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Principles of Electronic Communication Systems
Principles of Electronic Communication Systems
Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems
Third Edition
Louis E. Frenzel, Jr.
Chapter 16
Microwave Communication
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Figure 16-4: A microwave receiver. The shaded areas denote microwave circuits.
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Figure 16-6: Microstrip transmission line used for reactive circuits. (a) Perspective
view. (b) Edge or end view. (c) Side view (open line). (d) Side view (shorted line).
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impedance.
The characteristic impedance of a transmission line
depends on its physical characteristics.
The dielectric constant of the insulating material is also
a factor.
Most characteristic impedances are less than 100 .
One-quarter wavelength transmission line can be used
to make one type of component look like another.
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circuit.
One microstrip line is simply placed parallel to another
segment of microstrip.
The degree of coupling between the two depends on
the distance of separation and the length of the parallel
segment.
The closer the spacing and the longer the parallel run,
the greater the coupling.
Microstrip patterns are made directly onto printed-circuit
boards.
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Microwave Transistors
The primary differences between standard lower-
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Microwave Transistors
The GaAs MESFET, a type of JFET using a Schottky
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Figure 16-14: Microwave transistors. (a) and (b) Low-power small signal. (c) FET
power. (d) NPN bipolar power.
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Small-Signal Amplifiers
A small-signal microwave amplifier can be made up of a
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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Waveguides
Most microwave energy transmission above 6 GHz is
handled by waveguides.
Waveguides are hollow metal conducting pipes
designed to carry and constrain the electromagnetic
waves of a microwave signal.
Most waveguides are rectangular.
Waveguides are made from copper, aluminum or brass.
Often the insides of waveguides are plated with silver to
reduce resistance and transmission losses.
16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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Figure 16-19: Injecting a sine wave into a waveguide and extracting a signal.
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and Cavity Resonators
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waveguide.
When the signal strikes a probe or a loop, a signal is
induced which can then be fed to other circuitry through
a short coaxial cable.
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and Cavity Resonators
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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Figure 16-20: The dimensions of a waveguide determine its operating frequency range.
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and Cavity Resonators
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and Cavity Resonators
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operating frequency.
At high frequencies, the angle is large and the path
between the opposite walls is relatively long.
As the operating frequency decreases, the angle also
decreases and the path between the sides shortens.
When the operating frequency reaches the cutoff
frequency of the waveguide, the signal bounces back
and forth between the sidewalls of the waveguide. No
energy is propagated.
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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and Cavity Resonators
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and Cavity Resonators
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Cavity Resonator
A cavity resonator is a waveguide-like device that acts
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and Cavity Resonators
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Figure 16-31: Cavity resonator made with waveguide. (b) Side view of cavity
resonator showing coupling of energy by a probe.
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and Cavity Resonators
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Circulators
A circulator is a three-port microwave device used for
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and Cavity Resonators
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Figure 16-31 Cavity resonator made with waveguide. (a) A section of rectangular
waveguide used as a cavity resonator. (b) Side view of cavity resonator showing
coupling of energy by a probe.
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16-3: Waveguides
and Cavity Resonators
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Isolators
Isolators are variations of circulators, but they have one
16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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Frequency-Multiplier Diodes
Microwave diodes designed primarily for frequency-
16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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capacitor.
When a reverse bias is applied to the diode, it acts like
a capacitor.
A varactor is primarily used in microwave circuits as a
frequency multiplier.
Varactors are used in applications in which it is difficult
to generate microwave signals.
Varactor diodes are available for producing relatively
high power outputs at frequencies up to 100 GHz.
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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Semiconductor Diodes
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Semiconductor Diodes
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Oscillator Diodes
Three types of diodes other than the tunnel diode that
16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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16-4: Microwave
Semiconductor Diodes
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PIN Diodes
A PIN diode is a special PN-junction diode with an I
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Figure 16-42: A corner reflector used with a dipole for low microwave frequencies.
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Figure 16-54: Slot antennas on a waveguide. (a) Radiating slots. (b) Nonradiating
slots.
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Figure 16-57: Lens antenna operations. (a) Dielectric lens. (b) Zoned lens.
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Figure 16-59: An 8 8 phase array using patch antennas. (Feed lines are not shown.)
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continuous-wave (CW).
The pulsed type is the most commonly used radar
system.
Signals are transmitted in short bursts or pulses.
The time between transmitted pulses is known as the
pulse repetition time (PRT).
In continuous-wave (CW) radar, a constant-amplitude
continuous microwave sine wave is transmitted.
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(UWB) radar.
It is a form of pulsed radar that radiates a stream of very
short pulses several hundred picoseconds long.
The very narrow pulses give this radar extreme
precision and resolution of small objects and details.
The low power used restricts operation to short
distances.
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