Angle of Internal Friction Vs Density (For Coarse Grained Soils)

Angle of Internal Friction `(Degrees)

45

` Obtained from effective

ty 10
ensi
D
e
v
ti
Rela

stress failure envelopes

approximate correlation
is for cohesionless
materials without
plastic fines

40

75%
GW

GP 50%

SW

35
ML

30

0%

d SP
SM an
in

Material Type

25%

e
this rang

25

20

75

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Dry Unit Weight ( ), PCF

D
1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

150
(G = 2.68)

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Void Ratio, e

0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35
Porosity, n

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Correlations Of Strength Characteristics For Granular Soils

Adapted from NAVFAC DM-7.1 (5/82) p 7.1 - 149

10-2

8
6
5
4
3

0.7
0.5

Undisturbed Samples:
Cv in Range of Virgin Compression
Cv in Range of Recompression Lies Above
this Lower Limit

0.3
0.2

10-3
8

0.1
0.07

6
5
4

Completely Remolded Samples:

Cv Lies Below this Upper Limit

0.05

0.03

0.02

10-4
8
6
5
4

0.01
0.007
0.005
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Liquid Limit (LL)

Coefficient of Consolidation Vs Liquid Limit

Adapted from NAVFAC DM-7.1 (1982)

A- Line
Source of Strength Data
Below Above
Field cu/p: Larsson (1980)

0.40

Lab CKoUDSS h/vc: MIT

0.30

0.25

10

20

30

cu/p

*
*

0.20

0.15

Lab CKoU ave/vc:Table 4

0.35

40

50

h/vc

*
*

Note: Cu = Su
Undrained shear
strength for design
(stability analyses)

ave/vc
Note: Linear Regression
Lines for Clay Data
60

70

80

90

Plasticity Index, Ip(percent)

Comparison of field and laboratory undrained strength ratios for nonvarved sedimentary
soils (OCR = 1 for laboratory CKoU testing)
Adapted from Ladd (1991), JGE, ASCE, 117(4)

(Cv), FT2/day

Undrained Strength Ratio

Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv), Cm2/sec

Friction Angle, ', Degrees

50
40

Soft and Stiff Clays, and

Shale Compositions
Clay Minerals

30

' (oc) Data from

Table 3

NC

20
10
0

20

40

60

80

100

200

400 600 1000

Plasticity Index, Ip, percent

Shear Stress, kPa

3000

Values of Friction Angle ' for Natural Clay Compositions

For p/n Range of 2 to 5

2000

For p/n Range of 10 to 20

NC

1000

c
2000

4000

6000

8000

n = Effective Normal Stress, kPa

Peak Strength against Effective Normal Stress Relationship of London Clay

Sample from 35 m Depth (Data from Bishop et al. 1965)
10,000

10,00
c
= 0.10
p
100

10 (Table1)

c , kPa

p = 4100 kPa

10
c
= 0.024
p

10

0.1

n in p /n Range of
2 to 5
10 to 20
10

100

1000

10,000

100,000

p , kPa

Relationship between Cohesion Intercept and Preconsolidation

Pressure
Adapted from Mesri & Adel - Ghaffar (1993), JGE, ASCE, 119(8)

60
"L
"A

Plasticity Index (PI)

50
40

"
"U

30

CL

20
10
7
4
0

CL - ML
0

10

16 20

ne
Li

CH

OH
r
o

40

MH or OH
For classification of fine-grained soils
and fine-grained fraction of coarsegrained soils.
Equation of "A"-line
Horizontal at PI = 4 to LL = 25.5,
then PI = 0.73 (LL-20)
Equation of "U"-line
Vertical at LL = 16 to
PI = 7, then PI = 0.9(LL-8)

OL
r
o

ML or OL
30

ine

50
60
70
Liquid Limit (LL)

Plasticity Chart

80

90

100

110