ShearWall IS13920 1993

Ductile Detailing of
RC Structures
:: IS:13920-1993
IS:13920
IS:13920-1993
The material contained in this lecture handout is a property of

Professors Durgesh C. Rai, Sudhir K. Jain and C.V.R.Murty of IIT Kanpur, and
is for the sole and exclusive use of the participants enrolled in the short course on
Seismic Design of RC Structures conducted at Ahmedabad during Nov 25-30,
2012. It is not to be sold, reproduced or generally distributed.
Short Course on Seismic Design of RC Structures

Durgesh C. Rai
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur
RC Building SYSTEMS
Three common lateral load resisting
systems in RC Buildings
Seismic
Seismic Behaviour
Behaviour of
of
RC
RC Shear
Shear Walls
Walls
Front Views
of Buildings
Top Views
of Buildings
Shear Wall
Moment Resistant Frame
Braced Frame
shear wall
SHEAR WALLS...
What is a Shear Wall?
RC Shear Wall Building

Shear Walls also called Structural Walls
Slab
Slab
Beam
Column
RC
Walls
Beam
Column
Vertical plate-like RC Walls

Generally starts at foundation
Goes through full building height
Plan
Foundation
RC
Shear
Wall
Foundation
RC
Shear
Wall
SHEAR WALLS...
SHEAR WALLS...
Principal attributes
Role of Shear Walls
Large Strength
High Stiffness
Ductility
Shear
Wall
Smooth transfer of seismic forces

Earthquake-generated
Vertically oriented
forces at floor levels
wide beams
Floor Slab
Shear wall can be detailed to have large ductility
F1
F3
Shear
Wall
RC Shear Wall
Building
F3
F2
F3
H
Strength
F3
F2
F1
RC Frame
Building
Deformability
F=F1+F2+F3
8
SHEAR WALLS...
Cumulative horizontal
force from above
increases downward
SHEAR WALLS...
Advantages of Shear Walls
Very good earthquake performance,

if properly designed
In past earthquakes
Easy to construct
Straight-forward reinforcement detailing
Easily implemented at site
Effective in
Large number of RC frame buildings damaged or

collapsed
Shear wall buildings performed very well
Reducing construction cost

Minimising earthquake damage to
Structural elements
Non-Structural elements
E.g., Glass Windows, Building Contents
We
Wecannot
cannotafford
affordto
tobuild
buildconcrete
concrete buildings
buildingsmeant
meant
to
toresist
resistsevere
severeearthquakes
earthquakeswithout
withoutshear
shearwalls
walls
::::Mark
MarkFintel,
Fintel,aanoted
notedearthquake
earthquakeengineer
engineerin
inUSA
USA
9
10
SHEAR WALLS...
SHEAR WALLS...
Current Use of Shear Walls
Lesser lateral displacement than frames

Lesser Damage to structural and non-structural
elements
small
11
Shear Wall
Popular choice in many earthquake prone countries

Chile, Canada, USA and New Zealand
In general, used in medium and high rise buildings

10 storeys and higher
large
Moment Resistant Frame
12
Architectural Aspects
Architectural Aspects...
If provided only in one direction, a proper

moment resisting frame must be provided
in the other direction.
Walls must be preferably in both directions

in plan
If provided only in one direction,
a proper moment resisting frame
must be provided in the other direction.
Frame
Frame
Shear
Wall
Shear
Wall
Frame
Frame
13
14
Shear wall can extend over the full width

of building, or even over partial width
Walls should be throughout the height

Cannot be interrupted in lower levels
RC Wall
Discontinuity of
wall not desirable
RC Wall of
partial width
15
RC Wall of
full width
RC Wall
Best Option:
Wall all through!!
16
Walls should be throughout the height
Walls should be along perimeter of building
Cannot be interrupted in upper levels
Improves resistance to twist
Shear walls along

perimeter
are more efficient
RC Wall
Discontinuity of
wall not desirable
RC Wall
Shear walls close to
center of building
are less efficient
Best Option:
Wall all through!!
17
18
Walls must be symmetrically placed in plan
Shear wall building should not be narrow

Earthquakes cause significant overturning effects
Special care is required in design of their foundations
Symmetry of building in
plan about one axis
Unsymmetric
location of
shear walls
not desirable
Shear Walls only

along one direction
of the building
Symmetry of building in
plan about both axes
Symmetric
location of
shear walls
desirable
Soil
19
Local failure
of soil
Soil
20
Seismic Behaviour
Openings in walls must be
Undesirable Modes of Failure
As few as possible
As small as possible
As symmetric as possible
RC Wall
Inclined
Crack
Large and randomly placed

openings not allowed
Overturning
Failure
Small and symmetrically

placed openings allowed
21
Sliding
Failure
Shear
Failure
22
Seismic Behaviour...
Behaviour...
Behaviour...
Undesirable Mode of Failure
Flexure
Compression
Failure
23
Horizontal
Slide
Vertical
Uplift
RC Wall
Desirable Mode of Failure
Horizontal
cracks and
yielding of
steel bars
Crushing
of
Concrete
Flexure
Tension
Failure
24
Behaviour...
Behaviour...
Shear demand is more in lower storeys

