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EUROCODE 2

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

The EC2 worked example:


Description, actions,
durability, materials
Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

The EC2 worked example

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

6-storeys building + 2-storeys underground parking in an urban area (terrain


category IV) not close to the at 300 m AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level). The
building design working is 50 years.
Reinforced cast on site concrete, 3 different floor solutions: slab on beams, flat
slab, slab with embedded lighting (clay) elements.
Building similar to the one used for the EC8 example (documentation available
on http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpage.php?id=335_2):
Scope: two case studies referring to the same building with the same vertical
loads but two different sets of horizontal actions (EC2: vertical loads + high
wind; EC8: vertical loads + earthquake).
In comparison with EC8 example, lateral stiffness and strength are still
required but less bracing elements (lift core + two walls) are present.

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

EC2 worked example

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

2-level underground parking


ground floor: offices open to public, 1st to 5th floor: dwellings
roof

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

EC2 worked example

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

x direction slab/ beams spans: all equal


single central core and stairs
two y-direction walls

EUROCODE 2

Three solutions: 1) slab on beams

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

0,18 m slab on
0,40 h beams
spanning in
both x and y
directions

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

2) flat slab

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

0,24 m flat slab


spanning in x
and y directions

EUROCODE 2 3) Monodirectional ribbed slab


Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Lighting clay elements


b = 500 mm, bw = 120 mm
b/bw = 4,2 > 3
50 mm flange made of
cast on site concrete
h = 0,18 + 0,05 = 0,23 m
T beams h = 0,23+0,17 =
0,40 m

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Actions: G loads

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Self weight G1 : based on reinforced concrete unit weight (25kN/m3) and


the geometry of structural elements.
Permanent loads G2
Finishing, pavement, embedded services, partitions:
Walls on external perimeter (windows included):

3,0 kN/m2
8,0 kN/m

Variable loads characteristic values and factors

Type

qk
(kN/m2)

Dwellings

2,00

Stairs, office open to public

4,00

Snow

1,70

0,70

0,30

0,50

0,00

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Actions: wind

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

European wind map


10-minutes median
wind velocity at 10-m
height above flat,
even ground; no
gusts
The characteristic
value of wind
velocity or velocity
pressure occurs in
the average once
every 50 year (p =
0,02, mean return
period 50 years)

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Actions: wind
10

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Actions: wind
11

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Preliminary evalutation

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Horizontal loads: wind y and wind x

To increase torsional rigidity, place bracing elements on all sides


(stiffnesses centrifugation)

12

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Durability

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

EC2 2.1.3 Rules for design working life, durability and quality
management are in EN1990 Section 2

EC2 refers to a 50-years design working life and normal maintenance


For concrete structures quality management procedures during
execution are described in EN13670.

13

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

50-years design working life?

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

14

carbonation

1959

chlorides

1971

1975
R.I.P.

2000

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Durability

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Traditional deemed to satisfy rules related to the exposure


conditions of the various structural members, described in:
- EN206-1 Annex F (concrete standard) for material
composition
- EN1992-1 for design, based on 1) a required concrete
quality and 2) an adequate concrete cover to reinforcement.
Strength is used as a measure for the durability of concrete,
with values for maximum w/c ratio and mininum cement
concrete
Result: large variation in requirements in different countries
(see CEN TR 15868).

15

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Durability

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

16

BASIC PARAMETERS
- exposure conditions classified using exposure classes;
- Minimum concrete strength class and concrete cover related
to exposure conditions;
- behaviour in use (e.g. cracking) related to exposure
conditions.
EXPOSURE CLASSES VS. DETERIORATION MECHANISMS
- Corrosion of reinforcement due to Carbonation (XC) or
chlorides from De-icing agents, industrial wastes, pools (XD)
or Sea water (XS)
- Deterioration of concrete due to Freeze/thaw action (XF) or
chemical Attack (XA)

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Exposure
classes in
EN206-1
referred to in
EN1992-1

17

EUROCODE 2

Durability

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

18

CURRENT SYSTEM : EC2 ch. 4

1) Exposure class(es)
2) MINIMUM strength
class for the exposure class(es)
(EC2 Informative annex E)

3) Nominal concrete cover cnom


cnom = max [(cmin + c); 20 mm]
c = 0 -10 mm

d'

h d
d'

cmin = max {cmin,b; (cmin,dur - c dur,add); 10 mm}


accounts for bond, protection from corrosion and fire resistance

long /2
staffe
cnom

d'

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Minimum cover for durability

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

1) STRUCTURAL CLASS SELECTION - DEFAULT: S4

Exp. class XC2/XC3 - 50 years working life, no special QC


Slabs: concrete C25/30
S(4 1) = S3
Beams and columns: concrete C30/37
S4

19

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Minimum cover for durability

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

2) CONCRETE COVER FOR XC2/3 AND CLASSES S3/S4

cmin,dur slabs = 20 mm
cmin,dur columns = 25 mm

20

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Nominal cover evaluation

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

21

Excel spreadsheet

Parameters
1 Exposure class
2 Freeze/thaw
3 Strenght class
4 Service life
5 Slab or similar?
6 Quality control?
7 Max bar diam. (mm)
8 cdur,st

Concrete cover
Suggested

C min,dur

User defined
XC3
C30/37
50
NO
NO
16
0

9 cdur,

XS1

10 cdur,add

XS2

11

C30/37

ctoll

12 Structural class
13 cmin,dur

10

A) Recommended
10
S4
25

14 cmin,b

16

15 cmin

25

16 cnom

35

0
X0
XC1
XC2
XC3
XC4

XS3
XD1
XD2
XD3

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Nominal cover evaluation

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

22

National
tables

EUROCODE 2

Proposal for EC2/EN206 2015 revision

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

23

EUROCODE 2

Proposal for EC2/EN206 2015 revision

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

24

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Durability - EC2 Worked example

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

25

Due to non uniformity of EU National choices, to avoid countryspecific conditions, for the example no exposure classes were
selected and nominal cover to reinforcement cnom was fixed:
cnom = 20 +10 = 25 + 5 = 30 mm
cmin,dur = 20/25 mm exp. class XC2/XC3 for classes S3/S4
c,dev = 5 - 10 mm for controlled execution
For foundations cnom = 40 mm.
Concrete strength classes have been selected accordingly

EUROCODE 2

Materials: concrete

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

26

Foundations, beams and slabs: C25/30


Columns: C30/37 > C25/30

EC8 capacity design rule to avoid


soft storey plastic mechanism

Safety factors:
ULS
c = 1,50 (persistent and transient design situation)
SLS
c = 1,0

cc = 1,0

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Materials: steel

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

Grade 500 class B


Strength
fyk P 500 N/mm2
Ductility
(ft/fy)k P1,08
uk P 5%

27

fy,max O 1,30 fyk


ud = 0,90 uk P 4,5%

Safety factors:
ULS
s = 1,15 (persistent and transient design situation
SLS
s = 1,0

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011

28

The EC2 worked example:


Description, actions,
durability, materials
Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

EC2 worked example


Conceptual design
Slabs
Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

EUROCODE 2

Two (contradictory?) appproaches

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

When time is money, its


moral not to waste time.
Especially your own.
Theodor W. Adorno

Keep doing what you've always


done and you'll keep getting
what you've always got
Buckminster Fuller

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Conceptual Design: definition

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Choosing an appropriate solution


among many possible which must be studied
in order to solve a particular problem,
taking into account
functional, structural, aesthetical and
sustainability requirements
H. Corres Peiretti et al.
(Structural concrete Textbook, fib bulletin 51)

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Aesthetical requirements?

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

EC2 worked example

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

2-level underground parking


ground floor: offices open to public
1st to 5th floor: dwellings
roof

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

EC2 worked example

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

x, y -direction slab/ beams spans all equal


single central core, two y-walls

EUROCODE 2

General assumptions

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

SLABS AND BEAMS

The design of the geometry of slabs and beams has to fulfill both
Ultimate (ULS) and Serviceability Limit States (SLS) requrements.
The depth of all slabs is based on deflection control (EC2 7.4).
For flat slabs, punching may also govern.
The width b of the beams is evaluated on the basis of the span
ULS maximum bending, taking into account SLS of stress limitation
and crack control. Maximum bending moments occur generally at
the face of supports but redistribution and double reinforcement
there can take care of the (Msup Mspan) difference.
In the case of T beam, the minimum web width bw may be governed
by ULS shear.

