....


................................................................................ 2
& ................... 4
............................................................................ 4
1: .............................. 4
2: ....................................... 4
3: (Data Link Layer) ....... 5
1: ........................................... 5
.................................................................... 5
................................. 6
................................................................................ 7
......................................................... 7
................. 10
............................ 10
......................................................................... 10
................................................................................. 11
(layer) ............................................ 11
................................ 11
.................................... 13
............................................................ 13
2: ................................................... 14
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)........................ 14
OSI ...................................................................... 15
(Physical layer) ............................................................. 15
(Data Link layer) ................................... 16
(Network layer) ........................................................... 16
(Transport layer) ..................................................... 17
(Session layer) ........................................................... 17
(Presentation layer) .............................................. 18
(Application layer) ................................................... 18
TCP/IP.................................................................. 19
TCP/IP ............................................................. 20
(Network Accesss layer) ............................... 20
(Internet layer) ....................................................... 20
(Transport layer) .................................................... 21
(Application layer)................................................... 22
OSI & TCP/IP ................. 22
......................................................................................... 23
........................................................................................... 23
3: (Data Link Layer).................... 24
.................................................................... 24
(Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair
CAT5) ................................................................................................ 25
(Baseband Coaxial Cable) ................. 25
(Broadband Coaxial Cable) ................ 26
....................................................................................... 26
................................................ 29
(Radiowaves) ................................................................... 30
(Microwaves) ................................................................... 31
....................................................................... 31
(Infrared) ................................................................ 32
......................................................................... 33
(Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN)..... 33
PSTN .................................................. 33

Modems, V90, V34bis ........................................................ 35

............................................................................ 35
ISDN (Integrated Switched Digital
Network) .............................................................................................. 36
ISDN ............................................................................. 37
xDSL .................................................................................................... 38
(Packet Switched Networks) ......................... 40
X25 ......................................................................................... 40
Frame Relay ............................................................................. 43
ATM ........................................................................................ 44
(Point-to-Point Protocol PPP) ....................... 46
................................. 48
CSMA/CD ....................................................................... 48
CSMA/CA ....................................................................... 48
........................................................................ 49
.................................................................. 49

- CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multipe Access with Collision
Detection) .......................................................................................... 50
Standard 802.3, Ethernet.............................................................. 51
Fast Ethernet ...................................................................................... 53
IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) ................................ 53
IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) ............................. 54
(FDDI Fiber
Distributed Data Interface) ................................................................... 56
............................................................................................ 57

&

TCP/IP.
, / ( OSI &
TCP/IP)
/.

1:
:
.

/,
, ,
.
:
1. , ,
,
2.
a. , (Star),
(Bus)
b. ,
(Broadcast Networks) (Pointto-Point Networks)
c. , (Local Area Networks
LAN), (Wide Area Networks WAN)
3.
a. (layer)
b.
c.
d. , (Simplex),
(Half-Duplex), (Full-Duplex)
e. Connection Oriented Service, Connectionless Service

2:
:
, OSI
TCP/IP.

/.
:
1. OSI (Open Systems Interconnection),

2. TCP/IP,

3. OSI & TCP/IP

4. TCP/IP

OSI

3: (Data Link
Layer)
:
( ),

(ppp) (Ethernet).
:
1.
a. (Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted
Pair CAT5)
b. (Baseband Coaxial Cable)
c. (Broadband Coaxial Cable)
d.
2. (Wireless Transmission), Radio Microwave Infrared &
Millimetre Lightwave Transmission
3. (Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN)
a. PSTN
b. Modems, V90, V34bis
c. Baseband Modems, /

4. ISDN (Integrated Switched

Digital Network)
a. ISDN
b. ISDN
c. ISDN PSTN
5. (Packet Switched Networks)
a. X25
b. Frame Relay
c. ATM
6. (Point-to-Point Protocol PPP)
a. ppp ( ppp
/ host ,
/ )
b. ppp (LCP, NCP)
c. authentication ppp (Chap, Pap)
d. ppp WAN
e. Multilink ppp
7.
a. Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multipe Access with
Collision Detection), MAC Address, Standard 802.3
b. Token Bus, Token Ring
c. FDDI

1:

(..: ; ;
;)


.

