10 0

, , 23. 2015.

www.gravity.ipb.ac.rs/gr100

100

100
171031 -
, .
1979. 36
36 : 18
, ,
loop- .

.


1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 : , . . . . . . . . 19

3 O . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4 - ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6 :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

100

, 23. 2015.

 ; .

100 ,
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
100 ,
, .
100 , 23.
. Science - 100 , Classical and Quantum Gravity
- Milestones in General Relativity. ,
,
,
1915. 13 :

(1919)
(1929)
- (1952)
, (1959)
- (1963)
(1963)
(1965)
(1965)
(1965)
(1970-74)
(1974)
AdS/CFT (1998)
(2005).

, , .
1905. , 2005. -

. a,
.

, :
?1 , :
1

 ( ), ,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
: , . ,
1879. 1913.
, ,
. , ,
, 1926. .
,
. , 1905.
1915,
.
,
,
. ,
. - .
, 1960. ;

, .
,
, .

1905. ,
, .
,
, , 2.
,
( )
. , (
: 1916) , ,
, ,
.
,
.

: , .
100

, 23. 2015.

 , : , ,
.
: , .
,
. ,
. ,
: .
, . ;
. , 1954:
,
. : ,
, . :
, ,
:
.
, , , , ?
, .

, , ,
.
,
.
, .
,
, ,
.
.
() , ,
.
, ,
. ,

. ,
, , 100
, .
: .


.
,
, ,
: @..

100 2015.
1:715

, , ,

.
,
(1915/1916) ,
.
, .
,

.

( ).

 ,
,

.
, Naturales quaestiones

.
,
, .
(4. ...),
.
, ,
:
?
, .
, .
, .
.
. (15641642). ,
.
: Dialogo (1632) Discorsi (1638).
[Discorsi].
, 100 200
,
200 .
.
.
().
.
( ), .

, .
. , , . (1642-1726),
.
,
. ,
. , . , . . .
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687).
,
. ,
( ) .
8

. (15641642)

. (16421726)

,
. , , . (18791955)
().

.
.
, . ,
, , .
, . ,
.

.
. ()
.

(1907).
. , :
, .
,
.
?
, :

.

.
100

, 23. 2015.

 ,
.
.
. ,
, ,
-. -
.
, .
1854, . (18261866)
,
. . (17771855);
.
, , (18021860)
(17921856).

. (18261866)

. (18791955)

.
, , .
1913, .
,
. 20. ,
.
.
, . .
= 4, ,
. , ,
:
1
8G
g R = 4 T .
2
{z
} | c {z }

10

 1915. ,
,
1916. 1915. .
(18621943) .
; 20- 1915. ,
, .
, 25. , .
, .
:

. .
. ,

. .
: ,
, , .
: - ,
.
:
( , 1981).
: (1915/16), ( );
- : + , ( ),
.
( ),
.
: , ,
(95% ).

.
, . (18851955)
, .
, ,
.
, :
() (P, Q) (x, x + x)
s2 = g x x , g ;
() (P, Q) (P , Q ),
, (s )2 = s2 .
(x, x + x)
ds2 = g x x , ;
() ().
, () ,
. ,
.
100

, 23. 2015.

11

 (x),
.
, (x)
, .
, ,
B(x). /
5.

( ).
.
- ,
, . ,
, B(x)
, .
, 1929. ,

[ U (1)].
, .

.
(1929), (1954)
[ SU (2)] () .
.
, .
, (1956) L(1, 3),
,
.
, . ,
,
- ; .
(1932, ) . (19261999) 1960-.
. ,
(1961) .
,
, L(1, 3) T (4).
12

 , AL
AT . , AT ,
. .
(), -
. ?
, , ;
, - , .

T. (1932, )

. (19261999)

.
(i) , ,
(ii) , ,
.
,
.
. (1918) ,
, . ,
. , .
(18691951), ,
(1922), .
, , , .
? ,
. 1960, . ,
, .
Gravity Probe A (1976) Gravity Probe
B (2004). .
r = 1 cm, L = 4.6
gr cm2 /sec. ,
(1980) :
();
( L), 850 !
100

, 23. 2015.