Slab self weight estimation

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Self weight based on reinforced concrete unit weight (25 kN/m3) and
the actual or equivalent depth h (m) of the slab.
G1 = 25 h

(kN/m2)

For lighting embedded clay elements (38+12) cm with 5 cm topping,


the equivalent height ( = load) is 51 - 55% (average: 53%) of the
weight of a flat slab of the same height.
hle
[m]

h = hle + 0,05
[m]

heq =G1/25
[m]

heq/htot

[kN/m2]

0,16

0,21

2,89

0,116

0,55

0,18

0,23

3,08

0,123

0,54

0,20

0,25

3,27

0,131

0,52

0,22

0,27

3,46

0,138

0,51

0,24

0,29

3,69

0,148

0,51

G1

Ex. Total height h = 0,23 m

G = (0,54 x 0,23) x 25 = 3,10 kN/m2

EUROCODE 2

G and Q loads

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Permanent loads G2
Finishing, pavement, embedded services, partitions: 3,0 kN/m2
Walls on external perimeter (windows included):
8,0 kN/m
Variable loads Q and factors for load combinations
Type

qk
(kN/m2)

Parking (cars O 30 kN)

2,50

Dwellings

2,00

Stairs, office open to public

4,00

Snow

1,70

0,70

0,60

0,70

0,30

0,50

0,00

No thermal effects considered as Lmax O 30 m - EC2 2.3.3 (3)

ln =

lef
K

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Structural model
EC2 5.3.2.2 (1)
leff = effective span

EC2 5.3.2.2 (2)


Slabs analysed on the
assumption that supports
provide no rotational restraint

10

ln =

lef
K

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Preliminary evalutation

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

11

ln =

lef
K

EUROCODE 2

Slab depth

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

12

EC2 7.4.2 - Deflection control for flat slabs O 8,5m and slab and beams O 7 ml
s(hape) factor
s = 1,0 R section
s = 0,8 T sections with b/bw > 3

lef
310 l
500 A s,prov l
=Ks
=
K
s


d
s d 0
fyk A s,req d 0

0 =

0
1

> 0

' =

' sd
A b

sd
A b

fck

0
0
l
=
11+
1,5
f
+
3,2
f
-1

ck
ck

d 0

0
l
1
+
fck
= 11+ 1,5 fck
d

'
12
0

'
0

C20/25

C25/30

C30/37

C32/40

C35/45

0 (%)

0,45

0,50

0,55

0,57

0,59

(l/d)0

19

20

20

21

18

slabs

beams

max (l/d)o = 36

ln =

lef
K

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

(l/d) values C30/37, fyk = 500 N/mm2

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

k normalizes structural spans to the Simply Supported one

lCL
5 q 4
fSS =
lSS lSS =
384 EJ
k
5 4 44
5
4
4
fCL = fSS lCL = lSS = k lSS
k=
= 0,57
48
48

1q 4
fCL =
lCL
8 EJ

13

ln =

lef
K

EUROCODE 2 EC2 7.4.2 Deflection control by slenderness (l/d)


Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

14

the normalized span


ln = l/k
may be used for fast approximate
span bending moment evaluation
using the single span beam formula
M = qln2/8
G l2eff
=
14,2

ln =

G ln2 G l2eff
Mln =
=
8 13,5

+ 5%

Mleff

MG+Q

G (1+Q/G) l2eff

13,1

leff
1,3

- 3% if Q = 1/3 G

EUROCODE 2

Depth evaluation

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

C20/25

C25/30

C30/37

C32/40

C35/45

0 (%)

0,45

0,50

0,55

0,57

0,59

(l/d)0

19

20

20

21

18

lef,x

lef,y

lef

Slab on beams

6,0

7,125

6,0

Flat slab

6,0

7,125

7,125

1,2

7,125

7,125

1,3

Slab with emb. el.

15

ln

(l/d)0

C30/37
1,3
4,62

dmin

As

cm2/m

20

1,0

0,23

12,7

5,94

20

1,0

0,30

16,5

5,48

20

0,8

0,27

14,9

ln =

lef
K

dmin =

ln
( l/d)0 s

Due to the high reinforcement ratio assumed in the table resulting


effective depths dmin are too conservative, but may be used for a
(safe) preliminary evaluation of slab self weight G1
d = cnom + st + l = 30 + 0 + 14/2 = 37 mm

hmin = dmin + d

dmin

hmin = dmin+ d

Slab on beams

0,23

0,27

Flat slab

0,30

Slab with emb. el.

0,27

coeff

hc,eq

G1

kN/m2

1,00

0,27

6,69

0,33

1,00

0,33

8,35

0,31

0,55

0,17

4,28

d'

h d
d'

long /2
staffe
cnom

d'

EUROCODE 2

Iterative refined method

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

16

G and Q in kN/m
s
ln
=

d 3 G + 2Q

Slab on beams
Flat slab
Slab with l. el.

Slab on beams
Flat slab
Slab with l. el.

Slab on beams
Flat slab
Slab with l. el.

dmin

hmin = dmin
+ d

0,23

0,27

0,30

coeff

S=

1,0

S=

0,8

C20/25

C25/30

C30/37

C35/45

C40/50

53
49

57
53

60
56

63
59

65
61

Tot

heq

G1

G2

Qk

kN/m

kN/m

kN/m

1,00

0,27

6,69

3,0

2,0

0,30

10,29

60

0,33

1,00

0,33

8,35

3,0

2,0

0,30

11,95

0,27

0,31

0,55

0,17

4,28

3,0

2,0

0,30

0,17

0,20

1,00

0,20

5,10

3,0

2,0

0,23

0,26

1,00

0,26

6,56

3,0

0,20

0,23

0,55

0,13

3,19

0,16

0,19

1,00

0,19

0,21

0,25

1,00

0,19

0,22

0,55

ln/d

ln

dmin

28

4,62

0,17

-28%

60

26

5,94

0,23

-24%

7,88

56

28

5,48

0,20

-29%

0,30

8,70

60

29

4,62

0,16

-6%

2,0

0,30

10,16

60

28

5,94

0,21

-6%

3,0

2,0

0,30

6,79

56

30

5,48

0,19

-6%

4,87

3,0

2,0

0,30

8,47

60

30

4,62

0,16

-1%

0,25

6,27

3,0

2,0

0,30

9,87

60

28

5,94

0,21

-1%

0,12

3,06

3,0

2,0

0,30

6,66

56

30

5,48

0,18

-1%

kN/m

hmin = 0,19 0,25 0,22 m


Taking into account As,req/As,prov hfin = 0,18 - 0,24 (0,18+0,05) = 0,23 m

ln =

lef
K

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Beams and columns load tributary area

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

17

Monodirectional slabs: zero-shear lines under uniform q = 1 loading


identify beams tributary areas; zero shear lines for beams together with the
ones for slabs identify columns tributary areas
Bi-directional or flat slabs: yield lines approach apply.