Earthquake-generated
forces at floor levels
Shear demand is more in lower storeys
Cumulative
horizontal force
from above
increases
downward
Building Height
Floor
Slab
Earthquake-induced
horizontal force
at floor levels
Shear
Wall
Total Horizontal
Force
Direct force flow
through the wall
26
Behaviour...
Seismic Design of RC Walls

Walls
Axial Force P
Shear Force V
Bending Moment M
Region of Ductile Detailing
(a) Formation of
horizontal cracks
M
V
Actions in Ductile
Response Region
(b) Yielding of
vertical steel bars
Compression
At each section along the height,

shear wall carries
Tension
25
Hw
Ductile Response
Region:
Larger of Lw and Hw /6,
but need not be more
than 2Lw
Lw
27
28

Walls

Walls
Possible Geometry of Walls
Possible Geometry of Walls
C-Shaped
Wall with more than two

columns built together
Flanged
Barbell-Shaped
L-Shaped
Hollow::
Walls around Elevators
Rectangular
29
30
Wall with two columns

built together

Walls

Walls
Primary Reinforcement in Walls

Maximum spacing
of vertical
reinforcement not
more than Lw/5, tw
or 450mm
Lapping of Vertical Reinforcement Bars

Staggering lapping of
adjacent vertical bars:
Minimum of 600mm
Maximum
spacing of
horizontal
reinforcement
not more than
L w/5, tw or
450mm
Proper anchoring
of vertical
reinforcement into
foundation
31
Hw
Region over which
lapping should be
avoided:
Larger of Lw and H w/6,
than 2Lw
Lw
32

Walls

Walls
Detailing of Vertical and Horizontal Bars
Closely spaced
confining
reinforcement in
boundary
elements
Confining Steel in Boundary Elements
Max. spacing
of horizontal
reinforcement
not more than
Lw/5, t w or
450mm
Confining
reinforcement in
boundary elements:
135 hooks, closely
spaced ties
Max. spacing of
vertical
reinforcement not
more than Lw/5, tw
or 450mm
Single curtain of reinforcement

Anchoring of wall reinforcement
in boundary element
tw
Lw
33
Two curtains of reinforcement
34

Walls

Walls
Confining Wall Concrete

Open-leg Ties
Curtains of Reinforcement
One
Two
Closed Loop Ties

Wall thickness
tw

Anchoring of ties around
both vertical and horizontal
wall reinforcement
35
Closed stirrups with

135 hook ends
Wall length Lw
36

Walls

Walls
Boundary Elements
Boundary Elements
without increased thickness
Boundary Elements
Boundary
Element
Tension
Compression
Boundary Elements
with increased thickness
Boundary
Element
Boundary
Boundary
Element
Element
Confining reinforcement in
boundary elements:
135 hooks, closely spaced ties
37
Anchoring of wall
reinforcement in
boundary element
38

Walls
Slender and Squat Walls

Walls
Seismic behaviour is controllable through

design
Influence of Boundary Elements on Strength

For same amount of concrete and steel
Strength of Section 2 > Strength of Section 1
Inclined
Crack
Horizontal
Slide
Vertical
Uplift
11
Overturning
Failure
Sliding
Failure
Shear
Failure
Boundary
Element
Horizontal
Cracks
22
Flexure
Failure
39
40
Coupled Shear Walls
Slender and Squat Walls

Walls
Effect of Axial Load on flexural strength
Size of opening
Just as in columns
Coupling
Beam
M
0
V
M
41
42
Coupled Shear Walls

Walls
Coupled Shear Walls

Walls
Coupling Beam
Coupling Beam
Span-to-depth ratio is small
Shear failure should not precede flexural yielding

Diagonal reinforcement more effective
Provide confinement throughout the beam
Good anchorage of main bars into walls on either side
Shear deformations are significant
Ends have large rotational and vertical displacement

Require very high ductility
43
44
9.1 General Requirements
Coupled Shear Walls

Walls
Coupling Beam
Diagonal and parallel reinforcement
9.1.2 Thickness 150 mm (preferably)

Thinner walls have a tendency to buckle out of plane
1.5 ld
1.5 ld
Wall thickness
1.5 ld
1.5 ld
45
Wall
Wallreinforcement
reinforcementnot
notshown
shown
Special confining
reinforcement spacing
> 100 mm centers
Wall length Lw
46
9.1 General Provisions...
9.1.3. Effective flange width,

beyond face of web, smaller of
9.1.4 Minimum reinforcement in walls

Vertical and horizontal direction 0.25% of gross area
Half distance to next wall web

