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Culture Documents
amplitude yields a
A)horizontal line
B) vertical line
C) parabola
D) hyperbola
Correct Answer : hyperbola
Q :When a broadcast AM transmitter is 50 % modulated,
its antenna current is 12A. What will be the current when
the modulation depth is increased to 90 % ?
A)12.9 A
B) 13.4 A
C) 16.6 A
D) 21.8 A
Correct Answer : 13.4 A
Q :In amplitude modulation, the carrier and the
modulating voltages are given by
modulation index will be
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A sinusoidal voltage amplitude modulates another
sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 1 kV to result in two
sideband terms of amplitude 200 volts each. The
modulation index is
A)0.5
B) 0.4
C) 0.2
The
D) 0.1
Correct Answer : 0.4
Q :A carrier is simultaneously modulated by two sine
waves with modulation indices of 0.3 and 0.4; the total
modulation index
A)is 1
B) cannot be calculated unless the phase relations are known
C) is 0.5
D) is 0.7
Correct Answer : is 0.5
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In amplitude modulation the carrier power at 100 %
modulation is
A)37 %
B) 67 %
C) 20 %
D) 80 %
Correct Answer : 67 %
Q :A transmitter radiates 9 kW with the carrier
unmodulated and 10.125 kW when the carrier is
sinosoidally modulated.The modulation index will be
A)40 %
B) 44 %
C) 50 %
D) 66 %
Correct Answer : 50 %
Q :The positive RF peaks of an AM voltage rise to a
maximum value of 12 V and drop to a minimum value of 4
V. The modulation index assuming single tone modulation
is
A)3
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An AM wave is given by
modulation index of the envelope is
A)0.4
B) 0.5
C) 0.3
D) 0.9
Correct Answer : 0.5
Q :In AM, the modulation envelope has a peak value
double the un modulated carrier level, When the
modulation is
A)25 %
B) 33 %
C) 50 %
D) 100 %
Correct Answer : 100 %
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
The
Correct Answer :
Q :The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 amperes
when only the carrier is sent. It increases to 8.8 amperes
when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. The
percentage modulation is
A)64 %
B) 72 %
C) 78 %
D) 84 %
Correct Answer : 64 %
Q :The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 amperes
when only the carrier is sent. It increases to 8.8 amperes
when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. The
percentage modulation is What will be the antenna current
when the depth of modulation is 80 % ?
A)8.8 A
B) 9.19 A
C) 9.91 A
D) 10 A
Correct Answer : 9.19 A
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An audio signal 15 sin 2 (1000 t ) amplitude modulates
75 sin 2 (100,000 t) . The modulation index will be
A)20 %
B) 25 %
C) 50 %
D) 80 %
Correct Answer : 20 %
Q :In an AM signal peak antenna current is 12A and the
minimum is 3A The percentage modulation is
A)100 percent
B) 60 Percent
C) 50 Percent
D) 40 Percent
Correct Answer : 60 Percent
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A carrier is amplitude modulated to a depth of 40 %.
The increase in power is
A)40 %
B) 20 %
C) 16 %
D) 8 %
Correct Answer : 8 %
Q :The ratio of the total power in amplitude modulated
wave to the unmodulated carrier power is given by
A)
= 1+m/2
B)
= 1-m/2
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
C) doubled
D) increased by 50 percent
Correct Answer : increased by 50 percent
Q :A 200 W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 percent.
The power of the modulated wave will be
A)128.1 W
B) 256.2 W
C) 512.5 W
D) 886.6 W
Correct Answer : 512.5 W
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A 360 W carrier is simultaneously modulated by two
audio waves with modulation percentage of 55 and 65
respectively. The total side band power radiated will be
A)180W
B) 130 W
C) 60 W
D) 30 W
Correct Answer : 130 W
Q :An AM radio transmitter radiates 50 kW of carrier
power. The radiated power with 85% modulation will be
A)50.85 kW
B) 51.7 kW
C) 59.9 kW
D) 68.1 kW
Correct Answer : 67
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t .The modulation index of the
wave is
A)0.1
B) 0.5
C) 10 %
D) 1.
Correct Answer : 0.5
Q :For a signal amplitude modulated to a depth of 100 %
by a sinusoidal signal, the power is
A)same as the power of unmodulated carrier
B) twice as the power of unmodulated carrier
C) four times the power of unmodulated, carrier
D) One and half times the power of unmodulated carrier.
