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AGMA6011-I03 - Specification For High Speed Helical Gear Units
AGMA6011-I03 - Specification For High Speed Helical Gear Units
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American
National
Standard
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The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the Association on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be referenced. Citations should read: See
AGMA AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units, published by the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350,
Alexandria, Virginia 22314, http://www.agma.org.]
ABSTRACT
This standard includes design, lubrication, bearings, testing and rating for single and double helical external
tooth, parallel shaft speed reducers or increasers. Units covered include those operating with at least one stage
having a pitch line velocity equal to or greater than 35 meters per second or rotational speeds greater than 4500
rpm and other stages having pitch line velocities equal to or greater than 8 meters per second.
Published by
ii
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3
Symbols, terminology and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4
Design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5
Rating of gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7
Vibration and sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8
Functional testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9
Vendor and purchaser data exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Annexes
Service factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A simplified method for verifying scuffing resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lateral rotor dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Systems considerations for high speed gear drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illustrative example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assembly designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purchasers data sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
24
26
32
41
44
47
48
Figures
1
Amplification factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Tables
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
iii
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA Standard
6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
The first high speed gear unit standard, AGMA 421.01, was adopted as a tentative standard
in October, 1943. It contained formulas for computing the durability horsepower rating of
gearing, allowable shaft stresses, and included a short table of application factors. AGMA
421.01 was revised and adopted as a full status standard in September, 1947 and issued as
AGMA 421.02.
The High Speed Gear Committee began work on the revision of AGMA 421.02 in 1951,
which included: classification of applications not previously listed; changing the application
factors from K values to equivalent Service Factors; revision of the rating formula to allow
for the use of heat treated gearing; and develop a uniform selection method for high speed
gear units. This Uniform Selection Method Data Sheet became AGMA 421.03A.
AGMA 421.03 was approved as a revision by the AGMA membership in October, 1954.
The standard was reprinted as AGMA 421.04 in June, 1957. It included the correction of
typographical errors and the addition of a paragraph on pinion proportions and bearing
span, which had been approved by the committee for addition to the standard at the
October, 1955 meeting.
In October, 1959 the Committee undertook revisions to cover developments in the design,
manufacture, and operation of high speed units with specific references to high hardness
materials and sound level limits. The revisions were incorporated in AGMA 421.05 which
was approved by the AGMA membership as of October 22, 1963.
The significant changes of 421.06 from 421.05 were: minimum pitch line speed was
increased to 5000 feet per minute (25 meters per second); strength and durability ratings
were changed; and some service factors were added. AGMA 421.06 was approved by the
High Speed Gear Committee as of June 27, 1968, and by the AGMA membership as of
November 26, 1968.
ANSI/AGMA 6011--G92 was a revision of 421.06 approved by the AGMA membership in
October, 1991. The most significant changes were the adaptation of ratings per
ANSI/AGMA 2001--B88 and the addition of normal design limits for babbitted bearings.
ANSI/AGMA 6011--G92 used application factor and not service factor.
ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98 was a further refinement of ANSI/AGMA 6011--G92. One of the
most significant changes was the conversion to an all metric standard. The rating methods
were changed to be per ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95 which is the metric version of ANSI/AGMA
2001--C95. To provide uniform rating practices, clearly defined rating factors were included
in the standard (ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98). While some equations may slightly change to
conform to metric practices, no substantial changes were made to the rating practice for
durability and strength rating. In addition, minimum pitch line velocity was raised from 25
m/s to 35 m/s and minimum rotational speed increased to 4000 rpm.
AGMA has reverted to the term service factor in their standards, which was reflected in
ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98. The service factor approach is more descriptive of enclosed gear
drive applications and can be defined as the combined effects of overload, reliability,
desired life, and other application related factors. The service factor is applied only to the
gear tooth rating, rather than to the ratings of all components. Components are designed
based on the service power and the guidelines given in this standard.
In continued recognition of the effects of scuffing in the rating of the gear sets, additional
information on scuffing resistance was added to annex B of ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98.
iv
Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
AGMA 427.01 has been withdrawn. The information found in AGMA 427.01 was included in
annex D of ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98.
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03 is a further refinement to ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98. Symbols have
been changed where possible to conform with ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95 and ISO standards.
The minimum rotational speed has been increased to 4500 rpm. Helix angle limits have
changed, and a minimum axial contact ratio limit has been added. The L/D limits have
changed, and use of modified leads is now encouraged with the use of predicted rotor
deflection and distortion. Bearing load design limits have also changed. For gear tooth
accuracy, reference is now made to ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01 rather than to ANSI/AGMA
2000--A88. The Zn and Yn life factors now have a maximum rather than a minimum limit
when the number of load cycles exceeds 1010. A table of dynamic factor as a function of
accuracy grade has been added. References to AGMA oil grades have been removed; now
only ISO viscosity grades are listed. To facilitate communications between purchaser and
vendor, an annex with data sheets has been added.