EUROCODE 2

Beams tributary area Auto-CA add on for Autocad

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

18

www.auto-ca.it

EUROCODE 2 Columns and cores load tributary area Auto-Ca


Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

19

www.auto-ca.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

20

EC2 worked example


Conceptual design
Slabs
Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

EC2 worked example


Conceptual design
Beams
Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

EUROCODE 2

Beams tributary area by Auto-ca, add on for Autocad

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

www.auto-ca.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

SLS cracking

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

wmax = 0,3 mm to be evaluated for the


Quasi-Permanent (QP) load combination

EUROCODE 2

SLS cracking

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Maximum diameters - cracked section, QP load combination


Steel 500 B
C20/25
f ct,eff

2,3

Concrete class
C25/30 C30/37 C35/45

C40/50

2,9
2,6
3,4
3,6
l,max for crack width wk = 0,30 mm

s/f yk

160

0,32

24

28

32

36

38

170

0,34

22

26

30

34

36

180
190
200
210
220
230
240

0,36
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,46
0,48

22
20
18
16
14
14
12

24
22
20
18
16
16
14

28
26
24
22
20
18
16

32
30
26
24
22
20
18

34
32
28
26
24
22
20

260
280

0,52
0,56

10
10

12
10

14
12

16
14

16
14

Note: EC2 values up to f yk; 25 mm for s = 200 Mpa

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

SLS stress limitation

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

CA combination of loads
1) Longitudinal craks due to excessive concrete compressive
stress may affect durability (exposure classes XD,XF, XS only)
2) Excessive steel inelastic strain leads to unacceptable cracking or
deformation.
QP combination of loads
3) Limitation of max concrete compressive stress to confirm linear
creep for concrete
4) [Crack width control by maximum bar diameter see prev. slide]

c/fck and s/fyk to be evaluated with an elastic cracked model

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

SLS stress evaluation

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Single reinforced cracked section - elastic model

e
1-
3

MEK,CA

f ()

k
f
yk 1- e
fck 3

or

s
=
fyk

MEk = MEK,QP

c
=
fck e
2

E E

MEk
k =
b d2 fck

xe
2
e=
= e 1+
- 1

d
e

xe
1
=
d 1 + s
e c

sd
A b

e =

e coefficient

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

e =

Es
E c,eff

E c,eff =

eff = ,t o
eff = ,t o

E cm

(1+eff )

QP combination
M Ek,QP
M Ek,CA

CA combination

eQP

C16/20
21,0

C20/25
20,0

C25/30
19,1

C30/37
18,3

C35/45
17,6

C40/50
17,0

eCA

16,1

15,4

14,6

14,0

13,5

13,1

eEcm

7,0

6,7

6,4

6,1

5,9

5,7

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

ULS materials design values

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Concrete C25 / 30
fck = 25/30 N/mm2
f
fcd = cc ck
cc = 1.0 C = 1.50
C
1.0 25
1.0 30
=16,7 N/mm2 fcd =
=20,0 N/mm2
fcd =
1,50
1,50
Steel 500 B

fyk = 435 N/mm2

fyk

fyd

fyd =

syd =
s = 1, 15
Es
s
500
435
fyd =
= 435 N/mm2 syd =
= 0, 22 %
1, 15
2000

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

ULS design

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Single reinforced (As = 0) cracked section plastic model

M
d = 2Ed
bd fcd

xu
1
u = =
d 1+ cu2 /s

A s fyd
b d fcd

fyd
fcd

As
bd

For single reinforced elements (As = 0):

u = 1,202 1,445 2,970 d

= 0,973 0,947 1,946 d

[%]

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

ULS bending
universal table
d =
=
=

MEd
bd2 fcd

A s fyd
b d fcd

fyd
fcd

As
f
= cd
bd
fyd

Is any d value ok
for design?
What about SLS
(deflection, stress
limitation)?

[]
67,5
65,2
51,3
41,9
35,3
30,2
26,3
23,2
22,5
20,6
18,5
16,7
15,1
13,8
12,6
11,5
10,6
10,0
9,8
9,0
8,3
7,7
7,1
6,6
6,1
5,7
5,2
4,8
4,5
4,28
4,1
3,9
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,17

k
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

u
0,05
0,05
0,06
0,08
0,09
0,10
0,12
0,13
0,13
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,19
0,20
0,22
0,23
0,25
0,26
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,31
0,33
0,35
0,36
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,45
0,46
0,48
0,49
0,50
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,57
0,59
0,62

u
0,98
0,98
0,97
0,97
0,96
0,96
0,95
0,95
0,94
0,94
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,92
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,81
0,81
0,80
0,80
0,79
0,78
0,78
0,77
0,76
0,75
0,74

u
0,039
0,040
0,050
0,060
0,070
0,080
0,090
0,100
0,103
0,110
0,120
0,130
0,140
0,150
0,160
0,170
0,180
0,187
0,190
0,200
0,210
0,220
0,230
0,240
0,250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,296
0,302
0,309
0,316
0,323
0,330
0,338
0,346
0,354
0,362
0,371

0
0,040
0,041
0,052
0,062
0,073
0,084
0,095
0,106
0,109
0,117
0,129
0,140
0,152
0,164
0,176
0,189
0,201
0,210
0,214
0,227
0,240
0,253
0,267
0,281
0,295
0,309
0,324
0,339
0,355
0,364
0,374
0,385
0,397
0,409
0,421
0,435
0,449
0,465
0,482
0,499

'lim %
1,9
1,9
2,4
2,9
3,4
3,9
4,4
5,0
5,1
5,5
6,0
6,6
7,1
7,7
8,2
8,8
9,4
9,8
10,0
10,6
11,2
11,8
12,5
13,1
13,8
14,5
15,2
15,9
16,6
17,1
17,5
18,0
18,6
19,1
19,7
20,4
21,0
21,8
22,5
23,4

C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50


0,13
0,15
0,18
0,21
0,24
0,13
0,16
0,19
0,22
0,25
0,16
0,20
0,24
0,28
0,32
0,19
0,24
0,29
0,33
0,38
0,22
0,28
0,34
0,39
0,45
0,26
0,32
0,39
0,45
0,52
0,29
0,36
0,44
0,51
0,58
0,33
0,41
0,49
0,57
0,65
0,33
0,42
0,50
0,58
0,67
0,36
0,45
0,54
0,63
0,72
0,40
0,49
0,59
0,69
0,79
0,43
0,54
0,65
0,75
0,86
0,47
0,58
0,70
0,82
0,93
0,50
0,63
0,75
0,88
1,01
0,54
0,68
0,81
0,95
1,08
0,58
0,72
0,87
1,01
1,16
0,62
0,77
0,92
1,08
1,23
0,64
0,81
0,97
1,13
1,29
0,66
0,82
0,98
1,15
1,31
0,69
0,87
1,04
1,22
1,39
0,74
0,92
1,10
1,29
1,47
0,78
0,97
1,16
1,36
1,55
0,82
1,02
1,23
1,43
1,64
0,86
1,08
1,29
1,51
1,72
0,90
1,13
1,36
1,58
1,81
0,95
1,19
1,42
1,66
1,90
0,99
1,24
1,49
1,74
1,99
1,04
1,30
1,56
1,82
2,08
1,09
1,36
1,63
1,90
2,18
1,12
1,40
1,68
1,96
2,23
1,15
1,44
1,72
2,01
2,30
1,18
1,48
1,77
2,07
2,36
1,22
1,52
1,82
2,13
2,43
1,25
1,57
1,88
2,19
2,51
1,29
1,61
1,94
2,26
2,58
1,33
1,67
2,00
2,33
2,67
1,38
1,72
2,07
2,41
2,76
1,43
1,78
2,14
2,49
2,85
1,48
1,85
2,21
2,58
2,95
1,53
1,91
2,30
2,68
3,06

[%]

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

ULS bending
universal table
vs. linear elastic
analysis of
hyperstatic
structures
EC2 5.4 5.5
=

M Eel,rid
M Eel,d

0,44 + 1,25

xu
d

0,70 1,0
= 1 when u =

xu
= 0,45
d

d 0,296

[]
67,5
65,2
51,3
41,9
35,3
30,2
26,3
23,2
22,5
20,6
18,5
16,7
15,1
13,8
12,6
11,5
10,6
10,0
9,8
9,0
8,3
7,7
7,1
6,6
6,1
5,7
5,2
4,8
4,5
4,28
4,1
3,9
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,17

k
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

u
0,05
0,05
0,06
0,08
0,09
0,10
0,12
0,13
0,13
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,19
0,20
0,22
0,23
0,25
0,26
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,31
0,33
0,35
0,36
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,45
0,46
0,48
0,49
0,50
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,57
0,59
0,62

u
0,98
0,98
0,97
0,97
0,96
0,96
0,95
0,95
0,94
0,94
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,92
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,81
0,81
0,80
0,80
0,79
0,78
0,78
0,77
0,76
0,75
0,74

u
0,039
0,040
0,050
0,060
0,070
0,080
0,090
0,100
0,103
0,110
0,120
0,130
0,140
0,150
0,160
0,170
0,180
0,187
0,190
0,200
0,210
0,220
0,230
0,240
0,250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,296
0,302
0,309
0,316
0,323
0,330
0,338
0,346
0,354
0,362
0,371