Correct Answer : One and half times the power of
unmodulated carrier.
Q :When Pc is the carrier power, the maximum power in
A.M. can be
A) PC
B) 1.5 Pc
C) 2 Pc
D) 2.5 Pc
Correct Answer : 1.5 Pc
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :RF power amplifiers of the ummodulated carrier signal
usually operate at
A)Class A
B) Class B
C) Class AB
D) Class C.
Correct Answer : Class C.
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The following is an advantage of linear modulation
A)large modulating power
B) less distortion
C) carrier power is less
D) modulating power is less.
Correct Answer : less distortion
Q :In a low-level AM system, amplifiers following the
modulated stage must be
A)linear devices
B) harmonic devices
C) class C amplifiers
D) non linear devices
Correct Answer : linear devices
Q :Square law modulation uses
A)non linear active device
B) linear active device
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The output current of a 60 % modulated AM generator
is 1.5 A. To what value will this current change if the
generator is modulated additionally by another audio wave
whose modulation index is 0.7
A)1.05 A
B) 1.15 A
C) 1.35 A
D) 1.65 A
Correct Answer : 1.65 A
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 1 KV amplitude
modulated by another sinusoidal voltage produce 30 %
modulation. The amplitude of each side band term is
A)300 V
B) 150 V
C) 500 V
D) 100 V
Correct Answer : 150 V
Q :Which of the following frequency is likely to be
associated with AM radio broadcast?
A)1000kHz
B) 100MHz
C) 500 MHz
D) 10GHz
Correct Answer : 1000kHz
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The following is not the purpose of modulation
A)multiplexing
B) effective radiation
C) Narrow banding
D) increase in signal power
Correct Answer : increase in signal power
Q :In amplitude modulation, the carrier and the
modulating voltages are given by
The
peak amplitude of the amplitude modulated voltage will
be
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :During amplitude modulation, the phase angle of the
modulating voltage changes by
A)0 degrees
B) 90 degrees
C) 180 degrees
D) 45 degrees
Correct Answer : 0 degrees
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :For broadcasting purpose, full AM signal is preferred to
SSSB signal because
A)it requires large bandwidth
B) generation of full AM is easier
C) detection of full AM is simpler
D) requires less bandwidth
Correct Answer : detection of full AM is simpler
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t. The RMS value of the carrier
current is
A)
B)
C) 10 A
D) 5 A
Correct Answer :
Q :An audio signal 15 sin 2 (1000 t) amplitude modulates
75 sin 2 (100,000 t) .The two side band frequencies will
be
A)90 kHz and 110 kHz
B) 99 kHz and 101 kHz
C) 99.9 kHz and 100.1 kHz
D) 99.99 kHz and 100.01 kHz
Correct Answer : 99 kHz and 101 kHz
Q :If
be the simultaneous modulating voltages, then
total modulating voltage Et is given by
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In amplitude modulation of modulation index is more
than 1 than
A)the bandwidth will increase
B) there will interference with other signals
C) efficiency of transmission will improve
D) the wave will get distorted.
Correct Answer : the wave will get distorted.
Q :The unit of modulation index is
A)HertZ
B)
C)
D) no unit.
Correct Answer : no unit.