Realistic evaluation of the various rating factors of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03 requires specific
knowledge and judgment which come from years of accumulated experience in designing,
manufacturing and operating high speed gear units. This input has been provided by the
AGMA High Speed Gear Committee.
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The first draft of AGMA 6011--I03 was made in May, 2001. It was approved by the AGMA
membership in October, 2003. It was approved as an American National Standard on
February 12, 2004.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
PERSONNEL of the AGMA Helical Enclosed Drives High Speed Unit Committee
Chairman: John B. Amendola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAAG Gear AG
ACTIVE MEMBERS
E. Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin Industries, Inc.
J.M. Rinaldo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlas Copco Compressors, Inc.
W. Toner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siemens Demag Delaval Turbomachinery, Inc.
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ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
A. Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K.O. Beckman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.S. Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W. Crosher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G.A. DeLange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H. Ernst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R. Gregory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L. Hennauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O.A. LaBath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L. Lloyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M.P. Starr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.A. Thoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.C. Uherek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U. Weller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.G. Woodley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vi
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
2 Normative references
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1 Scope
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Term
Allowable double amplitude of unfiltered vibration
Amplitude at Nct
Amplification factor
Service factor for pitting resistance
Critical response envelope
Specific heat of lubricant
Nominal bearing bore diameter
Pinion operating pitch diameter
Incremental dynamic load
Transmitted tangential load
Rim thickness factor
Load distribution factor
Mesh alignment correction factor
Mesh alignment factor
Lead correction factor
Pinion proportion modifier
Size factor
Service factor for bending strength
Dynamic factor
Face width including gap
Initial (lesser) speed at 0.707 peak amplitude (critical)
Final (greater) speed at 0.707 peak amplitude (critical)
Rotor first critical, center frequency
Maximum continuous rotor speed
Number of stress cycles
Allowable transmitted power for the gear set
Allowable transmitted power for bending strength at unity
service factor
Allowable transmitted power for pitting resistance at unity
service factor
Power loss
Service power of enclosed drive
Lubricant flow
Diametral clearance
Separation margin
Amount of residual rotor unbalance
Journal static loading
Half weight of coupling and spacer
Total weight of rotor
Stress cycle factor for bending strength
Temperature factor
Stress cycle factor for pitting resistance
Surface condition factor for pitting resistance
Hardness ratio factor for pitting resistance
Change in lubricant temperature
Allowable bending stress number
Allowable contact stress number
2
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Units
mm
mm
-- --- -rpm
kJ/(kgC)
mm
mm
N
N
-- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -mm
rpm
rpm
rpm
rpm
-- -kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kg/sec
mm
rpm
g--mm
kg
kg
kg
-- --- --- --- --- -_C
N/mm2
N/mm2
Reference
paragraph
7.5
7.3.3.3
7.3.3.3
5.2
7.3.3.3
8.2.5
Table 4
4.6
5.3.3
5.3.3
5.4
5.3.2
5.3.2
5.3.2
5.3.2
5.3.2
5.3
5.2
5.3.3
4.6
7.3.3.3
7.3.3.3
7.3.3.3
4.1
5.3.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
8.2.5
4.1
8.2.5
Table 4
7.3.3.3
7.4
7.4
7.3.3.2
7.3.3.2
5.4.1
5.3
5.3.1
5.3
5.3
8.2.5
5.5
5.5
3.2 Nomenclature
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
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4 Design considerations
ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01
accuracy grade
A5
A4
A3
NOTE:
L = face width including gap, mm;
d = pinion operating pitch diameter, mm
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
-- high pitch line velocities which may affect lubricant distribution, create excessive temperature
rise, or cause other adverse conditions.
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Type of bearing
Radial bearing
-- Fixed geometry
-- Tilting pad
Thrust bearings
-- Tapered land
-- Flat face
-- Tilt pad
Projected unit
load,3)
N/mm2
Minimum lubricant
film thickness,
mm
Bearing metal
temperature,2) 3)
C
Maximum
velocity,3)
m/s
3.8
4.2
0.020
0.020
115
115
100
125
2.5
0.5
3.5
0.020
N/A
0.015
115
115
115
125
50
125
NOTE: Table limits will generally not occur all together; one parameter alone may dictate the design.