0
0,040
0,041
0,052
0,062
0,073
0,084
0,095
0,106
0,109
0,117
0,129
0,140
0,152
0,164
0,176
0,189
0,201
0,210
0,214
0,227
0,240
0,253
0,267
0,281
0,295
0,309
0,324
0,339
0,355
0,364
0,374
0,385
0,397
0,409
0,421
0,435
0,449
0,465
0,482
0,499

'lim %
1,9
1,9
2,4
2,9
3,4
3,9
4,4
5,0
5,1
5,5
6,0
6,6
7,1
7,7
8,2
8,8
9,4
9,8
10,0
10,6
11,2
11,8
12,5
13,1
13,8
14,5
15,2
15,9
16,6
17,1
17,5
18,0
18,6
19,1
19,7
20,4
21,0
21,8
22,5
23,4

C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50


0,13
0,15
0,18
0,21
0,24
0,13
0,16
0,19
0,22
0,25
0,16
0,20
0,24
0,28
0,32
0,19
0,24
0,29
0,33
0,38
0,22
0,28
0,34
0,39
0,45
0,26
0,32
0,39
0,45
0,52
0,29
0,36
0,44
0,51
0,58
0,33
0,41
0,49
0,57
0,65
0,33
0,42
0,50
0,58
0,67
0,36
0,45
0,54
0,63
0,72
0,40
0,49
0,59
0,69
0,79
0,43
0,54
0,65
0,75
0,86
0,47
0,58
0,70
0,82
0,93
0,50
0,63
0,75
0,88
1,01
0,54
0,68
0,81
0,95
1,08
0,58
0,72
0,87
1,01
1,16
0,62
0,77
0,92
1,08
1,23
0,64
0,81
0,97
1,13
1,29
0,66
0,82
0,98
1,15
1,31
0,69
0,87
1,04
1,22
1,39
0,74
0,92
1,10
1,29
1,47
0,78
0,97
1,16
1,36
1,55
0,82
1,02
1,23
1,43
1,64
0,86
1,08
1,29
1,51
1,72
0,90
1,13
1,36
1,58
1,81
0,95
1,19
1,42
1,66
1,90
0,99
1,24
1,49
1,74
1,99
1,04
1,30
1,56
1,82
2,08
1,09
1,36
1,63
1,90
2,18
1,12
1,40
1,68
1,96
2,23
1,15
1,44
1,72
2,01
2,30
1,18
1,48
1,77
2,07
2,36
1,22
1,52
1,82
2,13
2,43
1,25
1,57
1,88
2,19
2,51
1,29
1,61
1,94
2,26
2,58
1,33
1,67
2,00
2,33
2,67
1,38
1,72
2,07
2,41
2,76
1,43
1,78
2,14
2,49
2,85
1,48
1,85
2,21
2,58
2,95
1,53
1,91
2,30
2,68
3,06

(l/d)0

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Universal table vs.


SLS deflection
0

0
0
l
=
11+
1,5
f
+
3,2
f
-1

ck
ck

d 0

> 0

0
1
'
l
=
11+
1,5
f
+
f

ck
ck
- ' 12
0
d 0

Increasing d
the maximum allowed
slenderness (l/d)0
(so ln /d as k, are given )
decreases:
high bending M
high
curvature
high deflection,
less slenderness-

u
0,039
0,040
0,050
0,060
0,070
0,080
0,090
0,100
0,103
0,110
0,120
0,130
0,140
0,150
0,160
0,170
0,180
0,187
0,190
0,200
0,210
0,220
0,230
0,240
0,250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,296
0,302
0,309
0,316
0,323
0,330
0,338
0,346
0,354
0,362
0,371

0
0,040
0,041
0,052
0,062
0,073
0,084
0,095
0,106
0,109
0,117
0,129
0,140
0,152
0,164
0,176
0,189
0,201
0,210
0,214
0,227
0,240
0,253
0,267
0,281
0,295
0,309
0,324
0,339
0,355
0,364
0,374
0,385
0,397
0,409
0,421
0,435
0,449
0,465
0,482
0,499

C16/20
67,8
67,8
67,8
52,9
41,9
34,3
29,1
25,2
24,5
22,4
20,3
18,8
17,7
17,0
16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C20/25
88,6
92,5
65,0
48,9
38,6
31,7
26,9
23,5
22,8
21,0
19,3
18,1
17,4
17,0
16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C25/30
90,2
85,6
59,9
44,9
35,5
29,2
25,0
22,0
21,4
19,9
18,6
18,0
17,4
17,0
16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C30/37
84,5
80,1
55,9
41,9
33,1
27,4
23,5
21,0
20,5
19,4
18,6
18,0
17,4
17,0
16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C35/45
79,8
75,7
52,7
39,4
31,2
26,0
22,5
20,4
20,0
19,3
18,6
18,0
17,4
17,0
16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C40/50
75,9
71,9
49,9
37,4
29,7
24,9
21,8
20,2
20,0
19,3
18,6
18,0
17,4
17,0
16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

e,QP

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Universal table vs.


SLS stress lim.

xe
2
e=
= e 1+
- 1

For each d one u,


many e (one for
each concrete class)
increasing with d
c
=
fck e
2

e
1-
3

s
=
fyk

k
f
yk 1- e
fck 3

k = d/k k>1
Increasing d
c increases
s decreases.

u
0,05
0,05
0,06
0,08
0,09
0,10
0,12
0,13
0,13
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,19
0,20
0,22
0,23
0,25
0,26
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,31
0,33
0,35
0,36
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,45
0,46
0,48
0,49
0,50
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,57
0,59
0,62

u
0,039
0,040
0,050
0,060
0,070
0,080
0,090
0,100
0,103
0,110
0,120
0,130
0,140
0,150
0,160
0,170
0,180
0,187
0,190
0,200
0,210
0,220
0,230
0,240
0,250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,296
0,302
0,309
0,316
0,323
0,330
0,338
0,346
0,354
0,362
0,371

0
0,040
0,041
0,052
0,062
0,073
0,084
0,095
0,106
0,109
0,117
0,129
0,140
0,152
0,164
0,176
0,189
0,201
0,210
0,214
0,227
0,240
0,253
0,267
0,281
0,295
0,309
0,324
0,339
0,355
0,364
0,374
0,385
0,397
0,409
0,421
0,435
0,449
0,465
0,482
0,499

