Local literature

Beyond Carrot and Stick: TQM Motivation Factors in Philippine Maritime

Schools(2010)
Dr. Patrick Alain T. Azanza
UP College of Education
Abstract
Maritime schools in the Philippines are required to implement quality programs
and maintain ISO-certification in compliance with the mandate of the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Standards for Training Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) that were jointly adopted by the Commission of Higher education
(CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) as
mandatory requirements for securing school permits to operate and offer maritime
courses.
As a consequence, Philippine maritime schools had to rely heavily on the
performance capability of its human resources in order to meet the said requirements
and successfully integrate Total Quality Management (TQM) in their systems. Most of
these schools adopted various motivation factors in the hope of rallying their people to
comply with the quality implementation standards.
Utilizing Vrooms expectancy theory, Maslows hierarchy of needs, and
Herzbergs motivation-hygiene factors, this paper highlights the results of the survey
conducted on the rewards and sanctions adopted by fifty-four (54) out of eighty one (81)
maritime schools all over the country that have satisfactorily complied with the quality
standard requirements in the year 2004 and as a result were included in the IMO white
list which recognizes maritime schools offering quality academic programs all over the
world.
Out of a scale of 1 to 5 (1= very low; 5=very high), the assessment of analysis
made on the rewards and sanctions in the maritime schools showed a mean of 4.17 for
both, and a standard deviation of .819 and .776 respectively which revealed a relatively
homogenous set of responses.
A series of stepwise multiple regression analysis was done on nine (9)
determinant factors that lead to successful TQM implementation among maritime
schools. The study revealed that on the over-all, only four (4) out of the nine (9)
determinant factors being studied significantly affected TQM implementation, namely,
System and procedures for audit; System and procedures for documentation of studentrelated processes; involvement in planning process; and rewards and sanctions.

The survey results further showed that the motivation factors appeared
significant at .032 level, with a beta value of positive .200. This means that the more the
motivation factors (system of rewards and sanctions) are assessed, the more the TQM
implementation is affected.
Given these findings, the paper discusses the implications of adopting motivation
factors beyond the carrot and stick formula towards the successful implementation of
TQM in educational institutions and other work organizations.

WHY DO FILIPINOS EXERCISE? EXPLORING MOTIVES FROM THE

PERSPECTIVE OF FILIPINO YOUTH (2010)
J.Y. CAGAS, B.A. TORRE2 AND E.J. MANALASTAS
Although exercise motivation is a well-established research area in sport and
exercise psychology in the West, relatively little work on this topic is available in the
Philippines. The purpose of this study was to explore possible motives for exercise
behaviour according to Filipino youth using an open-ended methodology. One
hundred twenty-nine Filipinos aged 15 to 21 years old responded to a questionnaire
asking them to free-list reasons for exercise. 497 responses (M = 3.9 per respondent)
were coded by two independent judges using themes derived from the Exercise
Motivation Inventory subscales (EMI-2; Markland & Ingledew, 1997). Data on exercise
frequency and types of activities engaged in were also collected. The three most
frequently identified reasons for exercise were: weight management (to lose weight),
strength and endurance (para lumakas, which means to increase strength), and
appearance (to have a sexy body). Challenge and competition were the least
frequently cited reasons for exercise, according to respondents. Results also
indicated motives that were outside those identified in the EMI-2 subscales, including:
as a requirement, to boost self-esteem, and social influence factors. Future directions
for research on exercise in the Philippines, including the construction and validation of
a scale for exercise motivation among Filipinos, will be discussed.
A Study on the Intrinsic Motivation Factors in Second (2010)
Language Learning Among Selected Freshman Students
Rochelle Irene Lucas
Dennis Pulido, Edna Miraflores, Aileen Ignacio, Manuelito Tacay and
Janifer Lao

De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

Abstract
The paper focused on intrinsic motivation factors that may help
identify what specific L2 communicative skill students are more
motivated to learn. The study involved 240 freshman college students
from different universities and colleges in Metro Manila. A 48-item
questionnaire was administered to the selected respondents. The
results of the study showed that students are intrinsically motivated
to learn speaking and reading skills and that they are intrinsically
motivated via knowledge and accomplishment. These may suggest
that students are motivated to learn these linguistic skills due to the
very nature of the skills which they find interesting and relevant to
them. The mastery of these linguistic skills somehow helps them
achieve their learning goals which may bring benefits to them in the
future.
Motivational Orientation in Foreign
Language Learning: The Case of Filipino
Foreign Language Learners (2010)
Richard DLC. Gonzales
University of Santo Tomas Graduate School &
Development Strategists International Consulting,
Inc.
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to determine the extent of which
motivation differentiates foreign language (FL) learners. The secondary purpose

of this study is to compare motivation of Filipino FL learners using the Foreign

Language Learning Motivation Questionnaire and to investigate whether age
group, sex, FL being learned and length of studying of FL could influence
differentiation in the motivation of FL learning among Filipino students. Thus,
it was hypothesized that the variables included in this study could differentiate
motivation of FL learners. The participants of this study were 150 students who
had elected to study foreign languages from three universities in Metro Manila.
Eighty of the participants are females (53.3%), while 70 are males (46.7%). Data
were cross-sectional in nature with 26 learning Chinese (17.3%), 40 learning
French (26.7%), 50 learning Japanese (33.3%) and 34 learning Spanish (22.7%).
Results show that younger learners motivational orientation is towards cultural
understanding, cultural integration and self-satisfaction. Females are more
motivationally oriented than males towards communication and affiliation and
self-efficacy. Japanese language learners are more motivationally oriented
towards career and economic enhancement, French language learners towards
affiliation with foreigners, and Spanish language learners towards self-efficacy.
The study recommends some instructional and pedagogical strategies for
teaching foreign languages.
A Predictive Model of Attention in Viewing Selected Grocery
Food Products (2008)
Kathleen V. Garcia
Kimberly L. Go
Winnie V. Grindulo
Studies on visual attention have identified certain visual factors that
attract consumer attention. Visual attention had been found to be related to instore
visual factors such as shelf position, number of facings, and packaging
design. However, despite their importance attracting consumer attention, no
studies had been found to consider combined effects of these factors in
consumer attention. As such, this study considered the combined effects shelf
position, number of facings and packaging design with the objective of

identifying the significant factors and of developing a predictive model of

attention.
The significant effects of in-store visual factors specifically number of
facings, horizontal and vertical shelf positioning, the color, size, and material of,
and the text and image on the packaging was used in the development of a
conceptual model in predicting attention as measured by the frequency of
fixation and the duration of fixation. In order to validate the developed model,
an eye-tracking experiment was conducted. Using an eye-tracking device that
records the frequency and duration of fixation, the subjects were asked to view
a life-size picture of a shelf.
Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the data gathered from
the experiment. Results obtained showed that in-store visual factors are
determinants of attention. It was found that the horizontal and vertical position
and image affects the duration of fixation, while horizontal position and
packaging material determines the frequency of fixation. This verified the model
developed as packaging and shelf position indeed affected attention.
As these factors attract consumers attention, it is important that
manufacturers and retailers are aware of their relationship as to be guided on
where and how to position products on the shelf, and also what to consider in
making the packaging of their products.