1) Limits are for babbitt on steel backing. When other materials are used, established limits for these materials are permissible. Bearing clearances should be chosen to yield proper temperature, high stiffness and stability, as well as to ensure adequate clearance to cope with thermal gradients, whether steady, static, or transient. The average ratio of diametral clearance (SJ) to the nominal bore size (DJ), SJ/DJ, for radial bearings is approximately 0.002 mm/mm.
2) Bearing temperature measurements are taken in the backing material within 3 mm of the backing material/babbitt
interface at the hottest operational zone of the bearing circumference.
3) Higher values are acceptable if supported either with special engineering or testing and field experience.
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
PS
Refer to ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97, Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives,
clause 8.
4.11 Shafting
The pinion and gear shafts may normally be
designed for the maximum bending and maximum
torsional shear stresses at service power (see 4.1)
by the appropriate methods and allowable values
from ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97, clause 4, or other
equivalent standards. In some instances, this may
result in an oversized or undersized shaft.
Therefore, an in--depth study using other available
analysis methods may be required.
5 Rating of gears
5.1 Rating criteria
The pitting resistance power rating and bending
strength power rating for each gear mesh in the unit
must be calculated. The lowest value obtained shall
be used as the allowable transmitted power of the
gear set.
The allowable transmitted power for the gear set, Pa,
is determined:
P a = the lesser of
P ayu
P azu
and
K SF
C SF
(1)
where
Pazu is allowable transmitted power for pitting resistance at unity service factor (CSF = 1.0);
Ks
ZR
KSF is service factor for bending strength; recommended values are shown in annex A.
ZN
KH
Kv
PS Pa
where:
(2)
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
(3)
where
nL
8
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(4)
Fd
Ft
--
--
--
Dynamic factor, Kv
1.15
1.13
1.11
1.09
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Ks
KB
YN
Kv
KH
where
nL
For idler gears and other gears where the teeth are
completely reverse loaded on every cycle, use 70
percent of the allowable bending stress number, FP,
in ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95.
Y N = 1.6831 n 0.0323
L
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
type of lubricant;
--
lubricant viscosity;
--
film thickness;
--
surface roughness;
--
--
--
filtration;
--
drainage;
--
--
--
cooling requirements.
10
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Viscosity range
mm2/s (cSt)
at 40C
28.8 to 35.2
41.4 to 50.6
61.2 to 74.8
90.0 to 100.0
Minimum
viscosity
index (VI)
90
90
90
90
NOTE:
When operating at low ambient temperatures, the lubricant selected should have a pour point at least 6C
below the lowest expected ambient temperature.
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6 Lubrication
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
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11
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
12
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--
--
--
--
--
13
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
6350 W r
;
midspan unbalance
N mc
--
--
out--of--phase unbalance
63 500 W cpl
;
N mc
63 500 W cpl
N mc
at cou-
3175 W r
at the furthermost mass staN mc
tion on the gear tooth portion of the gear.
pling, and
Vibration amplitude
where
Operating
speed
--
--
50 percent load;
--
75 percent load;
Key:
--
Nmc
SM
CRE
Act
0.707 Peak
Nmc
--
--
SM
is separation margin;
CRE
Act
is amplitude at Nct.
3. Bearing clearances
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(6)
where
Nct
14
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
7.4 Balance
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where
Umax is amount of residual rotor unbalance,
g--mm;
W
measured runout;
6.4 micrometers.
15
(8)
where
A
U max = 6350 W
N mc
A = 2800
N mc
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Velocity
10 Hz -2.5 kHz
4 mm/sec
2.5 mm/sec
Acceleration
2.5 kHz -10 kHz
4 gs
NOTES:
1) The above vibration levels are for horizontal offset
gear units only. The allowable vibration levels for vertical
offset gears are twice those shown in the table.
2) Filtered component means any vibration peak within
the frequency range.
8 Functional testing
8.1 General
Each unit conforming to this standard should be
functionally tested at full speed. Additional tests may
also be done at other speeds. Functional testing
provides a means of evaluating operational characteristics of the unit. The procedures may be the
vendors standard or one agreed upon by the vendor
and purchaser.
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
(9)
where
PL
--
job/project;
--
--
17
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
--
scope of supply;
--
--
testing requirements;
applicable
standards
and
-- purchasers data sheets, with completed vendors information entered thereon and literature to
fully describe details of the offering (a suggested
data sheet is provided in annex H);
--
and
inspection
18
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
safety
devices
and
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The vendor shall provide sufficient written instructions and a cross--referenced list of all drawings to
enable the purchaser to correctly operate and
maintain all the equipment ordered. This information
should be compiled in a manual or manuals with a
cover sheet containing all reference--identifying data
specified in 9.2, an index sheet containing section
titles, and a complete list of referenced and enclosed
drawings by title and drawing number. The manual
shall be prepared for the specified installation; a
generic manual is not acceptable. This manual shall
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex A
(informative)
Service factors
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
A.1 Purpose
This annex provides detailed instructions for the
determination and use of service factors for enclosed high speed helical gear units as described in
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03.