. : , , , ,
, , , , ,
5

. .
.
:
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, .. hubs, switches, routers, bridges
:
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Windows NT, Unix, Windows 2000 Server, Windows XP, Linux
:

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Netscape, Firewall

. :

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,
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.
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(. .:
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o

(LAN Local Area Networks):

.
100Km
2Gbps.
, .
Ethernet Token Ring.
(MAN Metropolotan Area Networks):


.
200Km 100Mbps.
.
(WAN Wide Area Networks):
,
622Mbps 1Gbps.

.

(. .: (2)
,
)

:
o ISO (International Standards Organization)
:
OSI (www.iso.ch)
10

o
o
o

ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

:
,
. (www.itu.org)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force):
Internet. (www.ietf.org)
IAB (Internet Architecture Board):
Internet, IETF (www.iab.org)
ETSI (Europen Telecommunications Standards Institutue)
:

(www.etsi.org)
IEEE (Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers)
:

,

,
.
( ) (www.elot.gr)

(layer)

.

.
,
(layers), .
,
.
,
.

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.

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;)
,
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,
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: (communication protocol)
(protocol)
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11

o TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):
Internet
o HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):

. , ,

. , n
,
,
.
,
.

.
: ,
.
.
.
,

.

:
(network architecture).

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12

, ,
.

(. .: (Simplex),
(Half-Duplex) (Full-Duplex) ;
.)
o

(simpex):
,
.
(half-duplex):
, .
2 , ,
.
(full-duplex):
. 2
(
2 ), .

.
,
.

.

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13

. ,

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bits
.
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:
o (COS: Connection Oriented
Service):
.
, ,

.
,

.
o (CLS: Connectionless
Service):

.

,
.
,
.
:
o (ALS:
Acknowledged connectionless Service):

.
.
o (UOS:
Unconfirmed connection Oriented Service): ( )
.

,
.

2:
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
(. .: ISO/OSI.)
(OSI)
o ISO ,

.
14

,
.
OSI
, .
OSI
(layered architecture),

.
,
. ,

.
OSI,
( 1)
( 7), :
1. 1 :
.
.
2. 2 :
.
1 ( ) .
3. 3 :
.
4. 4 : ,
, '
' .
5. 5 :
4 ( )
6. 6 :
.
7. 7 :
( ).

OSI
(Physical layer)


,
.
bits ,
, .

,
.
, ..

,
, .


.
, :
o .
o .
o .

15

(Data Link layer)

.
,
.

.

,

, ,
.
, :
o .
o .
o .
o .
o .

(Network layer)

,
, .

. ,
,
.
:
o (
),
o ,
o ,
o
o .
o .
,
.
,

. ,
,
()
.

,
.
, :
o
.
o , ,
.
o .
o .
o .
16

(. .: OSI
(router);)
OSI.

(Transport layer)
(. .: (transport
layer) OSI;
;)

( ), (
,
( )
.
.
,
, ,
. ,


,
.

. '
,

,
.

, '
, .

:
o ,
, ,
o ,

o .
, :
o .
o .
o
.
o .
o .

(Session layer)

. , ,

.
,
, .
,
,
.
:
17

.
.
.
.
.

.
o .

.
.
o .
,

,
.
o (token management).

,
, ,
,
(token) .
, ,
.

.
, :
o ,
.
o
.
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o
o
o
o
o

(Presentation layer)

,
.

,
.
,

. '
. ,
,

, (,
, ..).
, :
o
o
o

(Application layer)
OSI .
,
.
18

.
,

. ,
, , .
:
o

.
o
.
o .

TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol),
OSI, ARPANET,
Internet
. ARPANET
.

,
.
TCP/IP
, TCP IP.
OSI, TCP/IP ,
. TCP/IP
, ,
, .

,
,
.
,
.

19

TCP/IP,
( 1)
( 4), :
1. 1 .
.
.
2. 2 .
.
3. 3 . ,
,
' ' .
4. 4 .
( ).
1 3 -
, 4
.
TCP/IP
:
o
, IP 32
.
o
.
.
(ports).

TCP/IP
(Network Accesss layer)

.
.
.

(
) .
,
.
'
. '
, ,
( ) , .
TCP/IP
,
, '

.

