Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter comprises the review of literature as well as studies and readings which the

researcher has collated from both local and foreign sources that provided relevant information in

relation to the present study.

Review Related Literature

A career is defined as the combination and sequence of roles played by a person during the

course of a lifetime. These roles include those of child, student, citizen, worker, positions with

associated expectations that are copied at some time by most people, and other less common

roles such as those of criminal, reformer, and lover Wales (2010).

Making career choice is a defining phase in every students’ life. Students have to consider

several factors before arriving at a decision. Educational level of parents, their profession and

income are also identified as very important factors. Every student at a certain juncture in their

life has to make a choice regarding their career. It is incumbent that’s students make the correct

choice asserts Oladele (2013)

According to Trevor (2000) career uncertainty is a fundamental experience that affects people’s

vocational behaviors, attitude and emotions. However according to Orndorff and Herr (1996),

uncertainty has a positive effect because awareness of career uncertainty tends to make students

become more likely to engage in career planning activities and to Identify their own work values.
As a result of the different researches in career uncertainty, career theorists were made to address

thin problem.

Career Development plan is a way to set future goals for progression in a chosen career.

The career development plan might be something an employee creates on his or her own, or he

might do it with the assistance of a career counselor, or even a present employer. Creating a list

of goals, along with strategies for achieving goals and a desired completion date, can be a step in

the right direction wen trying to improve a career.

Conley (2000) presented some definitions relating to career development for government

employees which also applies to teachers. Promotion is the movement of one position to another

position with increase in duties and responsibilities authorized by law and usually accompanied

by an increase in pay. A movement may be from organizational unit to another in the same

department or agency.

A comprehensive study by Ngesi (2003) reports that a students from poor socio economic

backgrounds made wrong career choice, and chose professions which required a short duration

of training, primarily due to financial constraints. Similary parents’ education has been proven

as a factor influencing career choice, (Grissmer, 2003)

Students in the low socio-economic bracket encompassed a growing percentage of the students’

population in many school districts. In 2006, there 1,412,824 children residing in the states of

those, 42% (594,362) of children live in low income families, compared to the 39% national

level of children living in low income homes, (National Center for Children in poverty, n.d. )
Numerous countries in the North Eastern part of the state were considered persistently poor

because more than 20% of the population was living in poverty (Rural Poverty at a glance, 2004)

for this children low socio economic status eroded the solidity of their very existence (heartland

Alliance for Human Needs and Human Rights 2007)

Study indicates the children from low socio-economic status households and communities

develop academic skills slower than children from higher socio-economic groups (Morgan,

Fakas, Hillemeir & Maczuga, 2009)

Prospective college students from low socio economic status backgrounds are less likely to have

access to informational resources about college (Brown, Wohn & Ellsison, 2016). Additionaly,

compared to high socioeconomic status, young adult from low socio economic status

backgrounds are at a higher risk of accruing student loan debt burdens that exceed the national

average (Houle).2014

Student career choice is a contant issue in the present day world finding the right job by most

undergraduate student in pakistan is a serious issue . it is important to study the factors whitch

influence student in career choice there are the limited number of studies examining career

choice in the context of Pakistan (Abbasi & Sarwat.2014)

According to boon and Illias (2011) .there are varieties of style in choosing a career practiced by

the student such as there are student who do not have extensive knowledge about the scope

career due to lack of knowledge and ignorance of career. This condition causes them to choose a

career based on what have been done by family members or what is seen outwardly by the

scope of the environment

Most of the studies examined the factor influencing career choices of undergraduate student

identified some related factors such as socio economic , educational and cultural background

(Noreen & Khalid, 2012 ).

Brown (2004) asserted that the career choice must be define as early as in the school and the

tertiary institution level

Career selection is very essential for any person. It is a process of choosing an occupation which

directs future life (Zaidi & Iqbal ,2012). According to Maina (2013)

Farooq (2011 emphasize that the social class of the parent is a dominant factor in the academic

performance.The academic abilities and the socio-economic background of youth impose

considerable constraints upon the performance of students and the type of vocation they can

make.

According to Rothesetein (2004), the social class of parents are fundamental to individual’s

educational and vocational decisions. He went further to explain that social membership

influence and is influenced by occupational membership. They postulated that a child’s

particular socio-economic inheritance may a ditus andrect and important effect on the occupation

open or life attractice to them. (farooq 2011)

Parents socio-economic st