13

 .
.
, ,
. , , (2008)
, 1998,
. , .
, .
,
(J P = 0+ )
, .
,
.
.

, Naturales quaestiones

1. B. Homann, Relativity and its roots (Freeman, New York, 1983).
2. A. Einstein, ber das Relativittsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen, Jarb. der Radioaktivitt u. Elektronik, 4 (1907) 411462;
A. Einstein, Erklrung der Perihelbewegung der Merkur aus der Relativittstheorie, Sitzungsber. preuss. Akad.
Wiss. 47, 2 (1915) 831839;
A. Einstein, Die grundlage der allgemeinen Relativittstheorie, Ann. Phys. 49 (1916) 769822;
I. Todorov, Einstein and Hilbert: the creation of general relativity, arXiv:physics/0504179;
B. Riemann, On the Hypotheses which lie at the Bases of Geometry, translated from German by William Kingdon Cliord in Nature (1873),
http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Geom/WKCGeom.html
3. H. Weyl, Space-Time-Matter (Dover Publications, New York, 1952), translated from the 4th edition (1922) of
Raum-Zeit-Materie (1918) by H. L. Brose;
H. Weyl, Elektron und Gravitation I, Zeitschri f. Physik, 56 (1929) 330352;
L. ORaifeartaigh, e Dawning of Gauge eory (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1997).
4. T. Kibble, Lorentz invariance and the gravitational field, J. Math. Phys. 2 (1961) 212221;
D. W. Sciama, On the analogy between charge and spin in general relativity, in: Recent Developments in General
Relativity, Festschri for Infeld (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1962) 415439;
E. Cartan, On a generalization of the notion of Riemann curvature and spaces with torsion (in French), Comptes
Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris) 174 (1922) 593595;
K.-F. Shie, J. M. Nester, and H.-J. Yo, Torsion cosmology and the accelerating universe, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008)
023522;
M. Blagojevi and F. W. Hehl (eds.), Gauge eories of Gravitation, A Reader with Commentaries (Imperial
College Press, London, 2013).

14


:
,
. .
.

A (1908):
P ,
, (1 + /c2 )
E E/c2 .

(1913):



( ) , , () 1/10000 .
,
, .
, .

= T ,
g

[] , .
.
.

(1914): 1913.
.

(1915):
.

.
,
; .
,
. ,
, , ,
. , .
,
R = T ,

100

, 23. 2015.

15

 1. ,
.

2 g
= 0.
x x
, . (
4. 1915. 11. )
,
.
,
. ,
. T , T +t
T . T = 0 .
[ ]
, .

G = T ,
[ G ]. ( 11. , 18. )
[ ]
.
,
, ,
45 , .

.


1
gim T )
2
[ Gim ]..... ... ,
- . (
25. , 2. )
Gim = (Tim

, .
-
,
. ,
, .

16

 , .

, [ ]
.

(1915): I: L,
:
g ,

g 2 g
,
,
x x x
A
A ,
,
x

L(g)1/2 d4 x

14 g , A .
II ( ). L
[] x
L, .
g , L
L = R + Lelec ,
R ( ).
( 20. , 1915.)

(1916): . . .
, .
.
.

.

(
)
G 3 J
."
24
t3
,

(1917): ,
;

. ; .
: 14 g , A
, .

100

, 23. 2015.

17

18

 :
, ,



: @..

100 2015.
2:1930

, ,

().
a,
,
, .

19

.
( )
, .
,
- .
,
,
.
, :
.
.
( IV )
:
; .
.
,
(, ).
.
XVI , ,
.
.

(1643-1727) .

(1564-1642).

1 .

s t2 .

.
?

. II

.
.

2 , mi , II a
, mg ,

1 II .

.
, .
2 () .

20

: ,

. II :
= mia ,
F

(1.1)

, ,
:
= mgg ,
F
(1.2)
je g . :
a =

mg
g ,
mi

(1.3)

mg /mi .

mg /mi .
, .
,
. XIX

109 .

(1848-1919)

(1879-1955)
,
.

. 1665.

