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INTRODUCTION
Aplastic anemia is a rare, non-contagious and often life-threatening disorder
that results from the unexplained failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets. A decrease in the production of blood cells
means that patients are more susceptible to bleeding, fatigue and infections. (Bare
and Smeltzer, 2004)
Internationally, the annual incidence of aplastic anemia in Europe, as
detailed in large, formal epidemiologic studies, is similar to that in the United States,
with 2 cases per million populations. Aplastic anemia is thought to be more common in
Asia than in the West. The incidence was accurately determined to be 4 cases per
million populations in Bangkok, but may be closer to 6 cases per million populations in
the rural areas of Thailand and as high as 14 cases per million populations in Japan,
based on prospective studies. This increased incidence may be related to
environmental factors, such as increased exposure to toxic chemicals, rather than to
genetic factors because this increase is not observed in people of Asian ancestry who
are presently living in the United States. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplastic_anemia)
In the Philippines, a descriptive study of 47 male and 23 female patients
with aplastic anemia referred during the period January 1979 - December 1981 was
undertaken at the Philippine General Hospital. Insecticides, which were either
organophosphates or organochlorines, were implicated in 21 patients. The probable
causes of the onset of this disease are due to intoxication of harmful chemicals.
(http://www.aamds.org)
Here in Tagum City, there are no documents and data showing the
percentage of people suffering from aplastic anemia yearly, because it is rarely found
condition in this place.
Aplastic anemia is caused by a failure of the bone marrow, leading to
insufficient production of peripheral blood element. The marrow failure is due to
primary defects in, or damage to, the stem cell or marrow microenvironment. The
disorder is characterized by a severely hypoplastic (underdeveloped) fatty marrow that
is devoid of all three hematopoietic cell lines (erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic).
As such, this has a very strong relationship to our concept fluids and electrolytes.
Hypovolemia, as one of the complications of aplastic anemia, is a fluid volume
disturbance when the loss of extracellular fluid volume exceed the fluid intake. Occurs
when water and electrolytes are lost in the same proportions as they exist in normal
body fluids, so that the ratio of serum electrolyte to water remains the same.
OBJECTIVES
General:
1. To fully understand the underlying disease process of aplastic anemia.
Specific:
1. To identify the epidemiological data of aplastic anemia globally,
nationally and locally.
2. To learn about the major etiologies of aplastic anemia.
3. To determine the previous and present clinical history of the patient.
4. To perform physical assessment with special attention on the systems
focus.
5. To show the laboratory examination results with the corresponding
normal values, actual result from the patient, and it interpretation.
6. To understand the anatomy and physiology of the blood and blood
formation and its pathology during aplastic anemia.
7. To trace and understand the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia.
8. To learn the basic principle of medical management of aplastic anemia.
9. To use the nursing process to identify nursing problems from the client
and provide the appropriate nursing care plan.
10. To understand the pharmacological management set on the client and
provide nursing interventions.
11. To identify the discharge plan for the patients rehabilitation to conduct
an evaluation of the clients condition from admission to present.
Blood is the river of life that surges within us. It transport every blood that
must be carried from one place to another within the body --- nutrient, waste
(headed for elimination from the body) and body heat through blood vessels.
It is our bodys major fluid, pumped by the heart. It continuously circulates
through the blood vessels carrying the vital elements to every part of the
body. Blood is made of:
A liquid component plasma
Cellular components erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes
suspended in the plasma.
Plasma
Plasma is clear, straw-colored fluid that consists mainly of the
proteins, albumin, globulin and fibrinogen held in aqueous suspension.
Plasmas fluid characteristics, including its osmotic pressure, viscosity and
suspension qualities, depends on its protein component.
Other components in plasma include glucose, lipids, amino acids,
electrolytes, pigments hormones, oxygen and carbon dioxide. These
components regulate acid-base balance and immune responses as well as
carry nutrients to tissues and help to mediate coagulation.
Dont forget to digest this bit of info.
prompt red bone marrow to turn out leukocytes, but also enhance the ability
of mature leukocytes to protect the body. The production of platelets is
accelerated by the hormone thrombopoietin, but little is known about the
regulation of platelet format.