Power System

Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection

Power System Protection

Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay

Setting of Distance Relays

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection

Zones of Protection

Zone 1 Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and Outfeed Effects

Zone 2 and Zone 3 Setting

Overlap Problem for Zone 2

Problem of Load Encroachment

Solution for Load Encroachment

Summary

Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Zones of Protection
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

A distance relay has to perform the dual task of primary

and back up protection.
The primary protection should be fast and without any
intentional time delay.
Back up protection should operate if and only if
corresponding primary relay fails.
Distance relays are provided with multiple zones of
protection to meet the stringent selectivity and
sensitivity requirements.

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection

Zone 1 of Protection
Zone 1 provides the fastest protection.

Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects

There is no intentional time delay.

Operating time can be of the order of 1 cycle.

Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting

It is set to cover 80% of the line length.

Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2

It is because of the difficulty in distinguishing between

faults which are close to bus B.

Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection

Zones of Protection

Zone 1 Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and Outfeed Effects

Zone 2 and Zone 3 Setting

Overlap Problem for Zone 2

Problem of Load Encroachment

Solution for Load Encroachment

Summary

Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Zone 1 does not cover the entire length because of the

following
Limited accuracy of CT and PT because of
Partial or complete saturation of CT during fault.
It results in errors in measurement of apparent
impedance.
This makes it difficult to determine fault location at the
boundary accurately.

Working of numerical algorithms is prone to errors

because of
Model limitation of transmission line.
Transients accompanied with the fault.

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects

With only local measurements and a small time window,

it is difficult to determine fault impedance accurately.
The impedance seen by the relay for fault F will depend
upon the current contribution from the remote end.
Thus,
IBF
ZR = xZl + ZF + ZF
IAF

Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

There are infeed and outfeed effects associated with

working of distance relays.

Infeed and Outfeed Effects

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Consider relay R1 for a fault F.

~ = IAB
~ + IED
~
IBF

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Hence,
~ Z1 + xZl2 IBC
~
VR1 = IAB
~
IED
VR1
= Z1 + xZl2 + xZl2
~
~
IAB
IAB
If there is an equivalent generator source at E, then it
~ and IED
~ are in phase.
feeds the fault current. Thus IAB
This is known as infeed effect. Thus relay R1 perceives
fault to farther away from its actual location.
If there is an equivalent load at bus E, relay perceives
fault to be at a point closer than its actual location.

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Zone 2
Zone 2 protection is delayed by coordination time
interval.
Zone 2 is set to 120% of primary line impedance.
It also provides back up protection to a part of the
adjacent line.
If ZP + 1.5ZB > 1.2ZP , where ZP and ZB are the positive
sequence impedance of primary and the shortest back
up line, then zone 2 is set to reach 50% of shortest
back up line.
Else if the shortest back up line is too short then Z2 is
set to 1.2ZP .

Setting of Zone 3
It is set to cover the longest remote line.
It is set up to operate with a time delay of 2CTI.

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Overlap Problem for Zone 2

If the reach of Z2 of relay R1 is extended too much, then
it can overlap with Z2 of relay R3 .
Both R1 and R3 will compete to clear the fault.
In order to avoid this situation Z2 of relay R1 has to be
further slowed down by CTI.
This will further delay the fault clearing time in 20%
region of primary line.
It is not possible to avoid this overlap problem when the
shortest line to be backed up is too short.
In such situations, pilot relaying can be used to improve
speed.

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Load Encroachment Problem

Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

The apparent impedance seen by the relay R for the steady

state positive sequence model of a transmission line is
given by,
ZR =

|Vi |2
|Vi |2
= 2
(Pij + jQij )
Pij jQij
Pij + Qij2

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection

The following conclusions can be derived from the equation:

S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Quadrant of ZR in the R-X plane correspond to the

quadrant of apparent power Sij in Pij Qij plane.
The apparent impedance seen by the relay is
proportional to square of the magnitude of bus voltage.
The apparent impedance seen by the relay is inversely
proportional to the apparent power flowing on the line.
During peak load conditions, these effects will reduce
the apparent impedance seen by the relay to a small
value to fall within Z2 or Z3 characteristic.
Then the relay will pick up and trip the circuit after its
time dial setting requirements are met and the relay is
said to trip on load encroachment.

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection

Zones of Protection

Zone 1 Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and Outfeed Effects

Zone 2 and Zone 3 Setting

Overlap Problem for Zone 2

Problem of Load Encroachment

Solution for Load Encroachment

Summary

Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Solution for Load Encroachment

Loads have large power
factor and hence Zapp
with large XR ratio.
But faults are more or
less reactive in nature
and XR ratio is high.
In order to prevent
tripping on load
encroachment, relay
characteristics are
modified by excluding an
area in R-X plane
corresponding to high
power factor.

Setting of Distance Relays

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zones of
Protection
Zone 1
Protection
Zone 1 Setting

Infeed and
Outfeed
Effects
Zone 2 and
Zone 3 Setting
Overlap
Problem for
Zone 2
Problem of
Load
Encroachment
Solution for Load
Encroachment

Summary

Summary
Setting of distance relays for zone 1 protection
Zone 2 and zone 3 setting
Infeed and outfeed effects
Overlaping problem
Load encroachment problem and its solution