. ,

.
, ,
III

. , , .
100

, 23. 2015.

21

 1684. ,
.
. ,
.

.
XIX
.
.

35 .

43 .
( )
.
- . , .

. ,
,
XIX
.

.


. , ,
.
.
.
22

: ,

 1907.
,
. ,
, .
.

(1879-1955)

( , .
).
. ,
, .
. 1911.
.
.
, 1913.

-.
, - 3 .
XVIII ,
XX .
,
.
.
n (x1 , x2 , . . . xn )
(x1 , x2 , . . . xn ) (x1 + dx1 , x2 + dx2 , . . . xn + dxn ) :
ds2 = g (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )dx dx ,

(2.1)

- .
100

, 23. 2015.

23

 g 4 .
:

x = x (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ,

= 1, 2, . . . , n .

(2.2)

, .
(2.2).
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) (2.2)
, :
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) .

(2.3)

ds2 .
n n .
(A1 , A2 , . . . , An ) (2.2) :
A =

x
A ,
x

(2.4)

, .
(A1 , A2 , . . . , An )
:
x
A =
A .
(2.5)
x
, .
. , 5
:
A =

x x
A .
x x

(2.6)

:
g g = ,

(2.7)

.

. :
A = g A .
(2.8)
.
A
( ) A := x
. .

-.
4 , .
.
5 (A
)
(A
).

24

: ,

,
-.
.
6 . A .
:
A = A dx ,

(2.9)

.
, .
= . :
A = dA A A dx .

(2.10)

, (2.9) (2.10):
A = A + A .

(2.11)

, . g = 0.
:
du
= 0,
ds

u =

dx
.
ds

(2.12)

:
du
+ u u = 0 .
(2.13)
ds
(2.13) , . .
m u u .
.
. ,
6

.
100

, 23. 2015.

25

. :
A =

1
R A f ,
2

(2.14)

je f ,
R = + ,

(2.15)

. R R :
R := g R ,

R := g R .

(2.16)

:
R

8G
1
g = 4 T ,
2
c

(2.17)

je T ( ), G
, c .
. :
7 .
( )
R = 08 , .

T = 0.
. ,
.
. 1916.
. 7

.
. :
R = 0.
8

26

: ,

1915.

:
(
rg ) 2 2
dr2
2(
2
2
2)
ds2 = 1
c dt
rg r d + sin ,
r
1
r

(2.18)

je rg = 2Gm/c2 m.
3 km, 0, 9 cm. ,
, . (2.18)

. - , ,
= /2.
. ,
:
=

6Gm
,
c2 a(1 e2 )

(2.19)

m , a , a e .
(2.19) 43 .
.
.
:
=

2rg
4Gm
= 2 .

(2.20)

1, 75 .
. 29.
1919,
, ,
100

, 23. 2015.

27

 .

( ) 1,6 1,98 .
.

29.
1919.

.
.
.

.
, .
: ,
9 .
. ,
, .
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
( ) :
[
]
ds2 = c2 dt2 a2 (t) d2 + sin2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) .

28

: ,

(2.21)

 :
)1/3
(
9a0 c2
a
t2/3 .
2

(2.22)

, .
. .
,
.
, . .
:
(2.23)

v = H ,

, H . v
50 75 km/s .

.
,
. , .
. ,
, .

.

( ).
.
,
.
.
,
.
, - .
,
, ,
.
. ,

.
.
. -
, .
.
1930, , .
10 ,
10

100

, 23. 2015.

29

- ,
.
, ,
- ,
.

.

.
30

: ,

 O




: @...

100 2015.
3:3141

,
, , ,

,
.

.
. 1919.
,

. ,


.


. , 1960.
.
,
. ,
, , ,
.
.

31


,
.

() .
,
.
.

[1]. ,
. ,
.
,
, .
[2]:
.
(
- ,
)
(a , ).
.
.
.
.
,
.
, .
,
,
, .

.
. -
ds2 g (x)
ds2 = g (x)dx dx .
g (x) 4 4 , -,
dx - .
()
( , )
.

