Microwave and Radar (MAR)

COURSE CODE: 22535

Reflex Klystron
Micro Project
Prepared by: Electronics & Telecommunications
Ansari Aatif (20507) Sem V

Bhaiji Muhammad Musab (20512) Mentor : Ms. Lubna Shaikh

Shaikh Rehan (20554)
 What is Reflex Klystron?
Reflex Klystron is a low-power, low-efficiency
microwave oscillator. This microwave generator
works on reflections and oscillations in a single
cavity, which has a variable frequency.

Reflex Klystron consists of an electron gun, a

cathode filament, a heater, a Repeller, an
anode cavity, and an electrode at the cathode
potential.
Reflex Klystron
Construction of Reflex Klystron
 Working Principle of Reflex Klystron
• Velocity modulation is defined as that variation in the velocity of a beam of
electrons caused by the alternate speeding up and slowing down of the
electrons in the beam.
• This is done by slowing down the speed of the early electrons in the beam,
keeping the velocity of the reference electrons moderate, and speeding up
the late electrons.
• Here, ee is the early electrons, er is the reference electrons and eL is the late
electrons.
• Hence, the ee moves with a lower velocity, the e r moves with a moderate
velocity, and the eL moves with a higher velocity.
Applegate Diagram
 Applegate Diagram
• Tr is the transient time of the electron bunch which is n + ¾ of the Time period T.
Therefore, Tr = n + ¾ · T, where in the diagram n is taken as 1, so, Tr = 1 + ¾ · T.
• The reference electron is taken as one, that passes the gap on its way to the Repeller at
the time the gap voltage is zero and going negative. This electron is unaffected and it
overshoots the gap.
• An electron passing the gap slightly earlier encounters a slightly positive voltage at the
gap. Therefore this electron is accelerated, and it will travel a slightly longer distance
than the electron passing the gap a little after.
• Similarly, an electron passing the gap a little after the reference electron will encounter
a slightly negative voltage at the gap, therefore, this electron is de-accelerated.
Applications
 Radio receivers
 Portable microwave links
 Parametric amplifiers
 Local oscillators of microwave receivers
 As a signal source where the variable frequency is desirable in microwave generators

Performance
 Frequency range: 4 to 800 GHz
 Output power: 1 mW to 2.5 W
 Theoretical efficiency η: 22.78%
 Practical efficiency η: 10% to 20%
 Tuning range: 5 GHz at 2 W to 30 GHz at 10 mW