AMPERES LAW

STATEMENT:
This law states:
"The sum of products of tangential component of B and length element l of a closed
curve is o
times the current enclosed."
o = permeability of free space.
Its value is 4*10-7.
Its unit is Henry/m2.
Mathematically.

(B.l) = oI

Ampere's Law explanation

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric
current which serves as its source, just as the electric field in space is proportional to
the chargewhich serves as its source. Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop
path, the sum of the length elements times the magnetic field in the direction of the
length element is equal to the permeability times the electric current enclosed in the
loop.

PROOF OF AMPERES LAW

Let the circular field B be divided in to small elements l. Now tangential component of B

Bx = BCos
Multiplying length element l with tangential component of B, we have,

B.l = BCos.l
But, is negligible i.e. = 0

B.l = BCos(0o).l
B.l = B (1) .l
B.l = B.l
For the complete curve, the sum of their products will be,

B.l = B.l
= B.l
but, B = o/42I/r
and l = 2r
B.l = o/42I/r x 2r
B.l = o x I
This is mathematical form of Amperes law.

Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction

In 1831, Michael Faraday, an English physicist gave one of the most

basic laws of electromagnetism called Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.
Faraday's First Law

Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf
to be induced in the coil. This emf induced is called induced emf and

if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will also circulate

through the circuit and this current is called induced current.
Method to change magnetic field: 1. By moving a magnet towards
or away from the coil
2. By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.
3. By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
4. By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.
Faraday's Second Law

It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to

the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil. The flux
linkage of the coil is the product of number of turns in the coil and
flux associated with the coil.
Faraday Law Formula

Consider a magnet
approaching towards a coil. Here we consider two instants at time T1
and time T2.
Flux linkage with the coil at time, T1 = N1 Wb
Flux linkage with the coil at time, T2 = N2 wb

Change in flux linkage = N(2 - 1)

Let this change in flux linkage be, = 2 - 1
So, the Change in flux linkage = N
Now the rate of change of flux linkage = N / t
Take derivative on right hand side we will get
The rate of change of flux linkage = Nd/dt
But according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the
rate of change of flux linkage is equal to induced emf.

Considering Lenz's Law.

Where flux in Wb = B.A

B = magnetic field strength
A = area of the coil
Applications of Faraday Law
Faraday law is one of the most basic and important laws of
electromagnetism . This law finds its application in most of the
electrical machines, industries and medical field etc.

Electrical Transformers It is a static ac device which is used to

either step up or step down voltage or current. It is used in

generating station, transmission and distribution system. The

transformer works on Faraday's law.
Electrical Generators The basic working principle of electrical
generator is Faraday's law of mutual induction. Electric generator is
used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Divergence

In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that measures the magnitude of a vector
field's source or sink at a given point, in terms of a signed scalar. More technically, the divergence
represents the volume density of the outwardflux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume
around a given point.
For example: consider air as it is heated or cooled. The relevant vector field for this example is
the velocity of the moving air at a point. If air is heated in a region it will expand in all directions such
that the velocity field points outward from that region. Therefore the divergence of the velocity field in
that region would have a positive value, as the region is a source. If the air cools and contracts, the
divergence has a negative value, as the region is a sink.

The divergence of a vector field

in rectangular coordinates is defined as the scalar product of the del

operator and the function

The divergence is a scalar function of a vector field. The divergence

theorem is an important mathematical tool in electricity and
magnetism.

Curl

In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a 3dimensional vector field. At every point in the field, the curl of that point is represented by a vector.
The attributes of this vector (length and direction) characterize the rotation at that point.
The direction of the curl is the axis of rotation, as determined by the right-hand rule, and the
magnitude of the curl is the magnitude of rotation. If the vector field represents the flow velocity of a
moving fluid, then the curl is thecirculation density of the fluid. A vector field whose curl is zero is
called irrotational. The curl is a form ofdifferentiation for vector fields. The corresponding form of
the fundamental theorem of calculus is Stokes' theorem, which relates the surface integral of the curl
of a vector field to the line integral of the vector field around the boundary curve.
The curl of a vector field F, denoted by curl F, or F, or rot F, at a point is defined in terms of its
projection onto various lines through the point. If
of F onto

is any unit vector, the projection of the curl

is defined to be the limiting value of a closed line integral in a plane orthogonal to

as

the path used in the integral becomes infinitesimally close to the point, divided by the area enclosed.
As such, the curl operator maps continuously differentiable functions f : R3 R3 to continuous
functions g : R3 R3. In fact, it maps Ck functions in R3 to Ck-1 functions in R3.
Implicitly, curl is defined by:[3][4]