(Internet layer)
.
(PDU Protocol Data
Unit) . PDUs
, ,
, ,
.
,

.
20

(. .: (lnternet Protocol);
;)
TCP/IP
' IP (Internet Protocol).
' IP,
, IP datagram,
,
.
,
.
IP 32 .
,
.
IP 32
8 . ,
IP
.
IP ,
. IP
179.228.73.12 .
IP :
o , ,
.
o , ..

.
o 64Kbytes
, .
o IP
.
,
IP, ICMP (Internet Control Messaging Protocol), ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), ..

(Transport layer)

.
, , ,

.
PDUs
PDUs.
, TCP UDP (User
Datagram Protocol ).

(. .: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol);

;)
To (TCP Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP/IP.

64Kbytes ,
. TCP :
o (connection-oriented)

PDUs.

21

PDU TCP

PDU .
o . TCP
PDUs ,
.
TCP :
o ,
o 64 Kbytes
o ,
o ,
o
TCP
, (port).
TCP
.
, .. FTP 21, SMTP 25, Telnet
23.
o

(Application layer)
TCP/IP
, TCP/IP
OSI,
.
, :
o (terminal emulator protocol Telnet:

.
o (FTP File Transfer Protocol):
.
o (SMTP Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol): .
o HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):
.

OSI & TCP/IP

, OSI TCP/IP,

.

22

o
o

.
,
, . TCP/IP
,
TCP UDP. -
.
.

.

)
.

o
o

OSI TCP/IP.
OSI
,
. TCP/IP .
OSI ,

. TCP/IP

.
TCP/IP -,
.
OSI
.
.
OSI , ..
OSI


.
OSI , TCP/IP .
,
. ISO
OSI
IBM
.
OSI
,
. TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP
,
TCP/IP, .
OSI
.

. TCP/IP
,
.
OSI
.

23

TCP/IP ,
.
TCP/IP
OSI :
o OSI TCP/IP

o OSI
,
,
, .
TCP/IP ( TCP IP)
.
o TCP/IP

.
o OSI
TCP/IP
.

3: (Data Link
Layer)

,
, .
,
.
().

,
(bandwidth) .

.
, .
(capacity)


. , ,
.

(bps: bits per seconds).
,
:
o (narrowband),
45 600 bps.

.
o (baseband),
1200 33600 bps.

.
o (broadband),
48.000 1.5Mbps.
,
24

.
, .
,
.
, .

(Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair

CAT5)
(. .: o
;)

.
,
. ,

. ,
, :
(UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair),
,
(STP: Shielded Twisted Pair), .
UTP /-568 ( 568)
1 5,
.

.
:
(
).
UTP 5 (CAT5)
100Mbps. .

.
.
UTP 6 (CAT6)
Gigabit
Ethernet. 5,

.

EIA-568-B 100
.

.

(Baseband Coaxial Cable)

.
,
.


,

25

100Mbps 1Gbps, 10 100

.

, , .
, , (
), . , ,
.
.

,
.
,
.

(Broadband Coaxial Cable)

.
450MHz
100Km.
6MHz ,
,
.


.
,
.

, ,


.

(. .: .)

.

26

, ,
, , - .

.
,
.
1, 0.

.
,

,
. ,

.

, .

.

, :
.
.

,
. ,

.

(. .:
(multimode)
(single mode) .
;)
27

(. .:
;)

.

. (multimode)
( 50 100 m)
,
.
(singlemode)
, ( 10m),
.

.
.

,
, 50Gbps.
(. .:
;)

, ,
.
: ,
(
Gbps). 2 10 Gbps,
20,40 50 Gbps.
, Tbps,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, .
: , .
.
,
,
. .

28

(Wireless Transmission)
.

.
10KHz 40GHz
.
.

.
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.

.
.
,
,
.

29

,
, .
, ,

.
.
,
, .

(. .:
;)

(Radiowaves)

, ,
, , , ,
, .
,

. ,
30

, ,
.
,
(radiowaves).
, ,
. ,
.
30z 300z.
, ,
,
( ).

(, .).


.

(Microwaves)
1
30cm,
.
300MHz 30GHz,
2 8 GHz.
, , , , .,
.
,
,
.
,

.
,
. ,
, , ,
,
,
. '
.

,
.
,
,
,
.
,
, .

. ,

,
.

.
.
31

.
,
36.000Km .
,
,
.


. ,
,
,
.
,

.
, .
, ,

. 12 - 20 .

. 36-50z.