32

 :
, , g =
9, 8 m/s2 . .
,
.
.
,
.
:
()
, (
, ).
()
1
.
() .

XVII . 1885. 1908.

. mg
mi A B:

=2

mA
i
mA
g
mA
i
mA
g

mB
i
mB
g
mB
i

mB
g

, ( 4000 )
< 109 . ,
, .
.
2008. : Et-Wash

, . =
(1.0 1.4) 1013 .
.

1013 1018 . , ,
. 2016.
MICROSCOPE (Micro-Satellite trane Compense pour lObservation du
Principe dEquivalence) (CNES).
230 . MICROSCOPE
,
1 a ,
. .

100

, 23. 2015.

33


MICROSCOPE.

. ,
.
1015 . ,
, 1018 .
. ,
.
3 1/2
lP = (hG/c
)

33
10
cm. h- , G c .
lP . ,
(
, ).
( , )
, E p.
E = pc, .
,
. , ,
1013 .
.
,
, . .
. ,

. ,
.
U 1 + U /c2
.
.
.
.

. 10%
34

 104 . .

.
.
-
-. .

,
.
. 1915.
, .
,
. , ,
43 .
.
.
.
43 !
.
. , .
, 4 .
.
.
1919. . :

.
,
. ,

, 1915.
1 .75.
,
29. 1919. :
. 1 .600 .31,
1 .98 0 .12. 6. 1919.
. ,
. . ,
. , 7.
:



100

, 23. 2015.

35


.
.
, [4].
,
. 15 :
,
, .

. , . 1973. ,
, .
1 .66 0 .19.
.
. 1929. 30 .
,

.
( ),
.
.
. ,
. ,
. 1922.
.
1924. , .
.

.
.

.
,
,
. , .
.
.
, , .

. ,
.
36

 .
0 , h
g

= 0 1

gh
,
c2

,
/ = gh/c2 . 10 / 1015 .
, 1959. 1965.
.

(- ) -.
- 57 Fe
. -
57 Fe,
22,5 . -,
. -
. , -
.
.
v = 7.5 107 m/s
.
-.
.
1%, . -
. ,
. .
.
1965. .
.
, . ,
,
.
, .
3 .
,
, .
,
, .
.
.
- . -
.
, .

.
100

, 23. 2015.

37

 1971.
.

, .
0 ,
= 0
( 1).

(GPS). ,
,
1 km . GPS
,
- . 2010.
exp = (230 20) ns,
th = (246 3) ns.


. 2005.
. .
2010.
27 Al+ 1015 Hz
1017 Hz.
.
10 m/s ,
3,3 .

.
.
. - . ,
30%
, . ,

, (
).
0, 01%.
1 - = 0 .
(ns).

38

184 18
144 14

96 10
179 18

40 23

275 21

59 10

273 7

.
(),
.

, ,
. , ,
.
, .
j :
, . ,

.
1964. . , 2002. -

0, 0021%.
.
1967. . . ,
, .
, .
.
,
,
. ,
, .
-
. .
,
.
1974.
(PSR B1913+16). ,
.
. 70
, .
- ,
.
, .
. , ,
, , ,
, ,
100

, 23. 2015.

39

 , .

1%.

0, 1%.
.

.

.
. ,
= GM /Rc2 1.
= 7 1010 , 105 ,
0.2 1.
, .
.
GM /R3 c2
-, ,
l. GM /R3 c2 l2 .
, .
,
- . .
. - (Sgr )
.
() : ,
.

, -
.
, ,
.
- , Sgr , je 40 ,
20 , 10
. .
: 30
.
Sgr A* 4 4.6
.
: -
S2 Sgr A 17
, 3.7 Sgr
A .
.
: Sgr A .
, :
40




.
,
.

.
: ,
. Sgr
A .
Sgr A
.

18 , -
. ( UCLA )
2018.
S-2
. , 16
, 0.2 . S-2

2019.

. , .
. ,

,
.
.
4.
50 ,
. , . 150
.