A.2 Determination of service factors
The determination of service factor is based on the
equipment characteristic overload of the gear unit as
a result of operation, desired reliability of the gear
unit during its design life, and length of time that is
considered the design life. It relies heavily on
experience acquired in each specific application. A
broad explanation of the factors involved are:
-- The causes of service overloads are broken
into three broad categories: those produced by
the prime mover, those produced by the driven
equipment, and those resulting from system considerations unique to the equipment train;
-- The reliability of a geared system depends on
many factors both internal to the gear unit itself
and external to the unit. Increases in service factor to influence reliability normally take into consideration external sources of failure such as
abuse and unexpected operating conditions;
-- The desired life of most high speed enclosed
drives is usually longer than other types of enclosed drives. At high operating speeds this can
translate into a very large number of stress cycles
on the components.
A.2.1 Prime mover characteristics
Some different types of prime movers are: electric or
hydraulic motors, steam or gas turbines, and single
or multiple cylinder internal combustion engines.
Each of these prime movers is designed to produce
some nominal power, but each will produce this
power with some variation over time. The variation
of power output with time may be lower or higher
depending on the prime mover and also the way the
prime mover is applied in a particular machinery
train, but any variation over nominal power is an
overload and must be considered.
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
-- Brakes or other decelerating devices can produce loads on the gear unit larger than the transmitted power.
The list could be much longer, but the intent here
is to give a general idea of items to consider when
selecting service factors.
-- Electric motors that have electric power interrupted and then re--applied before induced mag-
Synchronous
motors
Induction
motors
Gas or steam
turbine1)
Internal
combustion
engine
(multi--cylinder)
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.3
1.3
2.0
2.0
1.1
2.0
2.0
1.1
2.0
2.3
1.3
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.2
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.2
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.7
(continued)
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Paper industry
Jordan or refiner
Paper machine -- line shaft
Pumps
Centrifugal (all service except as listed
below)
Centrifugal
boiler feed
descaling (with surge tank)
hot oil
pipe line
water works
Reciprocating
3 or more cylinders
2 cylinders
Rotary
axial flow -- all types
gear type
liquid piston
lobe
sliding vane
Sugar industry
Cane knives
Crushers
Mills
Synchronous
motors
Induction
motors
Gas or steam
turbine1)
Internal
combustion
engine
(multi--cylinder)
-------
-------
1.5
1.3
-------
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.7
---------2.0
2.0
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
---------2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.3
----------
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.3
NOTES:
1) Gas turbines seldom operate at full design power while steam turbines often operate at or above rated power.
Appropriate design considerations should be made to assure adequate torque capacity.
23
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex B
(informative)
A simplified method for verifying scuffing resistance
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
B.1 Purpose
40
Cw
Cw
Cw
Therefore:
(B.1)
F (load) F (geometric)
0.25 46
F (load) = w [ v ]
40
Cw
0.22
(B.2)
where
w
24
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F(geometric) =
50 + z 1 + z2(a ) 0.5
A
[C u] (B.3)
where:
Nominal viscosity at
40C, mm2/sec (cSt)
22
32
46
68
z1
z2
Cu
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Cu @ 1 u < 3
Cu @ 3 u 10
15
350
95 + 28.6 (3 -- u)
17.5
300
90 + 30 (3 -- u)
20
300
100 + 33.3 (3 -- u)
22.5
250
95 + 28.5 (3 -- u)
25
250
105 + 31.4 (3 -- u)
NOTE
p is pressure angle, degrees;
u is gear ratio (z2/z1).
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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25
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex C
(informative)
Lateral rotor dynamics
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
C.1 Purpose
In the dynamic analysis of a high speed gear box, it is
necessary to verify that the drive is inherently stable,
and that any actual harmful critical speeds are
sufficiently removed from any operating speed or
load range of the equipment. This annex provides
information on rotor dynamics for high speed gear
drives.