.
( - )
( 500msec) ,
, . ,
,

.

,
.
.
2 30
GHz, UHF
SHF . ,
, 3,7-4,2GHz,
, ,
5,925-8,425GHz.

(Infrared)

. ,
.

.
, ,
,
,
.

.

,
.
32

,
.

, .
, , ,

.

WAN. WAN
(
), , ,
. WAN

. WAN
.
( )
WAN.

(.. )
.
( WAN)
:
) : (
)
.25 ) : Frame Relay ISDN ATM xDSL
: 2001,
.
WAN. ,
( )
.

(Public Switched Telephone Network

PSTN)
PSTN
(. .: PSTN;)
,
,
.
PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network,
( ) .

,
. ,

.

33

,
,
WAN. :
, . ,
(
) .
,
, modem.
modems

. modem
. modem
Internet
() .
modem
.
:
o : 1) , 2)
o : 1) , 2)
o : 1) , 2)


.


.
PSTN
56Kbps.
,
.
,
,
.
Internet online
,
(.. ) , .

34

,
.

(. .:
(PSTN);
;)
PSTN
(circuitswitched duplex connection).

.
PSTN Dial-up
, (1
) .
.
, .

Modems, V90, V34bis

modem (modulator
demodulator). modem

.

(. .: V.90 modems;)
V.90 (ITU-T rexommendation 02/1999)

56Kbps/download

33.6Kbps/upload. ,
(download upload). T
V.90 PSTN
PSTN
56Kbps (
V.34 33.6Kbps).

.

,
,
.
,
.

. ,
,
. ,
, modem,
.
,
.
19,2 Kbps 45 Kbps ( )
1 1,544 Mbps ( . ).
,
Modem
- (Channel Service Unit/Data Service
Unit, CSU/DSU). , , ,
, ,
,
.
35

,
, . , ,
(
).


.

,
.
o :
o
o ,
o M ,

o
o :
o
o ,

o :
o
o Internet

Switched Digital Network)

ISDN

(Integrated

(. .: 132. ISDN;)
(),
(
, , video),
( )
. ,
Hellaspac Hellascom .
telex (
), ..
,
:
o
.
o ,
,
.
,
.
o
.

(Integrated Services Digital Network, ISDN). ISDN
, , video
.
ISDN,
, (
), , ,
video. ,
( ) , (
) . ISDN
36

.
ISDN :
o : ISDN
. ( )
.
o (common channel
signaling).
(..
, ...)
o
:
( ()).

ISDN
(. .: NT1 (Network Termination Device)
(ISDN);
ISDN
(passive bus) ;)
ISDN (

),
. NT1.
ISDN (.. )
ISDN
.
( )
.
(
, ). NT1
8 150 .
ISDN (
),
.
, FAX, .

(): ,
ISDN,
. ; ISDN
,
. TA
37

(ADC, Analog to Digital Converter)

,
(DAC, Digital to Analog Converter) .

NT1 .
Netmod .

.

.
30
(23 ). ISDN
.
,
( ADSL
).

(ADSL), ISDN
/, .
o :
o
o ,
o
o :
o
o
o :
o , ,
o

ISDN : 1) , ,
, Internet. 2)
. 3) . 4)
. 5)
( , .)
. 6)
( 8 ),
(FAX G3, FAX G4,
, , / ...).

xDSL
(. .: DSL;)
xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
ISDN
.

, () (local loop). DSL
, x
ADSL, R-ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL.
ISDN 64Kbps
16Kbps.
DSL
, .
, modem PSTN
56Kbps ()
( video,
38

) Internet. , 56Kbps
email.
(Fiber to Home),
.
xDSL Mbps.

. ,
1 (2,048 Mbps) 1 (1,544 Mbps)
.
.
(baseband modem).
modem,

.
( ) ().

DSL (SDSL,
upstream downstream) DSL (ADSL,
upstream / downstream). xDSL
.
,
, downstream (
, ).
(upstream)
(web server )
. DSL
E1 1.
DSL
.
DSL

39

online , , video (video on demand),

, , IP telephony ..
a. :
a.
b. .

c.

b. :
a.
c. :
a. Internet, intranet, IP (VoIP,
Voice Over IP)
b. , 1
1. Video (Video on Demand),

(. .:
aDSL;
;)
ADSL : ADSL
&T Bell
Stanford

( ).