1. S. G. Turyshev, Experimental Tests of General Relativity, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 58 (2008) 207
[arXiv:0806.1731 [gr-qc]].
2. C. M. Will, e Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment, Living Rev. Rel. 17 (2014) 4
[arXiv:1403.7377 [gr-qc]].
3. E. Berti, E. Barausse, V. Cardoso, L. Gualtieri, P. Pani, U. Sperhake, L. C. Stein and N. Wex et al., Testing
General Relativity with Present and Future Astrophysical Observations, [arXiv:1501.07274 [gr-qc]].
4. C. M. Will, e 1919 measurement of the deflection of light, 2015 Class. Quantum Grav. 32 124001,
[arXiv:1409.7812 [physics.hist-ph]].

100

, 23. 2015.

41

42

: @..

100 2015.
4:4350

, ,

()
.
.
,
.

( )
( .).

(LIGO
).

43

.
,
, .
.
.
. .
t r ( ) u(r, t)

2
2
1 2
2
+
+ 2 2 2
2
2
x
y
z
v t

)
u(r, t) = 0 .

(1)

v (
). u(r, t)
( ) ( ).
19. ,
,
.
B

E
. ,
() .
- .
,
c = 3 108 m/s. (1888)
.
.
. . , -

- , ,
, . (1905) ().
20. .
, ,
-
( ).
- ()
1915. .

.
.
.
( 1
2)
= G m1 m2 (r2 r1 ) ,
(2)
F
|r2 r1 |3
G = 6.67 1011 Nm2 /kg2 .
,
, .
44

- ?

 .
20. . ,
.
- .
.
(
).
.
.
. ,
(
).

. -
.
. ,

R

1
8G
g R = 4 T ,
2
c

(3)

[ = 0, 1, 2, 3]

, , , .
,
, - / (
).
-
-.
-. ,
.
,
. ( )
, .
.

.
.
( )
.
.
(3) (. )

(0)
g = g
+ h ,
(4)
(0)

h () g ,
( )

2
2
2
1 2
+
+ 2 2 2
2
2
x
y
z
c t

)
(5)

h = 0 ,

100

, 23. 2015.

45

(0)

c . g
1 . ,
h . .
.
. ,
.
, .
.
(. ). ,
, .
g (x)
ds2 = 3=0 3=0 g (x)dx dx .

(6)

A B,
.
.
.

.

.
1/r.
. 2014.
. ,
. ,
.
1993. (
).

. . .
,
.

..
. - ,
.
. .
,
.
(
1 , .
-.
.
.

46

- ?


AURIGA

MiniGRAIL

, ALLEGRO).
.
MiniGRAIL .
(), 1150
20 mK. .
2-4 kHz,
.
AURIGA INFN- .
3
mK.
100

, 23. 2015.

47


LISA

..
.
- .

.
.

LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory).
LIGO : ( )
( ). 2-4
. 1 .

() . , LIGO
.
(VIRGO, GEO 600, TAMA 300) .
.
.

. ,
.
,
(LISA). 5
. ,
.

..
(107 105 Hz).
() INFN- ().
().
1 .

48

- ?


VIRGO

.
.
10 GHz.

.


.
. .

. (
100

, 23. 2015.

49

 ), ,
.
1/r ,
.
.

1. C. M. Misner, K. S. orne, J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1973.
2. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz, e Classical eory of Fields, Pergsmon Press, 1971.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave observatory.

50

- ?



,

: @.

100 2015.
5:5156

, , ,

,

. ,


,
.

,
. 95
.
( )
( ).

,
.

51

.
, ,
. -
-.

.
1915.
.
, , .
( ) (1). , 1929.
, ,

.
1
8G
g R + g = 4 T .
(1)
2
c
u R , g -, R , G
, c T .
1929. ,
.
. ,
.
.
R

.
, , .
.
52

 , .
, , .
.
, 1948.
.
(76 , 24 1
) .

.

. , ,

: , . .
, ,
.
,
13 .
,
, . , , 1940.
,
. 2.7 50 .
1950. . , 1965. ,
, ,
- .
.

: , ,
100

, 23. 2015.

53

 .
, ,
. ( )
.

,
, - .

.
, .
.
,
.
( ),
.
, .