C.2 Modes
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Bearing film
Journal
Dyy
Kyy
Dxy
Kxy
Kyx
Dyx
Kxx Dxx
Qe
Te
X
Figure C.3 -- Cross coupled bearing schematic
representation
QLG
TG
Bearing
groove
Damping terms:
Dxx is force in X resulting from a velocity in the X
direction, in Newtons per millimeter;
Q1
T1
Qv
T3
Qi
Px
Bearing
films
TG
External
source
Qe
Te
Q2 Q1
T2
(C.1)
where
Wd
27
T2
H2 P 2
Q2
Drains
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Bearing shell
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
where
D
Dc
(C.3)
where
Wr
S=
4 2 2
1 2
(C.4)
105
Mode 3
Mode 2
Mode 1
104
1 x pinion
KXX -- 50% LD
8000 cpm
KXX -- 75% LD
1 x bull gear
4000 cpm
KXX--100%LD
KYY -- 50% LD
KYY -- 75% LD
KYY--100%LD
103
105
106
107
Bearing support stiffness, N/mm
108
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
28
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
= 0.01
= 0.011
= 0.011
= 0.012
NF3
Bend
8
7
= 0.6
6
5
NF1
Bounce
= 0.5
4
= 0.47
= 0 .45
NF1
Rock
= 0.50
= 0.46
(Max cont speed)
Mating shaft
2
= 0.4
= 0.43
1
2000
3000
4000
10
9
5000
6000
Shaft rotating speed (rpm)
7000
8000
9000
Figure C.7 -- Damped critical speed map--natural frequency versus rotational speed load
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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29
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Max AMP 99 mm
at 20 800 rpm
Dia amplitude ( m m)
90
70
50
30
10
9000
18 000
27 000
Speed (rpm)
Figure C.8 -- Unbalance modeled at coupling
110
MAX AMP 86 mm
at 20 800 rpm
Dia amplitude ( m m)
90
70
50
30
10
9000
18 000
Speed (rpm)
27 000
30
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
MAX AMP 98 mm
at 20 800 rpm
Dia amplitude ( m m)
90
70
50
30
10
9000
18 000
27 000
Speed (rpm)
Vibration level
RRE
Act
0.707 PEAK
31
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex D
(informative)
Systems considerations for high speed gear drives
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
D.1 Purpose
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
D.3 Introduction
D.4 Overloads
32
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
carry out;
--
overspeed;
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
33
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
140
Head at
110% speed
130
120
Head at
100% speed
110
100
90
Power at
110% speed
Power at
100% speed
60
70
80
90
% Flow
100
110
120
130
140
130
140
Head at
100% speed
120
110
Power at
110% speed
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
130
100
90
Power at
100% speed
60
70
80
90
% Flow
100
110
120
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
--
--
35
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
36
Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-- establishes confidence that the rotating system will perform satisfactorily or indicate areas
where corrective actions are required prior to a
system failure;
-- provide a basis for evaluation of systems that
may be designed or manufactured in the future;
-- pinpoint system excitations or non--linear responses which were not considered in any
theoretical evaluation.
In the design stages it is advantageous to provide
design features in the system which would facilitate
testing, such as ground surfaces and proper access
points for pickups or strain gages. Also in the system
design, if it is feasible, consideration should be given
to field modifications that could be made with a
minimum of operational downtime if damaging
vibratory loads were encountered. An example of
this would be providing both access to couplings and
additional space for coupling changes for detuning
purposes.
D.5 Alignment
D.5.1 Drive train alignment
A gear unit by the nature of its operation is always
connected to at least two other pieces of equipment.
The successful operation of the gear unit is largely
dependent on the alignment of these components.
There are three distinct types of misalignment which
must be considered between connecting component
shafting.
-- Parallel offset misalignment ---- when two
shafts are not coaxial, but their axes are parallel;
-- Angular misalignment ---- when two shafts are
not coaxial, and their axes are not parallel;
-- Axial misalignment ---- when the ends of the
two shafts are not positioned to provide the required shaft separation under operating conditions.
Misalignment during operation not only causes
vibration, but superimposes bending stress on the
shear stress due to transmitted torque. These
stresses cannot be readily calculated but they
warrant discussion so the designer can take precautions to minimize their effect. Perfect alignment is
almost impossible to obtain; therefore, flexible
couplings are used to minimize the effects of the
inherent misalignment.
However, flexible couplings, whether of the gear
tooth, spring elements, flexing disc, or elastomeric
type, produce forces and moments on their support-
ing shafts when operating misaligned. The analytical determination of the magnitude of these forces
and moments is not fully understood. It can be
generalized that:
-- the sense and direction are such that they try
to bring the supporting shafts in line;
-- significant bending moments may be imposed on supporting shafts;
-- the magnitude of the forces and moments increases with larger angularity across the coupling;
-- notwithstanding catalog claims for angular
capacity, flexible couplings should not be looked
upon as universal joints; they should be given the
best possible alignment.
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
37
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
--
reduce friction;
--
transfer heat;
--
minimize wear;
--
--
petroleum base;
--
synthetic.