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t The carrier frequency is
A)100 KHz
B) 500 KHz
C) 200 KHz
D) 50 KHz
Correct Answer : 50 KHz
Q :An amplitude modulated current is given by I= 10[1+0.5
sin 6280t]sin(3.14*100000)t . The modulating frequency is
A)100Hz
B) 500Hz
C) 1000Hz
D) 200Hz
Correct Answer : 1000Hz
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The DSB-SC out put signal of balanced modulator is
A)2 ka Em(t) Ec Cos Wc t
B) ka Em (t) Ec Cos Wc t
C) 2 Ea Ec Cos Wc t
D) 2 Ec cos Wc t
Correct Answer : 2 ka Em(t) Ec Cos Wc t
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Frequency translation is the result of
A)heterodyne action
B) filtering action
C) overlapping action
D) Modulation
Correct Answer : Modulation
Q :The balanced modulator principle is to eliminate the
A)carrier
B) message signal
C) modulated signal
D) both carrier and message signal
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In suppressed carrier modulation we can save
transmission power to the extent of
A)67 %
B) 33 %
C) 20 %
D) 40 %
Correct Answer : 67 %
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :When compared to the AM-FC, the DSB-SC bandwidth is
A)same
B) half
C) infinite
D) Two times
Correct Answer : same
Q :In case of DSB-SC, total transmitted power is
A) EC2 / 4R
B) Ec2 /2R
C) Ec2 / R
D)
Correct Answer : EC2 / 4R
Q :In case of SSB-SC the power saved over the AM is
A)83.3 %
B) 50 %
C) 66.6 %
D) 60 %
Correct Answer : 83.3 %
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :When modulating signal bandwidth is , the DSB-SC
bandwidth is
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In case of DSB-SC wave generation, when the message
signal crosses zero angle, the phase of modulation wave
is
A)same
B) reversed by 1800
C) reversed by
D) 00
Correct Answer : reversed by 1800
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In filter method of SSB-SC generation how many
balanced modulators are used
A)1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Correct Answer : 1
Q :In an SSB transmitter, one is most likely to find
A)class A RF output amplifier
B) class B RF amplifier
C) class C audio amplifier
D) tuned moldulator
Correct Answer : class B RF amplifier
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In third method of SSB-SC generation how many
balanced modulators are used
A)2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Correct Answer : 4
Q :Which one of the following is not necessarily an
advantage of the phase cancellation method of obtaining
SSB over the filter method?
A)It is possible to generate SSB at any frequency
C) LC filter
D) Crystal filter.
Correct Answer : Mechanical filter
Q :No of phase shifting net works used in phase shift
method are
A)1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Correct Answer : 2
Q :Band width of SSB signal when F is modulating signal
frequency
A)F
B) 2 F
C) 3 F
D) 4 F
Correct Answer : F
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In case SSB detection, the following method is adopted
A)Synchronous detection
B) Asynchronous detection
C) Nonlinear detection
D) Linear detection
Correct Answer : Synchronous detection
B) carrier reinsertion
C) Vestigial side band
D) ISB
Correct Answer : ISB
Q :Indicate in which of the following only one side band is
transmitted
A)A3
B) A3H
C) A5C
D) A3B
Correct Answer : A3H
Q :When the modulation index of AM wave is doubled, the
antenna current is also doubled the AM system used is
A)A3J
B) A3
C) A3H
D) A5C
Correct Answer : A3J
Q :In A3J systems, the carrier should be suppressed at the
transmitter down to at least
A)36dB
B) 45dB
C) 25dB
D) 40dB
Correct Answer : 45dB
Q :The A 3A modulation is some times used to
A)Reduce the power that must be transmitted
B) Reduce the bandwidth required for transmission
C) Simplify the frequency stability problem in reception
D) Allow the receiver to have a frequency synthesize
Correct Answer : Simplify the frequency stability problem
in reception
Q :Figure of merit is always unity in
A)SSB-SC
B) AM
C) FM
D) PM
Correct Answer : SSB-SC
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The maximum number of voice signals carried by ISB is
A)2
B) 1
C) 4
D) 8
Correct Answer : 4
Q :In VHF TV Transmission, use of VSB results in a net
bandwidth saving of about
A)4.5 MHz over A3 system.
B) 5 MHz over A3 system
C) 3 Mhz over A3 system
D) 3.5 MHz over A3 system
Correct Answer : 3 Mhz over A3 system
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In VSB
A)Only one side band is transmitted
B) Two side band in transmitted
C) One side band is passed completely; and a post of other side
band is passed.
D) One side band is transmitted along with carrier
Correct Answer : One side band is passed completely; and
a post of other side band is passed.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz The
modulation index will be
A)10
B) 23
C) 30
D) 400
Correct Answer : 30
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 48 kHz. The
modulation index in this case will be
A)20
B) 40
C) 80
D) 96
Correct Answer : 96
Q :In case of wide band FM signal, the modulation index
may be expected to be
A)0.5
B) 1.0
C) less than 1
D) more than 1
Correct Answer : more than 1
Q :In frequency modulation for a given frequency
deviation, the modulation index varies
A)inversely as the modulating frequency
B) directly as the modulating frequency
C) independent of modulating frequency
D) First varies and then remains constant
Correct Answer : inversely as the modulating frequency
Q :Modulation index in an F.M. signal
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A frequency doubler has an FM signal input at 13 MHz
with a deviation of 5 kHz. what is the frequency deviation
of the frequency doublers output signal?