C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 c/fck s/fyk


0,21
0,20
0,21
0,23
0,24
0,25 100%
100%
0,21
0,20
0,22
0,23
0,24
0,25 102%
100%
0,21
0,22
0,24
0,25
0,27
0,28 116%
100%
0,22
0,24
0,26
0,28
0,29
0,30 129%
100%
0,24
0,26
0,28
0,29
0,31
0,32 142%
101%
0,25
0,27
0,29
0,31
0,33
0,34 154%
101%
0,27
0,29
0,31
0,33
0,34
0,36 166%
101%
0,28
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,37 177%
100%
0,28
0,30
0,33
0,35
0,36
0,38 179%
100%
0,29
0,31
0,34
0,36
0,37
0,39 187%
100%
0,30
0,33
0,35
0,37
0,39
0,40 198%
100%
0,31
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,40
0,41 208%
100%
0,33
0,35
0,37
0,39
0,41
0,43 218%
100%
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,41
0,42
0,44 228%
100%
0,34
0,37
0,39
0,42
0,43
0,45 238%
99%
0,35
0,38
0,40
0,43
0,44
0,46 247%
99%
0,36
0,39
0,41
0,44
0,46
0,47 257%
99%
0,37
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,46
0,48 263%
98%
0,37
0,40
0,42
0,45
0,46
0,48 266%
98%
0,38
0,41
0,43
0,46
0,47
0,49 275%
98%
0,39
0,42
0,44
0,46
0,48
0,50 284%
97%
0,40
0,42
0,45
0,47
0,49
0,51 292%
97%
0,40
0,43
0,46
0,48
0,50
0,52 301%
97%
0,41
0,44
0,47
0,49
0,51
0,53 310%
96%
0,42
0,45
0,48
0,50
0,52
0,54 318%
96%
0,43
0,46
0,48
0,51
0,53
0,54 326%
95%
0,43
0,46
0,49
0,51
0,53
0,55 335%
94%
0,44
0,47
0,50
0,52
0,54
0,56 343%
94%
0,45
0,48
0,51
0,53
0,55
0,57 351%
93%
0,45
0,48
0,51
0,53
0,55
0,57 356%
93%
0,46
0,49
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,58 360%
92%
0,46
0,49
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,58 366%
92%
0,47
0,50
0,52
0,55
0,57
0,59 371%
91%
0,47
0,50
0,53
0,55
0,57
0,59 376%
91%
0,48
0,51
0,54
0,56
0,58
0,60 382%
90%
0,48
0,51
0,54
0,56
0,58
0,60 388%
90%
0,49
0,52
0,55
0,57
0,59
0,61 394%
89%
0,49
0,52
0,55
0,58
0,60
0,61 400%
88%
0,50
0,53
0,56
0,58
0,60
0,62 406%
88%
0,50
0,53
0,56
0,59
0,61
0,63 412%
87%
C15/20 C20/25 C25/30 C28/35 C32/40 C35/45 c/fck s/fyk

EUROCODE 2

Stress increase/decrease

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

xe
bd-
3

MEd = 0,810 b x u fcd ( d - 0,416x u )


c xe
MEk =
2

c
x
= 1,08 u
fck
xe

14

xe
MEk = s A s d -
3
MEd = A s fyd ( d - 0,416x u )

d - 0,416 x u MEk
U
=
1,08

d
0,333x
E
e

MEd

s
1 d - 0,416x u
=

fyk 1,15 d - 0,333x e

1- 0,416 U

1- 0,333 E

MEk
MEk
=
k

c
M
MEd
Ed

MEk
1- 0,416 u MEk
MEk

=
0,87

=
k

s
M
10,333
M
MEd

e
Ed
Ed

C20/25

EUROCODE 2
Background andApplications

1- 0,416 U MEk
MEk

=
k

c
MEd
1- 0,333 E MEd
1- 0,416 u MEk
s
MEk
= 0,87

=
k

s
fyk
10,333

M
MEd
e
Ed

= 1,08 U
E
fck

For each d a single u but


one e for each concrete
class
one kc increasing with d
one k s decreasing with d
for each concrete class

C25/30

C30/37

C35/45

C40/50

u
0,006
0,010
0,020
0,030
0,039
0,040
0,050
0,060
0,070
0,080
0,090
0,100
0,103
0,110
0,120

kc
0,04
0,07
0,14
0,21
0,27
0,29
0,33
0,36
0,40
0,43
0,46
0,49
0,50
0,52
0,55

ks
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,92
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,91

kc
0,04
0,07
0,14
0,21
0,26
0,27
0,30
0,34
0,37
0,40
0,43
0,46
0,47
0,49
0,52

ks
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92

kc
0,04
0,07
0,14
0,20
0,25
0,25
0,29
0,32
0,35
0,38
0,41
0,44
0,45
0,47
0,50

ks
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93

kc
0,04
0,07
0,14
0,20
0,24
0,24
0,28
0,31
0,34
0,37
0,40
0,42
0,43
0,45
0,48

ks
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93

kc
0,04
0,07
0,13
0,19
0,23
0,23
0,27
0,30
0,33
0,36
0,38
0,41
0,42
0,44
0,46

ks
0,94
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,94

0,130
0,140
0,150
0,160
0,170
0,180
0,187
0,190
0,200
0,210
0,220
0,230
0,240
0,250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,296
0,302
0,309
0,316
0,323
0,330
0,338
0,346
0,354
0,362
0,371

0,58
0,61
0,63
0,66
0,69
0,71
0,73
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,81
0,83
0,85
0,88
0,90
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
0,99
1,00
1,02
1,03
1,05
1,06
1,08
1,09
1,11
1,13

0,91
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,85
0,84
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,82
0,81
0,81
0,80
0,79
0,79

0,55
0,57
0,60
0,62
0,65
0,67
0,69
0,70
0,72
0,74
0,77
0,79
0,81
0,83
0,86
0,88
0,90
0,92
0,93
0,95
0,96
0,97
0,99
1,00
1,02
1,03
1,05
1,06
1,08

0,92
0,92
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,85
0,84
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,82
0,81
0,80
0,80

0,52
0,55
0,57
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,67
0,69
0,71
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,80
0,82
0,85
0,87
0,89
0,90
0,91
0,93
0,94
0,95
0,97
0,98
1,00
1,01
1,03
1,05

0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,85
0,84
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,81
0,80

0,50
0,53
0,55
0,58
0,60
0,62
0,64
0,65
0,67
0,69
0,71
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,80
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,87
0,89
0,90
0,91
0,93
0,94
0,96
0,97
0,99
1,00
1,02

0,93
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,91
0,91
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,85
0,84
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,81

0,49
0,51
0,54
0,56
0,58
0,61
0,62
0,63
0,65
0,67
0,69
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,80
0,82
0,84
0,85
0,87
0,88
0,89
0,91
0,92
0,94
0,95
0,97
0,98
1,00

0,94
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,92
0,91
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,84
0,84
0,83
0,82
0,82

MEk/MEd range of values

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

16

In case of linear elastic analysis


1+

Qk
G

(l eff / k)
MEk
(G + Qk )
=
=
2
MEd (1,35 G + 1,50 Qk ) (l eff / k) 1,35 + 1,50 Qk
G
g =

Q =

1,35

= 2 for QP

= 1 for CA

1,50
MEk /MEd for Qk/Gk

LC

QP

CA
ULS

0
0,2
0,3
0,6
0,8
1

0,05
0,70
0,71
0,71
0,72
0,73
0,74
1,00

0,1
0,67
0,68
0,69
0,71
0,72
0,73
1,00

MEk,QP/MEd
MEk,CA/MEd

0,2
0,61
0,63
0,64
0,68
0,70
0,73
1,00

0,33
0,54
0,58
0,60
0,65
0,69
0,72
1,00

0,4
0,51
0,55
0,57
0,64
0,68
0,72
1,00

0,5
0,48
0,52
0,55
0,62
0,67
0,71
1,00

0,75
0,40
0,46
0,49
0,59
0,65
0,71
1,00

1
0,35
0,42
0,46
0,56
0,63
0,70
1,00

1,5
0,28
0,36
0,40
0,53
0,61
0,69
1,00

2
0,23
0,32
0,37
0,51
0,60
0,69
1,00

4
0,14
0,24
0,30
0,46
0,57
0,68
1,00

large variation f(Qk/G) , max 0,73


limited variation around 0,70

10
0,06
0,18
0,24
0,43
0,55
0,67
1,00

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

SLS - Mek,QP/Med vs. d

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

17

MEkQP/MEd and (l/d)0 for concrete class

QP comb.
MEk,QP
c
= k c
= 0,45
fck
MEd

MEk,QP 0,45
=
MEd
k c

Only
Mek,QP/Med O 0,73
are possible!
Use the table for
the choice of a
suitable d!

u
0,150
0,160
0,170
0,180
0,187
0,190
0,200
0,210
0,220
0,230
0,240
0,250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,296
0,302
0,309
0,316
0,323
0,330
0,338
0,346
0,354
0,362
0,371