. ADSL


ADSL.
ADSL
ADSL
.

(Packet Switched Networks)

.
(
microprocessors, ,
, ...),
routing switching
.
/
mainframe . standards

. ,
,
(
). ,
( ),
standards
(interface) .

X25
.25 ,
, . .25 ,
, (Packet Switching Nodes, PSNs),
40

,
.

.25,
OSI. .25,
(Data Terminal Equipment,
DTE), , DTE,
(Data Communication
Equipment, DCE).
.25 (.. ),
(Packet Assembler-Disassembler, PAD).
.25
,
. .25

. ,
,
.25
.

.
o :
o
o M ,
o
o WAN
o :
o
o
o
o :
o
.25 .
,
.
, ISDN Frame Relay,
.25,
.
X.25
.25 CCITT interface
(DTE - Data Terminal Equipment) (DCE
- Data Circuit Terminating Equipment). .25 OSI
ISO 3 . 4
.
Data terminal equipment (DTE) : DTE
.
.
,
PAD - Packet Assembler Disassembler,
.
Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) : DCE

DTEs, ... ,
DCEs DTEs.

41

X.25 : .25
/ DTE / DCE interface.
: 1)
(Link Set-Up). 2)
/ , ,
.
X.25 : .25 ,
, point to point (Connected Mesh
Topology).
.
.

X.25

,
: 1) ,
DTE/DCE ,
. 2)
,
. 3) :

. 4)
:
.

(. .: .25.)
.25
o : (-1) bits.
bits ,
.
( , , ...),
( , connectors, ...),

DTE/DCE. ,

(PSTN) modem ,
(PDN - Public Data
Network).
48.000 bps.
o Data Link Layer ( 2): ,

. -1
42

DTE/DCE bits, -2
bits -1.
(frames) . ,


(..
).
:
o .
o DTE/DCE , point-to-point Full
Duplex ( ).
Network Layer ( 3) : (packet layer protocol)
(packets) DTE DCE.
:
o .
o DTE/DCE.
o . DTE

PVC SVC (DTEs).

Frame Relay

,
, Frame Relay,
. Frame Relay,
.

. ,
(DTE) (DCE).
Frame Relay

.

.

.
, Frame Relay
. 64 Kbps
2,048 Mbps. Frame Relay
.
Frame Relay
, Frame Relay CSU/DSU
.
Frame Relay
,
.
- , 1/1 (
)
. ,
Frame Relay, ,
-.
o :
o

o
o WAN
o
43

:
o (
Frame Relay)
:
o
o
( )

ATM
(. .: ATM;
OSI
;)
(. .: ;)
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode, ATM)
.

. ,
53 bytes, (cells). , 5 bytes
(header) 48 bytes
(payload).
,
. ,
,
622 Mbps.
ATM 3 :
o : (, ,
.)
,
,
.
o : (
) .

.
o (ATM Adaptation layer):
ATM
.

.

(. .: .)

44

ISDN

.
,
. ,
.

, , , .
, ,
.
,

.
.
o :
o ( 2,4 Gbps)
o ,

o
o :
o
o
o :
o ,
ATM:
1) :

.
-
( < 2 Mbps) (
> 2 Mbps) .
2) :
:
,
,
.
3) : ATM
Gbps.

45

4) :
. ,
, :



.
5) : (Quality
of Service parameters)
. , SDH

.
6) :

.
,
,
.
7) :
(.. Frame Relay)
-
.
8) :

155 bps
.

(. .: ;)
: HellasStream
,
(multimedia) : Video on demand, -,
-, -, ,
(VoATM).

(Point-to-Point Protocol PPP)

(. .: (Point Point Protocol);)
PPP

(dial up) ( )
, .
TCP/IP -

(layer two -L2-point-to-point links).
Internet.
full-duplex
(twisted pair, fiber, satellite). Serial
Line Internet Protocol (SLIP),
(asynchronous) (synchronous) ,
SLIP,
.
/ Point to point,
. PPP
SLIP
point-to-point
.
(network protocol multiplexing), (link
46

configuration), (link-quality testing),

(authentication), (header compression),
(error detection) (link-option
negotiation).
PPP :
o High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
.
o Link Control Protocol (LCP)
. LCP
.
(, , ).
o Network Control Protocol (NCP)
PPP. NCP

( IP) IP
Internet.
PPPoA PPPoE
DSL Modem
o dslam ISP, IP Data Link layer.
PPPoA PPP ATM (cells)
PPPoE PPPoE
ethernet ,
PPP link
Internet
PPPoE Internet
DSL Router.
(.. PC) router
traffic -
Internet.