A)10kHz
B) 20 kHz
C) 25 kHz
D) 40 kHz.
Correct Answer : 10kHz
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz If the
AF voltage is increased to 7.5 V, the new deviation will be
A)7.5 kHz
B) 8 kHz
C) 9.5 kHz
D) 15 kHz
Correct Answer : 15 kHz
Q :A FM wave is represented by
maximum deviations is
A)1094.5 Hz
B) 1055.5 Hz
C) 995.5 Hz
D) 995 Hz
Correct Answer : 1094.5 Hz
The
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In an FM system when the audio frequency (AF) is 500
Hz and AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz .If the
B) indeterminate
C) 5/
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :In FM, the frequency deviation is
A)proportional to modulating frequency
B) proportional to amplitude of modulating signal
C) constant
D) directly proportional to amplitude and inversely proportional to
modulating frequency.
Correct Answer : proportional to amplitude of modulating
signal
Q :An FM signal with a deviation is passed through a
mixer, and has its frequency reduced six fold. The
deviation in the output of the mixer will be
A)
B)
C)
D) indeterminate
Correct Answer :
Q :In FM, if the amplitude of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the maximum frequency deviation
A)doubles,
B) becomes four times
C) becomes half
D) remains unaltered
Correct Answer : doubles,
Q :In FM, if the frequency of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the maximum frequency deviation
A)doubles
systems?
A)It needs less bandwidth
B) It offers better S/N ratio
C) It requires least modulating power
D) FM is similar to DSB-SC
Correct Answer : It offers better S/N ratio
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :A frequency doubler has an FM signal input at 13 MHz
with a deviation of 5 kHz. The output frequency of the
carrier will be
A)26 kHz
B) 260 kHz
C) 26 MHz
D) 260 MHz
Correct Answer : 26 MHz
Q :A frequency multiplier stage should operate as
A)class A
B) class B
C) class C
D) classAB
Correct Answer : class C
Q :A FM wave is represented by
carrier frequency is
A)66 MHz
B) 95.5 MHz
C) 125 MHz
D) 166 MHz
Correct Answer : 95.5 MHz
The
Q :A FM wave is represented by
modulating frequency is
A)199 Hz
The
B) 1990 MHz
C) 199 kHz
D) 199 MHz
Correct Answer : 199 Hz
Q :FM Broadcast band generally lies in
A)LF
B) HF
C) VHF
D) SHF
Correct Answer : VHF
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Which of the following frequency is likely to be
associated with FM radio broadcasting
A)90 Hz
B) 90 kHz
C) 900 kHz
D) 90 MHz.
Correct Answer : 90 MHz.
Q :De-emphasis circuit is used
A)prior to modulation
B) after modulation
C) For de-emphasising high frequency component
D) for de-emphasising low frequency component
Correct Answer : For de-emphasising high frequency
component
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Since noise phase modulates the F.M. wave as the
carrier frequency increases the noise amplitude is
A)decreased
B) unaltered
C) increased
D) equalised.
Correct Answer : decreased
Q :Sine wave of frequency fm modulates carrier of
frequency producing the same frequency deviation and the
same modulation index in both FM and PM. Next if the
modulation frequency is doubled, the modulation index in
FM relative to that in PM will be
A)the same
B) halved
C) doubled
D) quadrupled.
Correct Answer : halved
Q :The difference between phase and frequency
modulation
A)is purely theoretical because they are the same in practice
B) is too great to make the two systems compatible
C) lies in the poorer audio response of phase modulation
D) lies in the different definitions of the modulation index
Correct Answer : lies in the different definitions of the
modulation index
Q :pre-emphasis circuit provides extra norse immunity by
A)boosting the bass frequencies
B) amplifying the higher audio frequencies
C) preamplifying the whole audio band
D) converting the phase modulation to FM
D) PPM
Correct Answer : F.M.
Q :Pre-emphasis circuit is used
A)after modulation
B) prior to modulation
C) to increase or emphasis the amplitude of low frequency
components of the signal
D) after demodulation.