C20/25
MEkQP/MEd
(l/d)0
0,71
17,0
0,68
16,6
0,66
16,2
0,63
15,9
0,62
15,7
0,61
15,6
0,59
15,3
0,57
15,1
0,56
14,9
0,54
14,7
0,53
14,5
0,51
14,3
0,50
14,2
0,49
14,0
0,48
13,9
0,47
13,8
0,46
13,7
0,45
13,6
0,45
13,5
0,44
13,5
0,44
13,4
0,43
13,3
0,42
13,2
0,42
13,2
0,41
13,1
0,41
13,0
0,40
13,0

C25/30
MEkQP/MEd (l/d)0
0,72
0,69
0,67
0,65
0,65
0,62
0,60
0,59
0,57
0,55
0,54
0,53
0,51
0,50
0,49
0,48
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45
0,44
0,44
0,43
0,42
0,42

16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C30/37
MEkQP/MEd (l/d)0

0,72
0,70
0,68
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,61
0,59
0,58
0,56
0,55
0,53
0,52
0,51
0,50
0,49
0,49
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45
0,44
0,44
0,43

16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C35/45
MEkQP/MEd (l/d)0

0,72
0,70
0,70
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,61
0,59
0,58
0,56
0,55
0,53
0,52
0,51
0,51
0,50
0,49
0,48
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45
0,44

15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

C40/50
MEkQP/MEd (l/d)0

0,72
0,72
0,69
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,61
0,59
0,58
0,56
0,55
0,53
0,53
0,52
0,51
0,50
0,50
0,49
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45

15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

Expanded ULS universal table

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

18

MEkQP/Med, and (l/d)0 for concrete class


[]
13,8
12,6
11,5
10,6
10,0
9,8
9,0
8,3
7,7
7,1
6,6
6,1
5,7
5,2
4,8
4,5
4,3
4,1
3,9
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2

u
0,20
0,22
0,23
0,25
0,26
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,31
0,33
0,35
0,36
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,45
0,46
0,48
0,49
0,50
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,57
0,59
0,62

u
0,92
0,91
0,90
0,90
0,89
0,89
0,88
0,88
0,87
0,86
0,86
0,85
0,84
0,83
0,83
0,82
0,81
0,81
0,80
0,80
0,79
0,78
0,78
0,77
0,76
0,75
0,74

u
0,150
0,160
0,170
0,180
0,187
0,190
0,200
0,210
0,220
0,230
0,240
0,250
0,260
0,270
0,280
0,290
0,296
0,302
0,309
0,316
0,323
0,330
0,338
0,346
0,354
0,362
0,371

0
0,164
0,176
0,189
0,201
0,210
0,214
0,227
0,240
0,253
0,267
0,281
0,295
0,309
0,324
0,339
0,355
0,364
0,374
0,385
0,397
0,409
0,421
0,435
0,449
0,465
0,482
0,499

'lim %
7,7
8,2
8,8
9,4
9,8
10,0
10,6
11,2
11,8
12,5
13,1
13,8
14,5
15,2
15,9
16,6
17,1
17,5
18,0
18,6
19,1
19,7
20,4
21,0
21,8
22,5
23,4

MEkQP/MEd
0,71
0,68
0,66
0,63
0,62
0,61
0,59
0,57
0,56
0,54
0,53
0,51
0,50
0,49
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,45
0,45
0,44
0,44
0,43
0,42
0,42
0,41
0,41
0,40

C20/25
[%]
0,50
0,54
0,58
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,69
0,74
0,78
0,82
0,86
0,90
0,95
0,99
1,04
1,09
1,12
1,15
1,18
1,22
1,25
1,29
1,33
1,38
1,43
1,48
1,53

(l/d)0
17,0
16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

MEkQP/MEd

C25/30
[%]

(l/d)0

MEkQP/MEd

C30/37
[%]

(l/d)0

MEkQP/MEd

C35/45
[%]

(l/d)0

MEkQP/MEd

C40/50
[%]

(l/d)0

0,72
0,69
0,67
0,65
0,65
0,62
0,60
0,59
0,57
0,55
0,54
0,53
0,51
0,50
0,49
0,48
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45
0,44
0,44
0,43
0,42
0,42

0,68
0,72
0,77
0,81
0,82
0,87
0,92
0,97
1,02
1,08
1,13
1,19
1,24
1,30
1,36
1,40
1,44
1,48
1,52
1,57
1,61
1,67
1,72
1,78
1,85
1,91

16,6
16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

0,72
0,70
0,68
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,61
0,59
0,58
0,56
0,55
0,53
0,52
0,51
0,50
0,49
0,49
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45
0,44
0,44
0,43

0,87
0,92
0,97
0,98
1,04
1,10
1,16
1,23
1,29
1,36
1,42
1,49
1,56
1,63
1,68
1,72
1,77
1,82
1,88
1,94
2,00
2,07
2,14
2,21
2,30

16,2
15,9
15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

0,72
0,70
0,70
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,61
0,59
0,58
0,56
0,55
0,53
0,52
0,51
0,51
0,50
0,49
0,48
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45
0,44

1,08
1,13
1,15
1,22
1,29
1,36
1,43
1,51
1,58
1,66
1,74
1,82
1,90
1,96
2,01
2,07
2,13
2,19
2,26
2,33
2,41
2,49
2,58
2,68

15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

0,72
0,72
0,69
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,61
0,59
0,58
0,56
0,55
0,53
0,53
0,52
0,51
0,50
0,50
0,49
0,48
0,47
0,46
0,46
0,45

1,29
1,31
1,39
1,47
1,55
1,64
1,72
1,81
1,90
1,99
2,08
2,18
2,23
2,30
2,36
2,43
2,51
2,58
2,67
2,76
2,85
2,95
3,06

15,7
15,6
15,3
15,1
14,9
14,7
14,5
14,3
14,2
14,0
13,9
13,8
13,7
13,6
13,5
13,5
13,4
13,3
13,2
13,2
13,1
13,0
13,0

Fast design verification of single and double


reinforced beams

EUROCODE 2

Cont. beam - ULS section design

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

19

For each beam of a continuous beam


1) Calculate G and Qk on the basis of tributary area
2) Estimate MEk,QP and MEd on the basis of ln
3) Enter design table with MEk,QP/ MEd for the selected
concrete class
4) Identify d,i and (l/d)0 : adopt d,i =min (d,i ; 0,296)
5) Identify the geometry leading beam by calculating
d =

M Ed
b d 2 fc d

m a x (b d ) =
2

1
fc d

M E d ,i
m ax

d ,i

EUROCODE 2

Axis A and B beams

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

fck
N/mm

fcd

25

N/mm N/mm

1,5

fyk
2

fyd
N/mm

16,7

500

1,15

435

st

d'

mm

mm

mm

mm

30

16

46

g1

g2

qk

lta

ln

l0

bw

b eff

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

B1-B2

1,3

8,91

4,62

5,1

0,25

1,02

3,08

B2-B3

1,5

8,91

4,00

4,2

0,25

0,84

3,08

B3-B4

1,5

3,42

4,00

4,2

0,25

0,84

B4-B5

1,5

8,91

4,00

4,2

0,25

B5-B6

1,3

8,91

4,62

5,1

leff

lta

ln

l0

Beam

c nom

leff

Beam

20

0,30

G=(g 1+g 2) lta Q=q klc

[kN/m 2] [kN/m 2] [kN/m 2]

G+ 2Q

1,3G+1,5Q

MEK,QP

MEd

MEK,QP/MEd

[kN/m]

[kN/m]

[kN/m]

[kN/m]

[kNm]

[kNm]