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--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
-- Suction lines. These lines should be generously sized to minimize pressure loss. Suction
pressure (net positive suction head) must not be
less than that recommended by the pump
manufacturer. The total suction loss must include
the loss in the piping, valves and fittings, in addition to the distance of the lift. If a check valve is
used in the suction line of positive displacement
pumps, a pressure limiting device should be
installed to protect against the effects of reverse
rotation of the pump;
-- Flushing. Before oil is circulated through the
gear drive, a bridge section containing a removable screen is fitted between the supply point and
the drain. The system must be flushed until there
is no significant accumulation of dirt on the
screen. During flushing the piping should be hammer rapped to dislodge foreign particles. After
flushing is completed, the supply and drain lines
are connected to the gear drive.
D.6.4.5 Lubricant condition
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex E
(informative)
Illustrative example
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
E.1 Purpose
This annex provides examples based on the assumption that the gear set power rating is the
minimum component rating. In practice all component ratings must be calculated to determine the
lowest rated component.
E.2 Example #1
E.2.1 Operational parameters
The gearset to be rated transmits power from an
induction motor rated at 2500 kilowatts and 1480
RPM to a centrifugal compressor operating at 5000
RPM. Annex A indicates that a service factor of 1.4 is
appropriate for this service.
E.2.2 Gearset parameters
The through hardened double helical gearset to be
rated has the following parameters:
Number of teeth, pinion
Number of teeth, gear
Gear speed
Module, normal
Pressure angle, normal
Helix angle
Center distance
Outside diameter, pinion
Outside diameter, gear
Normal circular tooth thickness at
reference diameters,
diameters pinion
(182.76 mm) and gear (617.24
mm)
Face width
Overall face (gap included)
Hardness pinion
Hardness gear
Pinion speed
Material grade
Gear quality level
Cutter whole depth
Cutter 1/2 pitch addendum
Cutter tip radius
53
179
1480 rpm
3 mm
20
29 32 30
400 mm
188.75 mm
623.24 mm
1 d w1
1.91 10 7
where:
1
= 4998.5 rpm
= 255 mm
ZI
dw1
= 182.76 mm
ZN
= 0.67313 (pinion)
= 0.720 (gear)
ZE
= 190 [N/mm2]0.5
YJ pinion
YJ gear
mt
YN
= 0.79531 (pinion)
= 0.82720 (gear)
Kv
= 1.13
KH
4.63 mm
255 mm
300 mm
350 HB
300 HB
5000 rpm
2
A4
7.0 mm
3.8 mm
1.28 mm
b m t Y J FPY N
K vK H
1
(see ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Eq. 28)
P ayu =
FP
41
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ZI
d w1 HPZ N
P azu =
7
ZE
1.91 10 K vK H
(see ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Eq. 27)
1 b
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
FP
P azu =
) (0.67313)
182.76 (1079
190
= 5163 kW (pinion)
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
P azu =
958) (0.72)
182.76 (190
595.1 mm
0.1
0.0
260 mm
80 mm
58 HRC
2
A4
2.4 mm
14 mm
8 mm
0.25 mm
= 4657 kW (gear)
P ayu =
359 (0.79531)
= 4782 kW (pinion)
1
4998.5 (182.76) 255 (3.4483) (0.58766)
P ayu =
1.13 (1.2648)
1.91 10 7
324 (0.8272)
= 4635 kW (gear)
1
Pa is the lesser of 5163 4657 4782 4635
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
or 3311 kW
E.2.4 Rating conclusions
Pa is equal to the lesser of Pazu or Payu divided by the
service factor, or Pa = 4635
1.4 = 3311 kW. This is
greater than the service power of 2500 kW.