Correct Answer : prior to modulation
Q :In the spectrum of a frequency modulated wave
A)the number of significant sidebands depends upon the
modulation index
B) carrier frequency cannot disappear
C) carrier frequency vanishes when modulation index is large
D) Number of side bands depends on modulating signal
amplitude
Correct Answer : the number of significant sidebands
depends upon the modulation index
Q :In FM, if the frequency of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the rate of deviation of carrier frequency
A)doubles
B) becomes four times
C) becomes half
D) remains unaltered
Correct Answer : doubles
Q :In FM, if the amplitude of the modulating voltage is
doubled, the rate of deviation of carrier frequency
A)doubles
B) becomes four times
C) becomes half
D) remains unaltered
Correct Answer : remains unaltered
Q :In the spectrum of a frequency-modulated wave
A)the carrier frequency disappears when the modulation index is
large
B) the amplitude of any sideband depends on the modulation
index
C) the total number of sidebands depends on the modulation
index
D) the carrier frequency cannot disappear
Correct Answer : the amplitude of any sideband depends
on the modulation index
Q :The message carrying efficiency is best in
A)FM
B) AM
C) AM- SC
D) Phase modulation
Correct Answer : AM- SC
Q :Following is not advantage of FM over AM
A)noise immunity
B) fidelity
C) capture effect fidelity
D) Spluttering
Correct Answer : Spluttering
Q :A narrowband FM does not have the following feature
A)it has two side bands
B) Band width is same as AM
C) both sidebands have same phase difference with respect to
carrier
D) it does not show amplitude variations
Correct Answer : both sidebands have same phase
difference with respect to carrier
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :The commercial FM radio broadcast band is
A)535 to 1600 kHz
B) 20 to 80 kHz
C) 88 to 108 MHz
The
resistor will be
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Armstrong F.M. transmitter performs frequency
multiplication in stages
A)to increase the overall S/N ratio,
B) to reduce bandwidth
C) to find the desired value of carrier frequency as well as
frequency deviation,
D) for convenience.
Correct Answer : to find the desired value of carrier
frequency as well as frequency deviation,
Q:
A)
B)
C)
D)
Correct Answer :
Q :Armstrong modulator generates
A)A.M.
B) F.M.
C) P.M.
D) PCM
Correct Answer : F.M.
Q :Which one of the following is an indirect way of
generating F.M.?
A)Armstrong modulator
B) Varactor diode modulator
Multiplexage
L'un des problmes de la transmission haut dbit est l'interfrence entre les signaux mis et reus, si ceux-ci sont
itus sur la mme bande de frquences. De plus, lADSL utilise une bande passante en ligne trs suprieure la
bande tlphonique [0, 4 kHz].
Deux solutions peuvent tre utilises pour minimiser cette interfrence et assurer une communication
bidirectionnelle sur la ligne dabonn :
Le multiplexage en frquence FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Lannulation dcho EC (Echo Cancellation)
Cette solution consiste sparer les bandes de frquences utilises en rception et en mission. Pour cela on utilise
une technique de multiplexage en frquence. Cette technique n'introduit pas de nouvelles interfrences mais utilise
une bande passante plus large ce qui diminue la distance maximale de transmission. Les bandes [20 kHz, 140 kHz]
et [150 kHz, 1 100 kHz] sont respectivement utilises pour les flux de donnes montants et descendants.
Lannulation dcho permet de vhiculer les flux de donnes montants et descendants dans la mme bande de
rquence. La bande [20 kHz, 130 kHz] est utilise par les flux montants et descendants, la bande [130 kHz, 1 100
kHz] tant rserve au seul flux descendant.
LEC autorise des dbits plus levs pour le flux descendant que dans le cas du FDM.
Par contre lEC est plus sujette la paradiaphonie. A linitialisation, le modem doit passer par une phase
dapprentissage de la qualit de la ligne qui consiste mmoriser lamplitude de lcho local en fonction de la
bande de frquence dmission.
Modulation et Codage
La transmission ADSL se fait en bande de base pour cela les techniques de codage et modulation sont troitement
is. Les termes de codage et modulation peuvent tre indiffremment utiliss.
l existe diffrentes faons de traiter la porteuse HF, en fonction de la donne transmettre ; dans le cas de l'ADSL
on utilise, une des deux techniques :
CAP (Carrier Amplitude/Phase modulation)
DMT (Discret Multitone Modulation)
Ces techniques utilisent une modulation en phase et en amplitude (QAM). Elles sont apparues en complment au
codage 2B/1Q utilis notamment pour le RNIS.