( ).
.
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
. , ,
, .
. ,
:
1) ,
2)
,
3) 13.7 (
),
4) , . ,
.
,
.
.

. ,
-,
. ,

54


( ).

.

.
, 1998. , .
( )
. , .
, .
,
. ,
(
),
.

.
. .

. , (1),
,
, .
124 ,
.
.
,
100

, 23. 2015.

55

.
. ,
.

.
,
.
,
(5 , 23 72
).
. , ,
.
200
.

56


:




: @..

100 2015.
6:5766

, - , ,
,

,
, .
, ,
.

.
, ; - ,
.
.
, - ,
, .
- ,
.

57

 , ,
2014. ,
. ,
2014. .
(Christopher Nolan), , (Inseption) ,
(Jonathan Nolan).
,
. ,
, , , .
- () , .
, .
, (Kip
orne) (Caltech).
, , .

.
[1, 2],
[3], .

.

: Science Fiction,

1.

(): , .
, -,
. .
, [4].
: ,
.
- , -
(Schwarzschild) . ,
. , (Kerr) ,
. ,
, ,
. .
- ,
. () .
, ,
.
,
.
,
. ()
.
, .

58

 , ,
, , . ,

.
(
) , .
-
3. 2 ,
, -
. ,
(). -
. - ,
.
.
( ).
(
) ,
1 [5]. ,
.
, .
-.
-? ,
, ?
.

2. -
.

.
( ).
()
-.
.
: ,
.
- . -
. ,
, -
: , 1.
, ,
()
. , A

:

,
-

1 : ,
, , , .

100

, 23. 2015.

59

 1
- :

(t, x, y, z) A (t + dt, x + dx, y + dy, z + dz)

ds2 = dt2 + dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 .

(1)

, .
, .
A A 1. ,
, A B 1. ,
, , A
C 1.
, (1) dt2
[s2 ] dx2 , dy 2 dz 2 [m2 ].
:
1, c = 1.
, .
2500000 .
c = 1, v < 1.
.
, ,
. -
( ) 45 .
,
45 2 , 1. 45
, .
.
, . A 2
A. .
A.
() A .
, A
. A.
A,

2 x = t x =
vt, v < 1.

60

 2
- :
,

A . , A
-,
A. ,
.
. 2, A B,
C D. , C A B,
A B . D
A C.
.
, , -, .

,
,

3. :
,
(Karl Schwarzschild)
. - M
. -,
- , .
, ,
.

ds2 = 1

2M G
1
dt2 +
dr2 + r2 (d2 + sin d2 ).
r
1 2Mr G

(2)

M , -
(, ). , (2) - .
, r
, , 3.
. r , ,
M , (2) (1).
- .
.
2M G . ,
r = 2M G, ( ) .
100

, 23. 2015.

61

 3
.

. r = 2M G
. ,
r = 2M G , ,
. ,
[4], 3 .
? r =
0 - (
), r = 0 .
,
. ,
.
, , r = 2M G.

3.1.
.
r, r = 2M G, 4. r
; ,
. r = 2M G ,
r = 2M G . ?
A , A
. P Q
. . Q
r = 2M G4 . ( )

3 .

ds2 = dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2
= dr2 + r2 (d 2 + sin d2 )
r = 0, = 0 = 2
= 0 = .
4 Q : , ,
r . ,
62

 P r .
P . , , P
, , .
, , P . Q
r = 2M G, P .
Q r = 2M G , P ,
P ( r = 2M G
), .
4.

4
- -: ,

. P
, Q .
, ,
. 5 .
Q ( )
P ( ), .
, P Q .
. , .
,
,
.

( -).
5 , .
, ,
.
100

, 23. 2015.

63

3.2.

? (Cooper)
(Tars) ?
,
. (2)
. , t
.
6 .
, t
v.
ds2 = (1

2M G
)dv 2 + 2dvdr + r2 (d2 + sin d2 ).
r

(3)

5.
. Q, ,
,
P .
, .
, ,
P . ,
r > 2M G.
, r = 0.
Q ,
r, r.
, .
, ,
, r,
.
, .
, .
, . ,

.
.