(. .:
PPP (Point Point Protocol).)

PPP:
Internet .
1. click connect modem
Internet .
2. LCP
ppp .
PPP :
payload, (.. password),
(. ),
( ).
3.
, IP
.

47

:
,

. ,
,

.
:
1.
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD),
2.
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CA),
3. (token passing)

CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
, .
,
, ,
.
(
),
(collision). ,
, ,
.
.
CSMA/CD, ,
, :
1. .
2. ,
.
3. ,
,
1.

CSMA/CA
CSMA/CD
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
. , ,

.

(CSMA/CA).
,
.
CSMA/CA, ,
. , .
,
. ,
. ,
.
, .

48

,
. .
;

.
,
.

(token passing), ,
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
.

,
.

.. ,

.

:
a. (1970-1984):
(
), (10-20Mbps)
.
.

:
a.
: IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD,
Ethernet)
b. : IEEE 802.4
c. : IEEE 802.5
b. (1985-1990):

IEEE 802.5.
155Mbps
.

a. FDDI-I: Fiber Distributed Data Interface I
b. FDDI-II Fiber Distributed Data Interface II
c. (1990-2000):
IEEE 802.3.
150Mbps.
:
a. 100Base-T Fast Ethernet
b. Gigabit Ethernet

49

- CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multipe Access with Collision
Detection)
CSMA/CD
:
d. .
.
.
e. .
.

.
.
f. .
.



.

.


.

.

,
. '

. , ,

.
,
, 2,
.
,
.

50

, ,
.
.
,
.

.
,
.
,

.
.
, 2 k

0 2k -1.

Standard 802.3, Ethernet

(. .: Ethernet;)
IEEE 802, 802.3
.
10Mbps 10Gbps,
: CSMA/CD
. IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, CSMA/CD Xerox.
, 802.3
:
g. Ethernet 10Mbps
h. Fast Ethernet 100Mbps
i. Gigabit Ethernet 1Gbps
802.3
. ,
Ethernet .
802.3 ,
51

.
,

.
: XBase/BroadBandT, X
MBps, Base/Broadband Y
.
802.3 . (Fiber)
10Base-F.

Ethernet .
,
(hub).

.
CSMA/CD,
.
Ethernet ,
(switch) . ,
,
. ,
, :
1. .
2. .
3. ,
. ,
,
CSMA/CD.
Ethernet
,
. ,
, .


(switch)
(hub).
52

(. .: ( )
Ethernet;)
CSMA/CD.

Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet 100Mbps Ethernet,
802.3 802.3u.
()
: 100Base-T4, (UTP), 100Base-TX,

100Base-FX, ,
.

IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus)

802.4
.
802.4
, .

( - ) . '
,
.
,
, (token
passing). , ,

.

1Mb/s, 5Mb/s 10Mb/s.
.


.
'
'
.

53

,
.

IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring)

(. .: (
) token ring.)
802.5
.
,
.
1970
.
.
UTP, .
' 802.
4, . 802.5
802.3, CSMA/CD Ethernet
, .

.
,
, , .
,

.

.
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, .


.
54

, , ,
, .

,
' .
' .
802.5
.
(STP).
1 4 Mbps,
16Mbps.

. IEEE 802.5

, .


55

.
.


.

(FDDI Fiber
Distributed Data Interface)
FDDI 1980,

Ethernet . FDDI

,
.
100Mbps
2Km.
1000 200Km. FDDI
, (LEDs)
. FDDI-I 802.5
FDDI ,

.
, . FDDI
,

.

56

1. Haykin S. (2009): (),

.
2. Tanenbaum A. (2003): (),
.
3. ., ., .: . ,
, , 2
, . http://www.pi-schools.gr/lessons/tee/electronic/biblia.php
4. .: ,
,
.

.
http://ru6.cti.gr/bouras/lessons.php?id=1&action=general
5. ., ., ., ., .:
& & . , ,
/, 1 , . http://www.pischools.gr/lessons/tee/computer/

57