54,2

17,8

59,5

97,2

158,5

258,7

0,61

54,2

17,8

59,5

97,2

119,0

194,3

0,61

3,42

22,0

13,7

26,1

49,1

52,1

98,1

0,53

0,84

3,08

54,2

17,8

59,5

97,2

119,0

194,3

0,61

0,25

1,02

3,08

54,2

17,8

59,5

97,2

158,5

258,7

0,61

bw

b eff

g1

G+ 2Q

1,3G+1,5Q

MEK,QP

MEd

MEK,QP/MEd

g2
2

qk
2

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[kN/m ] [kN/m ] [kN/m

A1-A2

1,3

2,75

4,62

5,1

0,25

0,76

3,08

5,91

A2-A3

1,5

2,75

4,00

4,2

0,25

0,67

3,08

A3-A4

1,5

1,89

4,00

4,2

0,25

0,67

A4-A5

1,5

2,75

4,00

4,2

0,25

A5-A6

1,3

2,75

4,62

5,1

0,25

G=(g 1+g 2) lta Q=q klc


2

[kN/m]

[kN/m]

[kN/m]

[kN/m]

[kNm]

[kNm]

24,7

5,5

26,4

40,4

70,2

107,5

0,65

5,91

24,7

5,5

26,4

40,4

52,7

80,8

0,65

3,08

7,23

19,5

3,8

20,6

31,0

41,3

62,0

0,67

0,67

3,08

5,91

24,7

5,5

26,4

40,4

52,7

80,8

0,65

0,76

3,08

5,91

24,7

5,5

26,4

40,4

70,2

107,5

0,65

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Axis B and A beams - cont.d

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

21

from design table


Beam MEK,QP/MEd (l/d) 0

d min

MEd /( d f c d ) b min

bfin

hfin

dfin

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

B1-B2

0,61

14,9

1,0

0,31

0,220

71

0,74

0,60

0,34

0,39

0,40

0,35

0,206

B2-B3

0,61

14,9

1,0

0,27

0,220

53

0,74

0,60

0,30

0,34

0,40

0,35

0,155

B3-B4

0,53

14,0

1,0

0,29

0,270

22

0,27

0,60

0,19

0,24

0,40

0,35

0,078

B4-B5

0,61

14,9

1,0

0,27

0,220

53

0,74

0,60

0,30

0,34

0,40

0,35

0,155

B5-B6

0,61

14,9

1,0

0,31

0,220

71

0,74

0,60

0,34

0,39

0,40

0,35

0,206

dmin

MEd/(dfcd) b min

bfin

hfin

dfin

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

Beam MEK,QP/MEd (l/d)0


-

[m]

A1-A2

0,65

15,3

1,0

0,30

0,200

32

0,35

0,50

0,25

0,30

0,40

0,35

0,103

A2-A3

0,65

15,3

1,0

0,26

0,200

24

0,35

0,50

0,22

0,27

0,40

0,35

0,077

A3-A4

0,67

15,6

1,0

0,26

0,190

20

0,30

0,50

0,20

0,24

0,40

0,35

0,059

A4-A5

0,65

15,3

1,0

0,26

0,200

24

0,35

0,50

0,22

0,27

0,40

0,35

0,077

A5-A6

0,65

15,3

1,0

0,30

0,200

32

0,35

0,50

0,25

0,30

0,40

0,35

0,103

d m in =

ln
s (l/d ) o

M E d,i
b m in =
f
d ,i cd

1
2
d m in

d ,i = c o n st b m in d m2 in = b f in d 2

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Axis B and A beams cont.d

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Beam

MEd

MEK,QP/MEd (l/d)0

[kNm]

B1-B2

258,7

0,61

14,9

1,0

0,220

B2-B3

194,3

0,61

14,9

1,0

B3-B4

98,1

0,53

14,0

B4-B5

194,3

0,61

B5-B6

258,7

0,61

Beam

MEd

MEd /( d f c d ) bfin

hfin

22

dfin

As

(l/d) 0

kc

c/fck

[m]

[m]

[m]

71

0,60

0,40

0,35

0,206 0,235

0,90%

1910

15,2

0,73

0,45

0,220

53

0,60

0,40

0,35

0,155 0,170

0,65%

1382

16,8

0,61

0,37

1,0

0,270

22

0,60

0,40

0,35

0,078 0,082

0,31%

664

23,0

0,40

0,21

14,9

1,0

0,220

53

0,60

0,40

0,35

0,155 0,170

0,65%

1382

16,8

0,61

0,37

14,9

1,0

0,220

71

0,60

0,40

0,35

0,206 0,235

0,90%

1910

15,2

0,73

0,45

MEd/(dfcd) bfin

hfin

dfin

As

(l/d) 0

kc

c/fck

MEK,QP/MEd (l/d)0

[kNm]

A1-A2

107,5

0,65

15,3

1,0

0,200

A2-A3

80,8

0,65

15,3

1,0

A3-A4

62,0

0,67

15,6

A4-A5

80,8

0,65

A5-A6

107,5

0,65

mm

[m]

[m]

[m]

32

0,50

0,40

0,35

0,103 0,109

0,42%

739

20,0

0,47

0,31

0,200

24

0,50

0,40

0,35

0,077 0,081

0,31%

546

23,1

0,41

0,27

1,0

0,190

20

0,50

0,40

0,35

0,059 0,061

0,23%

415

27,0

0,34

0,23

15,3

1,0

0,200

24

0,50

0,40

0,35

0,077 0,081

0,31%

546

23,1

0,41

0,27

15,3

1,0

0,200

32

0,50

0,40

0,35

0,103 0,109

0,42%

739

20,0

0,47

0,31

mm

Green light everywhere


If (l/d)0 is not verified: take account of steel in compression

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Conclusions

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Simple method (one table), consistent and coherent


driving engineers to comprehensive evaluation of
section geometry by proper choice of SLU design
parameters while taking into account relevant SLS.
No wasted time, no trial and error approach.
Easy to be implemented in spreadsheets and
computer programs.

23

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

24

Conceptual design Beams


Thanks for your attention!

Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

EC2 worked example


Conceptual design
Columns
Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

EUROCODE 2

Column B2 tributary area by Auto-ca, for Autocad

Background and Applications


Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

www.auto-ca.it

Objective: define column area and (minimum) size

EUROCODE 2

Global 2nd order effects

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

EC2.5.8.3.3 In buildings with sufficiente torsional stiffness


(defined later) 2nd order global effects may be ignored if :
FV,Ed

ns
k1
ns +1,6

cdIc

L2

ns = number of (real of equivalent) storeys free of moving


FV,ed = total weight of these storeys, increasing of the same
amount per storey : FV,ed ns As (1,3G+1,5Qk)
K1 = 0,31(cracked) 0,62 (uncracked) sections at ULS
Ic = inertia of bracing members (uncracked concrete section)
Ecd = Ecm/1,20 elasticity modulus of (vertical) bracing elements

EUROCODE 2 Global second effects design formula


Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

3,87
(1,3 G + 1,5 Qk )A s ( ns + 1,6 ) L2
Ecm
3,87 = 1,20/0,31; if uncracked, use 3,87/2 = 1,94
Units:
L [m]
As [m2]
Ic [m4]
G, Qk [kN/m2 ] Ecm [kN/m2 ] = 103 Ecm [N/mm2]
Ic

Example : flat slab h = 0,24 cm


ns = 6 L = 19 m As = 30x 14,25 = 427,5 m2
G = 0,24x25+3,0+ 8x2x(30+14,25)/427,5=10,66 kN/m2
Q = (5x2+0x1,7)/6 = 1,66 kN/m2
snow 2= 0
Ecm (C30/37) = 33 x 106 kN/m2

Ic

3,87
2
4
(1,3x10,66
+1,5
x1.66
)
427,5
6+1,6
19
=2,25
m
(
)
33x106

1
(1,8x3,63 -1,6x3,23 )=2,62 > 2,25 m4 OK
12
2
Iy = (0,2x23 )+ 0,413=0,68 < 2,25 m4
NO
12

Ix =

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

(,) interaction diagram

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Single B2 column design

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

G1 = 0,24x25= 6 kN/m2 G2 = 3 kN/m2 (dwellings + office)


