorite aspect of architectural drafting is the very
regular paycheck.
54
Self-Check Answers
Self-Check 3
1. me (The object of a preposition must be in the objective
case.)
2. are (Two singular subjects connected by and take a plural verb.)
3. am (The word I is closer to the verb, so the verb must
agree with I.)
4. likes (Two singular subjects connected by or take a singular verb.)
5. Was (Tina is closer to the verb, so the verb must agree
with Tina.)
6. she (A pronoun used as a predicate nominative must be
in the subjective case.)
7. their (All refers to supervisors. Since supervisors represent something that can be counted, you should use a
plural verb.)
8. is (The subject of the sentence is the singular word
increase. Therefore, the verb must also be singular.)
9. needs (The subject of the sentence is the singular word
section. Therefore, the verb must also be singular.)
Self-Check Answers
55
10. is (The word physics looks plural, but it represents a single branch of science. Therefore, it takes a singular verb.)
11. was (The term four days represents one unit of measurement, so it takes a singular verb.)
12. have (Two singular subjects connected by and take a
plural verb.)
13. has (Two singular subjects connected by or take a singular verb. The word directors is the object of the
preposition of and therefore doesnt affect the number of
the verb.)
14. are (The subject of the sentence, trees, is plural.)
15. was (In this sentence, the collective noun committee is
used in a singular fashion and takes a singular verb.)
Self-Check 4
1. Note: These are just sample answers. Your responses will
be different from those given here.
a. The employee morale survey administered on
November 16 evaluated the job satisfaction of each
member of our department. (Note: Be careful not to
replace guy with the sexist word man.)
b. Seven of my fellow production workers were dismissed
because their unexcused absenteeism resulted in a
38 percent decline in production.
c. My production supervisor refused to appropriate
funds for the new lab equipment.
d. An inventory control specialist from the central office
in Madison was sent to evaluate our inventory
records.
e. The 124T Addison drill presses installed in March of
2001 have increased production 82 percent, decreased
downtime 90 percent, and initiated an overall expansion of the production division.
2. a. The increased workload had surprisingly positive
effects on the employee morale.
b. The supervisor divided the project among Joe, Dave,
and me.
56
Self-Check Answers
c. Correct
d. From the description George gave at the meeting, we
have concluded that the new computer software will
make our jobs easier.
e. Correct
f. If you replace mica wafers with beryllium oxide
wafers, youre likely to get the same results.
g. In her speech at the department meeting, our supervisor implied that if production didnt increase, a few
workers may be dismissed.
h. Correct
i. Correct
j. The transistor deteriorated when the thermal joint
compound failed to conduct the heat rapidly to the
heat sink.
Self-Check Answers
57
NOTES
58
Self-Check Answers
EXAMINATION NUMBER:
05000100
Whichever method you use in submitting your exam
answers to the school, you must use the number above.
For the quickest test results, go to
http://www.takeexamsonline.com
When you feel confident that you have mastered the material in
this study unit, complete the following examination. Then submit
only your answers to the school for grading, using one of the examination answer options described in your Test Materials envelope.
Send your answers for this examination as soon as you complete it.
Do not wait until another examination is ready.
Questions 120: Select the one best answer to each question.
1. Which one of the following words is a verb?
A. Maintenance
B. Manufacture
C. Cruel
D. However
Examination
59
4. In the sentence, The report arrived too late to be of any value to me, which word is a
pronoun?
A. report
B. late
C. value
D. me
5. Which one of the following sentences is most likely to engage a readers self-interest?
A.
B.
C.
D.
6. Consider the following sentence: If you dont file your travel report on time, you cant
expect a timely reimbursement for expenses. How does this sentence fail in terms of its
effectiveness?
A. It fails to use a positive approach.
B. Its too indirect.
7. In general, on what stage of the writing process should you spend most of your time?
A. Writing your first draft
B. Revising your material
8. In the sentence Although the book was more than 50 years old, it still contained helpful
information, the word Although is a(n)
A. verb.
B. preposition.
C. adjective.
D. conjunction.
C. his
D. your
10. If you want to make your writing personal and direct, which one of the following pronouns
should you use?
A. He
B. We
60
C. They
D. You
Examination
12. The part of speech that answers the question which one is a(n)
A. preposition.
B. conjunction.
C. adjective.
D. adverb.
13. What is the best way to avoid misusing words in your business and technical writing?
A.
B.
C.
D.
14. In the sentence Although Harry was concerned, the report that he wrote was overwhelmingly approved, what word is the antecedent of the pronoun that?
A. Harry
B. report
C. wrote
D. approved
15. In the most general terms, your basic objective in writing a business or technical document
of any kind is to convey
A. a value.
B. an idea.
C. meaning.
D. understanding.
16. In the sentence Do you know whose book is lying on the conference room table? which
word is a preposition?
A. whose
B. lying
C. on
D. table
17. What type of language should you use if youre writing to a group of Ph.D.s?
A. Plain, clear language
B. Technical jargon
C. Formal language
D. Pompous language
18. One way to make your business or technical writing concrete is to use
A.
B.
C.
D.
Examination
61
62
C. We
D. They
Examination