3.3.
, , -
. , .
.
6 Q ? , .
, ,
. .
.
. ,
.

64

 5
-
-:

. , , ,
. .
, .
Q,
. ,
,
. .
, , () .

4. , , ,
-? .
- ( )
, ,
. , ()
(); . ,
.
.
.
: .
, ,
. .
.
,
. (Madeleine LEngle),

.

, .
, .
100

, 23. 2015.

65


1. O. James, E. Tunzelmann, P. Franklin and K. S. orne, Gravitational Lensing by Spinning Black Holes in
Astrophysics, and in the Movie Interstellar, Class. Quant. Grav. 32 (2015) 6, 065001.
2. O. James, E. Tunzelmann, P. Franklin and K. S. orne, Visualizing Interstellars Wormhole,
arXiv:1502.03809[gr-qc].
3. K. S. orne, e Science of Interstellar, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, London (2014).
4. C. W. Misner, K. S. orne and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco (1973).
5. M. S. Morris and K. S. orne, Wormholes in space-time and their use for interstellar travel: A tool for teaching general relativity, Am. J. Phys. 56 (1988) 395-412.

66





: @..

100 2015.
7:6772

. .
,
.

.

67

1.

().
. -
R

8G
g R + 2 g = 4 T ,
2
c
c

(1)

G . T
-. .
: . A
.
a a -
, - . .
,
. - m
.

ds2 = 1

2Gm
1
dt2 +
dr2 + r2 d.
rc2
1 2Gm
rc2

(2)

r = 2Gm r = 0.
. , r = 2Gm . .
. r = 2Gm
, .
-.
, . , .
. (2)

48m2
R R =
.
(3)
r6
r = 0 -,
. . -.
t . ,
r < 2Gm. ,
. .
.
, , .
, ms ,
rh =

2Gm
m
=3
km .
c2
mS

3km, a 1cm.
.
.
. : ,
.
.
68

2.
,
je .

.
.
, . ,
,
. . .
. .
.
, ,
. , .
. , . .
.
, .
. h/c

mc ,
. , .
. ,
, .
.
, . ,
.
.
. , .

. ,
, . , ,
. , . ,
,
.
? ,
.
.
. .
,
. .
.
- , c
: h,
, G. , ,

lp =

hG
= 1, 62 1033 cm,
c3

mp =

hc
= 2.18 105 g,
G

100

, 23. 2015.

69


tp =

Ep =

hG
= 5.39 1044 s,
c5

- 5
hc
= 1.22 1019 GeV.
G

3.
, .
, .
1976. , . .
.
. , ,
. .
-.

d3 k a(k)u(k) + a (k)u (k) ,

(x) =

u(k) , a(k) i a (k) .

:
[a(k), a (q)] = kq ,

(4)

[a(k), a(q)] = 0,

(5)

(6)

[a (k), a (q)] = 0.

, |0, x a(k) |0, x = 0.

. x , y ,

d3 k b(k)v(k) + b (k)v (k) .

(y) =

[b(k), b (q)] = kq ,

(7)

[b(k), b(q)] = 0,

(8)

(9)

[b (k), b (q)] = 0.

|0, y , . |0, x = |0, y.

,
. , .
b(k) a(k) :

b(k) =
70

d3 q kq a(q) + kq a (q) ,

 kq kq . a(k) |0, x ,
0, x| a (k)a(k) |0, x = 0
, b(k)
0, x| b (k)b(k) |0, x =

h
kT

.
T =

ms
1
= 6 108
K.
8m
m

, , .
. ,
. .
.

4.
.
. -
. , .
.
.

.
, .
, . .
2, .
, .
.
. , , .
.
- .

, .
. .
, .
,
.

- .
,
[x , y ] = i .

.
100

, 23. 2015.

71

 loop
, , .
- ,
.
. -
.

5.
,
.
,
. .

1. S. Caroll, Spacetime and Geometry, An Introduction to General Relativity, AW (2003)
2. S. Kiefer, Quantum Gravity, OUP (2012)
3. K. Becker, M. Becker and J. Schwarz, String eory and M-theory, CUP (2007)

72