Qk = 3,0 (dwel); 4,0 (offi); 2,5 (park);1,7 (snow) kN/m2
NEd = 58,3x[1,35x(6x(6+3)+1x6))+1,50x(5x3+1x4+1x0,70x2,5+0x1,70)]=
= 58,3x[81,0+31,13] =6537 kN + self weight

Geometric imperfections and 2nd order have to be taken into


account; bending moments mainly due to horizontal actions
(wind) resisted by the bracing system
Nmax related to
min M: = 1 + = 1,10 assuming = 0,10 ( = n in EC2)
NEd
=
= 1,10
A c fcd

fcd = 20N/mm2

A c =6537 x103 /(1,10x20) x106 = 0,30 m2

EUROCODE 2

Columns 2nd order effects

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Column B2 - foundation level At = 58,3 m2


=

l0
imin

lim

lim = 20

ABC

NEd
=
A c fcd
A=

1
1 + 0,2EF

B = 1 + 2

C = 1,7

M01
M02

|M02| |M01|

EC2 Default values: A = 0,7 (EF = 2)


B = 1,1 ( = 0,1)
C = 0,7 for buildings with insufficient bracing elements

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Columns 2nd order effects

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Column B2 - foundation level At = 58,3 m2


0,71,1 0,7 10,8
lim = 20
=

Column (0,50x0,50) m

=1,10

lim =10,3

Ac = (0,50x0,50) = 0,25 < 0,30 m2

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Torsional rigidity

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Asymmetry of wind loading causes dangerous torsional


effects: torsional rigidity should always to be looked at.
EC8 rules to verify if the plane distribution of bracing
elements is correct (regularity in plan)
Horizonatal forces (wind, earthquake) resultant is
applied at a given point in (x,y) direction
The intersection of (x,y) directions identify the
conventional center of masses CM. In case of an
earthquake, CM is the centroid of masses.

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Torsional rigidity

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

EC2 Appendix I : shear walls simplified action distribution.

Horizontal forces transferred to cores by rigid plane behaviour.

10

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Lateral stiffness

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

Shear type

11

Bending type.

Interaction beetween frames, cores and walls


Columns in frames are retained by walls at lower
levesl and retain walls at upper levels

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Lateral stiffness

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

12

MMM - Modified Muto Model


(including shear flexibility)
Columns + beams subframe

in Ecm A
1
kx,y =
l
2

l
+ 2 int (1+)
y,x

ns
1
1
columns: =
; cores, walls: =
ns =n. storeys
12
3

3K1
1
4K1+ 3K2 + 3K3

EUROCODE 2

Lateral stiffness

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

13

LATERAL GLOBALSTIFFNESSES

K X = k xi
STIFNESSES CENTER

xCR =

k yi xi
Ky

K Y = k yi

k xi y i
y CR =
Kx

TORSIONAL STIFFNESS

KT = kyi (xi - xCR)2 + kxi (yi - yCR)2

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Lateral stiffness

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

e 0x = xCR - x CM

14

e 0y = y CR - y CM

Torsional radius

KT
rX =
Kx

KT
rY =
KY

EC8: the bracing system is torsionally rigid if:


e0X / rx 0,30

e0y / ry 0,30

EUROCODE 2

Ellypsis of stiffnesses

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

15

x y
x y
+ 2 = 2 + 2 =1
2
a b
rx ry
STIFFNESSES VARIATION AROUND CR

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Ellypsis of stiffnesses

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

16

CORES AND WALLS ONLY (PRIMARY ELEMENTS)

www.auto-ca.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Ellypsis of stiffnesses

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

17

CORES, WALLS AND COLUMNS (SECONDARY ELEMENTS)

www.auto-ca.it

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Conclusions

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

1. Column sizes and area easily identified


2. For global horizontal forces in x,y direction,
minimum shear wall area may be determined on
the basis of the variable truss method with truss
inclination of 45. (N,V) interaction should be
taken into account

3. The ellypsis of stifnesses allows the visual


control of spatial distribution of shear walls and
cores in plan and identifies critrical elements

18

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

The engineers tolbox

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

19

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

The engineers tolbox

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

20

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

The engineers tolbox

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

21

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

The engineers toolbox

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

22

EC based design software - commercial


COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE
Name
SCIA Engineer
FRILO
BetonExpress, Fedra..
STAAD
Dolmen Win
Fedra, Frame2D
PowerConnect/Frame
AxisVM
Midas
Robot
Straus 7
SOFiStik suite
1-2 Build, Diamonds
Advance
Matrixframe
Sap2000
Winstrand
SAM Bridge design
3muri
MatrixFrame
AmQuake
GSA Suite
Jasp
Tekla Structures
EC6design
GEO
RCCe11/21/41
RING
Stainless steel
Timbersizer

Eurocodes
SW House
Count. Lan 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nemetschek
D
Y
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Nemetschek
D
Y
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Runet
NO
Y
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bentley
USA/UK Y x
x
x
x
x
x
CDM Dolmen
IT
N
x
x
x
x
x
Runet
NO
Y
x
x
x
x
x
BuildSoft
BE
Y
x
x
x
x
x
AxisVM
H
Y
x
x
x
x
Midas
ROK
Y
x
x
x
x
Autodesk
USA
Y x
x
x
G + D Computing
AU/UK Y
x
x
x
x
SOFiStik
D
Y
x
x
x
x
BuildSoft
BE
Y
x
x
x
Graitec
UK
Y
x
x
x
Matrix Software
NL
Y
x
x
CSI
USA
Y
x
x
Enexsys
IT
Y
x
x
Bestech
UK
Y
x
x
x
S.T.A. Data
IT
Y
x
x
x
Matrix Software
NL
Y
x
x
AmQuake
CZ
Y
x
x
Oasys
UK
Y
x
x
IngegneriaNet
IT
N
x
x
Teckla
FIN
Y
x
x
DTI - Danish Techn. DK
Y
x
LimitState
UK
Y
x
Reinf. Con. Counc.
UK
Y
x
LimitState
UK
Y
x
Steel const. Inst.
GB
Y
x
Trada
GB
Y
x

9
x

x
x

Tot Ecs
8
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

Link
www.scia-online.com
www.frilo.com
www.runet-software.com
www.bentley.com
www.cdmdolmen.it
www.runet-software.com
www.buildsoft.eu
www.axisvm.eu
www.cspfea.net/midas_gen.html
usa.autodesk.com
www.strand7.com/
www.sofistik.com
www.buildsoft.eu
www.graitec.co.uk
www.matrix-software.com
www.csiberkeley.com/sap2000
www.enexsys.com
www.lrfdsoftware.com
www.3muri.com
www.matrix-software.com
www.amquake.eu
www.oasys-software.com
www.ingegnerianet.it
www.tekla.com
www.ec6design.com
www.limitstate.com
www.civl.port.ac.uk/rcc2000
www.limitstate.com
www.steel-stainless.org/software/
www.trada.co.uk

The engineers toolbox

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

23

EC based design software - free


SW House
Masterseries
Prof. P Gelfi
Freelem
IngegneriaNet
Tracon
APIS
ArcelorMittal
DTI - Danish Techn.
Reinf. Con. Counc.
The steel const. Inst.
Trada

Count. Lan 2
UK
Y x
IT
N
x
FR
N
IT
N
x
IT
x
x
UK
Y
x
L
Y
DK
Y
UK
y
x
GB
y
GB
y

3
x
x
x

Eurocodes
5 6 7
x

x
x
x

x
x
x
x

9 Tot
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Link
www.masterseries.co.uk
dicata.ing.unibs.it/gelfi
www.freelem.com
www.ingegnerianet.it
www.cdmdolmen.it
www.apiscalcs.com
www.arcelormittal.com/sections
www.ec6design.com
www.civl.port.ac.uk/rcc2000
www.steel-stainless.org/software
www.trada.co.uk

EUROCODE 2
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training Brussels, 20-21 October 2011 F: Biasioli G: Mancini Conceptual design

24

Conceptual design Columns


Thanks for your attention!

Francesco Biasioli
Giuseppe Mancini
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Politecnico di Torino Italy
e-mail: francesco.biasioli@polito.it

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