Codage 2B/1Q
Cette technique de codage est apparue pour permettre d'augmenter la distance maximale de transmission
ncessaire pour l'introduction du rseau RNIS.
Ce codage 2B/1Q fait correspondre un groupe de deux lments (2bits: 2B) un crneau de tension, dit symbole
quaternaire (1Q), pouvant endosser quatre valeurs diffrentes. Ce mode de codage est utilis pour l'HDSL avec une
vitesse de modulation de 584000 bauds/s soit un dbit suprieur 1Mbits/s.
Cependant, ce codage est bande de base (transmission partir de 0 Hz), ce qui ne permet pas l'utilisation
imultane du transfert de donnes et du service tlphonique (300-3400Hz).
La modulation mono-porteuse QAM consiste associer toute suite de n bits appele symbole un point particulier
au sein dune constellation.
Cela correspond une combinaison d'une modulation de phase et d'amplitude, ceci afin d'augmenter le nombre
d'tat par symbole.
La porteuse est transmise en ligne avec le signal modul, la dmodulation se faisant au niveau du rcepteur. Cette
echnique pose certaines difficults dues la distorsion de phase de la porteuse inhrente la propagation.
La figure, ci-dessous reprsente la valeur binaire associe chaque point dune constellation 16-QAM utilise
dans les modems V32.
La figure, ci-dessous affiche les diffrentes modulations QAM qui sont utilises par les modems ADSL. (4-QAM,
16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM)
A la diffrence du codage 2B/1Q, les code CAP et DMT, drivs du QAM, sont typiquement passe-bande et
peuvent oprer sur une bande de frquence spcifie.
Ceci va permettre de sparer les canaux rservs la ligne tlphonique, la rception et l'mission de donnes.
En parallle au dveloppement du codage 2B/1Q, une entreprise amricaine AT&T/Paradyne a dvelopp le CAP.
Le codage CAP utilise une porteuse unique. La porteuse module est supprime avant la transmission, d'o le
qualificatif de carrierless, puis reconstruite par le modem rcepteur.
Cette technique est trs semblable la Modulation d'Amplitude en Quadrature (QAM) mais n'utilise pas la
ransposition en frquence. De ce fait, elle est purement numrique et est implmente avec des processeurs DSP
qui ralisent le traitement numrique du signal.
La bande passante disponible est divise en trois canaux par un multiplexage FDM.
Les canaux montants et descendants ne sont pas subdiviss en canaux plus troits.
Toute dgradation du rapport signal sur bruit S/B dans une bande de frquence donne, perturbe la qualit de
ensemble du canal donc rduit la capacit globale de laccs. Cette diminution de la capacit revient diminuer
dun bit la taille du symbole de la constellation, cest dire rduire par deux les performances.
Constellation
2n
Nbre de
bits/bauds
2-CAP
21
4-CAP
22
8-CAP
23
16-CAP
24
32-CAP
25
64-CAP
26
128-CAP
27
256-CAP
28
512-CAP
29
Les metteurs-rcepteurs CAP peuvent utiliser des constellations multiples crant 2n valeurs. N peut varier de 2
512 en fonction des caractristiques de la ligne utilise. On parle alors de N-CAP (2-CAP, 64-CAP,512-CAP).
Cette capacit changer la taille des constellations, est utilise par CAP pour s'adapter aux caractristiques de la
igne.
La priode symbole du systme CAP mono-porteuse est petite. En effet, la rapidit dun modem CAP est de 1 024
kHz. Ce qui est pnalisant, par rapport la dure dun bruit impulsif qui serait gal ou infrieur 500 s.
DMT a t adopt comme Norme par l'ANSI et par l'ETSI (Institue Europen de Normes de Tlcommunications),
ce qui permet une plus grande inter-oprabilit entre les quipements des diffrents constructeurs et le
dveloppement de l'ADSL.
La technique consiste partager la bande passante disponible en un nombre lev de canaux. Ces canaux reoivent
une modulation de type QAM et sont transmis en parallle. Cette technique multi-porteuses ncessite de forts
raitements numriques et n'a donc vu le jour qu' partir du moment ou les DSP sont devenus abordables en
matire de cots.
La norme ADSL spcifie l'utilisation de 256 sous-canaux, chacun des sous-canaux ayant une largeur de 4, 3 125
KHz, soit une largeur de bande globale de 1 104 kHz.
Le sous-canal 1 est rserv au canal tlphonique analogique.