ZI
d w1 HPZ N
P azu =
7
ZE
1.91 10 K vK H
(see ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Eq. 27)
1 b
b m t Y J FPY N
K vK H
1
(see ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Eq. 28)
P ayu =
1 d w1
1.91 10 7
where:
1
= 8215.4 rpm
= 260 mm
E.3 Example #2
ZI
dw1
= 256.91 mm
ZN
= 0.6547 (pinion)
= 0.6856 (gear)
ZE
= 190 [N/mm2]0.5
YJ pinion
YJ gear
mt
YN
= 0.7826 (pinion)
= 0.8038 (gear)
Kv
= 1.13
KH
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39
89
3600 rpm
6 mm
20
2345
421.6 mm
268.8 mm
= 1550 N/mm2
(see ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, table 3
Grade 2)
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
FP
190
= 26 060 kW (pinion)
8215.4 (260)
0.1730
P azu =
1.91 10 7 1.13 (1.2369)
190
= 28 580 kW (gear)
8215.4 (256.91) 260 (6.5551) (0.4722)
P ayu =
1.13 (1.2369)
1.91 10 7
450 (0.7826)
= 22 410 kW (pinion)
1
8215.4 (256.91) 260 (6.5551) (04861)
P ayu =
1.13 (1.2369)
1.91 10 7
450 (0.8038)
= 23 690 kW
1
(gear)
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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43
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex F
(informative)
Efficiency
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
z z +z z
1
1 2
(F.1)
where
n
z1
z2
d 2n 2b cos 3 m n 1.42 10 11
A
(F.2)
where
PW
mn
d 3 L j 1.723 10 17
P Bh = m n 2b b
c
(F.3)
44
n 2b
(F.4)
where
m
nb
db
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
ri
ro
10 6
d m nb
S= b 2
c w 60
where
(F.6)
where
Qp
60 000 e
(F.5)
w
is load per unit area, kPa.
110
50
100
90
S
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
80
S
70
60
50
20
20
10
3
4
5
1
0
40
10
0
40
30
40
30
1
2
3
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature, C
ISO Grade 46
ISO Grade 68
ISO Grade 100
90
100
1
2
3
4
5
50
60
70
80
Temperature, C
100
45
90
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Not for Resale, 09/14/2005 02:40:06 MDT
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
(A)
j = Power Loss Coefficient
L/db =
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
10
(B)
0.2
0.5
0.1
Sommerfield Number, S
Plot of j for elliptical bearings
1
0.05
0.02
0.01
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0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
10
0.2
1
0.5
0.1
Sommerfield Number, S
Plot of j for cylindrical bearings
0.05
(C)
0.02
0.01
L/db =
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
10
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
Sommerfield Number, S
Plot of j for four--groove bearings
0.05
0.02
0.01
46
Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association
Provided by IHS under license with AGMA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex G
(informative)
Assembly designations
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
L--R
L--L
R--R
R--L
L--LR
LR--L
LR--R
R--LR
Plan views
LR--LR
Plan views
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NOTES:
1. Code: L = Left; R = Right
2. Arrows indicate line of sight to determine direction of shaft extensions.
3. Letters preceding the hyphen refer to number and direction of high speed shaft extensions.
4. Letters following the hyphen refer to number and direction of low speed shaft extensions.
Figure G.1 -- Parallel shaft spur, helical and herringbone gear drives, single or multiple stage
47
Licensee=Praxair Inc/5903738101
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ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Annex H
(informative)
Purchasers data sheet
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units.]
H.1 Purpose
Data sheets in SI and U.S. customary units are
provided to facilitate communication between pur-
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
48
Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association
Provided by IHS under license with AGMA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
JOB NO.
ITEM NO.
END USER
SITE
PROJECT NAME
REVISION NO.
APPLICABLE TO:
REQUISITION NO.
MODEL NO.
SERVICE
QUOTE NO.
DRIVER TYPE
DRIVEN EQUIPMENT
NO. REQUIRED
PURCHASE
MANUFACTURER
kW
(MIN)
m/sec
ANTICIPATED SPL
dBA @
m
.
11
INPUT
SPECIFIED
NOMINAL
BREAKAWAY TORQUE
12
OUTPUT
SPECIFIED
NOMINAL
. 2
Nms
N--m @ LS Shaft
kg
13
RPM
kg
14
TRIP SPEED
RPM
kg
15
EXTERNAL LOADS
16
17
OIL VISCOSITY:
CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS
18
19
20
CW
CCW
21
CW
CCW
22
HS SHAFT END:
23
24
LS SHAFT END:
25
(LR or RL)
CYLN.
DOUBLE STAGE
SINGLE HELICAL
DOUBLE HELICAL
ELECTRICAL AREA
CLASS
30
31
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS
BAROMETER
2--KEYS
GRP
DIV
dBA @
DUST
LOCATION
FUMES
TYPE
43
44
PINION
GEAR RATIO
TOTAL NO.
NO. REQUIRED
NO. REQUIRED
GEAR
HELIX ANGLE
DEGREES
FINISH
Ra
DEGREES
mm PINION L/d
GEAR
MIN HARDNESS:
GEAR
MANUFACTURING METHODS
BACKLASH
PINION
PINION
/ GEAR
TEETH GENERATING
TEETH FINISHING
mm
PINION
TEETH HARDENING
NO. REQUIRED
mm
GEAR
CENTER DIST
INTEGRAL
SHRUNK--ON
RIM ATTACHMENT
42
KEYPHASORS
LOCATION
C
kPa abs
40
TYPE OF GEAR
NUMBER OF TEETH
ACCELEROMETER
45
2--KEYS
INTEGRAL FLANGE
INSTRUMENTATION
39
41
TAPER
LOCATION
CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
INSTALLATION DATA
38
1-- KEY
29
37
m /hr
CYLN.
35
kPa
INCREASER
ELEVATION
36
1-- KEY
cSt @ 100 C
REDUCER
28
34
TAPER
cSt @ 40 C
SINGLE STAGE
33
INTEGRAL FLANGE
27
32
HYDRLC TAPER
HYDRLC TAPER
26
LUBRICATION REQUIREMENTS
TOTAL NO.
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
46
BEARINGS
PINION
GEAR
RADIAL TYPE
UNIT LOADING, kPa
JOURNAL VELOCITY, m/s
47
THRUST TYPE
48
49
50
49
Licensee=Praxair Inc/5903738101
Not for Resale, 09/14/2005 02:40:06 MDT
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10
OTHER
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
kW
T LUBE
MEASURED BY:
7
8
PROPOSAL
DATE
BY
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
1
2
3
4
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ITEM NO.
END USER
SITE
PROJECT NAME
REVISION NO.
PROPOSAL
MANUFACTURER
MODEL NO.
SERVICE
QUOTE NO.
DRIVER TYPE
DRIVEN EQUIPMENT
NO. REQUIRED
10
OTHER
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
HP
T LUBE
MEASURED BY:
DATE
BY
PURCHASE
REQUISITION NO.
JOB NO.
HP
(MIN)
ft/min
ANTICIPATED SPL
dBA @
ft
lb ft2
ft lb @ LS Shaft
11
INPUT
SPECIFIED
NOMINAL
BREAKAWAY TORQUE
12
OUTPUT
SPECIFIED
NOMINAL
lb
13
RPM
lb
14
TRIP SPEED
RPM
lb
15
EXTERNAL LOADS
16
17
OIL VISCOSITY:
CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS
18
19
20
CW
CCW
21
CW
CCW
22
HS SHAFT END:
23
24
LS SHAFT END:
25
(LR or RL)
CYLN.
DOUBLE STAGE
SINGLE HELICAL
DOUBLE HELICAL
ELECTRICAL AREA
CLASS
30
31
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS
2--KEYS
BAROMETER
GRP
FUMES
LOCATION
NO. REQUIRED
NO. REQUIRED
NO. REQUIRED
TYPE
43
44
45
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
DEGREES
FINISH
GEAR
MIN HARDNESS:
GEAR
MANUFACTURING METHODS
Ra
DEGREES
in
PINION L/d
BACKLASH
mil
PINION
PINION
PINION
/ GEAR
TEETH GENERATING
TEETH FINISHING
/
/
INTEGRAL
SHRUNK--ON
RIM ATTACHMENT
TOTAL NO.
46
in
GEAR
HELIX ANGLE
TEETH HARDENING
42
PINION
ft
TOTAL NO.
GEAR
CENTER DIST
KEYPHASORS
LOCATION
PINION
GEAR RATIO
AGMA GEOMETRY FACTOR J:
DIV
dBA @
DUST
F
Hg
40
ACCELEROMETER
TYPE OF GEAR
2--KEYS
INTEGRAL FLANGE
INSTRUMENTATION
39
41
TAPER
LOCATION
1-- KEY
29
38
CYLN.
ft
36
GPM
CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
INSTALLATION DATA
34
psi
INCREASER
ELEVATION
37
1-- KEY
cSt @ 210 F
REDUCER
28
35
TAPER
SSU @ 100 F
SINGLE STAGE
33
ft
INTEGRAL FLANGE
27
32
HYDRLC TAPER
HYDRLC TAPER
26
LUBRICATION REQUIREMENTS
BEARINGS
PINION
GEAR
RADIAL TYPE
UNIT LOADING, psi
JOURNAL VELOCITY, ft/sec
47
THRUST TYPE
48
49
50
50
Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association
Provided by IHS under license with AGMA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of ANSI/AGMA 6011--I03, Specification for High
Speed Helical Gear Units, or indicated for additional information.
AGMA 908--B89, Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of
Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth
AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear
Surface Distress
AGMA 927--A01, Load Distribution Factors -- Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears
Ehrich, Fredric F., Handbook of Rotordynamics,
McGraw--Hill, Inc., 1992
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
51
Licensee=Praxair Inc/5903738101
Not for Resale, 09/14/2005 02:40:06 MDT
--`,``,`,`,`,``````,`,``,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1500 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314
Licensee=Praxair Inc/5903738101
Not for Resale, 09/14/2005 02:40:06 MDT