Les sous-canaux 2 6 sont rservs la signalisation du canal tlphonique et servent de bande de garde avec les
ous-canaux ADSL.
250 sous-canaux sont utiliss pour transporter le flux ADSL, sur une bande utile qui stend de 25 kHz 1,1 MHz.
DMT alloue les donnes de manire optimiser le dbit de chaque canal c'est dire d'adapter la transmission aux
caractristiques de la ligne tlphonique.
Le nombre de bits ports sur chaque porteuse est variable, parce que les capacits internes de transport de chaque
porteuse varie en fonction de leur frquence.
Plus la frquence est leve, et plus l'attnuation est importante, permettant aux frquences les plus basses de
ransmettre le plus d'informations. De plus, on fait varier le nombre de bits par porteuse en fonction des conditions
de transmission, en plaant un nombre plus important de bit sur les canaux les plus robustes.
Ainsi, pour viter les perturbations dues au bruit ou les interfrences radio il suffit de coder plus ou moins de
bps/Hz sur les porteuses.
Principe de lallocation de capacit des sous-canaux correspondant au rapport signal sur bruit. Cette adaptation
effectue sur les 250 canaux.
Un modem DMT value en permanence la qualit de ligne, ce qui lui permet de recalculer dynamiquement la
capacit optimale en bit/s par Hertz affecter chaque sous-canal.
Codage de Reed-Solomon
La transmission d'informations numriques sur de longues distances est toujours entache d'erreurs de
ransmission. Quand l'apparition de ces erreurs est juge trop importante vis vis du service attendu et de la sret
de fonctionnement exige pour le systme, on ajoute de la redondance; celle-ci permet, la rception de dtecter,
puis corriger toutes les erreurs de certains types. Les codes de Reed-Solomon reprsentent une catgorie trs
mportante de codes en bloc cycliques permettant de corriger des erreurs isoles ou des paquets d'erreurs. Ces
codes s'appuient sur les structures mathmatiques que sont les corps de Galois ; ils sont caractriss
essentiellement par le polynme gnrateur du corps choisi, par le polynme gnrateur de code et par la capacit
de correction. Pour les modems ADSL, ce code est not RS(240,224,t=8), ce qui veut dire 224 octets en entre,
240 en sortie du codeur et 8 octets sur 224 peuvent tre corrigs. C'est un code en bloc qui va ajouter 16 octets de
edondance derrire les 224 octets de charge utile. Si plus de 8 octets sont dtects comme errons, le bloc de
donnes utiles est marqu comme dfectueux.
Le deuxime est la somme pondre des 3 octets. Chaque octet est multipli par son rang : 3*1 + 10*2 + 15*3 soit
68.
La diffrence des sommes simples (28-30) nous donne la valeur de l'erreur et la diffrence des sommes pondres
divise par l'erreur est gale au rang de l'erreur ((72-68)/2=2).
Codage convolutif
Le codage convolutif associ un dcodage par l'algorithme de Viterbi est une technique de codage correcteur
d'erreurs trs rpandue dans les systmes de transmissions numriques actuels. Ce type de codage est, en effet,
pcifi dans de nombreuses applications, aussi bien du domaine audio et/ou vido telles le GSM (tlphonie
mobile), l'ADSL, la tlvision numrique terrestre ou par satellite (normes DVB-T et DVB-S).
Dans le modem ADSL, ce deuxime codage dit interne sert consolider encore plus les donnes issues du
codeur de Reed-Solomon. Le codeur convolutif ou codeur en treillis sapplique la constellation mise en uvre
par ltage de modulation.
Dans le cas, dune modulation CAP, il ny aura quun seul codeur convolutif.
Dans le cas, dune modulation DMT, plusieurs codeurs convolutifs sont appliqus pour chacune des
constellations associes aux N sous-canaux dun modem DMT.
Ct terminal
Ct ligne
Le schma ci-dessus reprsente les diffrents tages fonctionnels de la chane de transmission dun modem ADSL
Trame 0 bits 0-7 => bits de correction derreurs pour les donnes Fast Data.
Trame 1 bits 0-7 => Operation And Maintenance pour les donnes Fast Data.
Trames 2-33 => trames normales .
Trames 34-35 => Operation And Maintenance pour les donnes Fast Data.
Trames 36-67 => trames normales .
Trames 68 => bits de synchronisation.
Suite