1/10 of total wall height
47
tw
48
9.1.4 Minimum reinforcement in walls

Vertical
0.25%
0.25%of
of
Gross
GrossArea
Area
Horizontal
0.25%
0.25%of
of
Gross
GrossArea
Area
9.1.5 Two curtains of reinforcement, if

Factored shear stress > 0.25 fck ; or
Wall thickness > 200 mm
Two curtains reduce fragmentation and early
deterioration of concrete under cyclic response.
Both
Bothfaces
faces
together
together
49
50
9.1.5 Two curtains of reinforcement

9.1.6 Diameter of bars 1/10th wall thickness
v > 0.25 f ck , or
t w > 200 mm
tw
tw
db
Lw
Lw
51
52
9.1.7 Maximum reinforcement spacing

Vertical
Maximum
Maximumspacing
spacingofof
vertical
verticalreinforcement
reinforcement
not
more
than
not more than
LLw/5,
/5,twt oror450mm
450mm
9.1.7 Maximum reinforcement spacing

lw 5
3t w
450 mm
Horizontal
Maximum
Maximumspacing
spacingofof
vertical
verticalreinforcement
reinforcement
not
notmore
morethan
than
LLw/5,
/5,twt oror450mm
450mm
w
53
54
9.2 Shear Strength
55
9.2 Shear Strength...
56
9.2.1 to 9.2.5 provide same shear design

provisions as in IS:456IS:456-2000 for beams
v <c
c < v < c ,max
c ,max < v
9.2.6 Uniformly distributed vertical

reinforcement Horizontal reinforcement
calculated for shear
MinimumReinforcement
Design Reinforcement
Redesign Section
Particularly important for walls with height-to-width

ratio of 1.0 or less
W
H
57
58
9.3 Flexural Strength
9.3 Flexural Strength...
9.3.1 Flexural strength
9.3.1 Flexural strength similarly calculated

as for columns under axial loads (IS:456).
Can use Annex A equations for assessing

flexural strength under uniform distribution of
reinforcement
59
60
10
9.3.1 Flexural strength
c = 0.0035
Annex A
9.3.2 Cracked flexural strength >

Uncracked flexural strength
0.7
0.6
Avoid brittle behaviour
0.5
Pu
f ck th
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
61
Mu
f ck th 2
62
9.4 Boundary Elements
9.3.3 If no boundary elements

9.4 Boundary elements improve
Provide 4 bars of 12 mm diameter

In two layers at either end
Flexural strength
Shear strength
Ductility
Good to have more reinforcement near wall ends
Boundary
Boundary
Element
Element
63
64
9.4 Boundary Elements...
9.4.1 Boundary elements required

When extreme fiber compressive stress > 0.2fck
May discontinue boundary element
When extreme fiber compressive stress < 0.2fck
No
No
boundary
boundary
element
element
<0.2fck
Boundary
Boundary
element
element
>0.2fck
65
66
11
9.4.2 Boundary element to carry axial

Gravity load Pw (its own share proportional to area)
Vertical load Peq induced by EQ
Vertical force couple caused by EQ overturning
moment
67
Peq = (Mu-Muw)/C w
68
Example
Given
Axial Load P on
boundary element
Gravity
400 kN
Moment Mu on
entire wall
-
Seismic
50 kN
10,000 kNm
9.4.3 When gravity load adds to strength

Load factor is 0.8 (as against 1.2 or 1.5)
Example:
Let load factor be 1.2 for gravity.
Design factored axial force
Mu resisted by web = 6,000 kNm

Mub resisted by boundary elements
= 10,000 - 6,000 = 4,000 kNm
C/c distance of boundary element = 5 m
Axial force induced by 4,000 kNm moment =
69
4 , 000
= 800 kN
5
Compression: 1.2(400+50+800)=1,500kN
Tension: (0.8400)-(1.2 50)-(1.2 800)=-700kN
70
9.4.5 Confinement reinforcement required

throughout height of boundary element
9.4.4 Vertical reinforcement in boundary

element
0.8 % gross area of boundary element
6% (practically 4%)
Just like a column
71
72
12
9.4.5 Confinement reinforcement

9.4.6 If entire wall is confined, boundary
element not required.
Closely spaced
confining
reinforcement in
boundary
elements
Open-leg
Ties
Closed
Loop
Ties
Anchoring of ties around

both vertical and horizontal
wall reinforcement
73
Closed stirrups with

135 hook ends
74
9.5 Coupled Shear Walls
9.5 Coupled Shear Walls...
9.5.1 Coupling beams to be ductile

When shear stress in coupling beam exceeds given
value, entire seismic shear and flexure to be taken by
diagonal reinforcement (preferably).
75
76
1.5 ld
1.5 ld
77
Wall
Wallreinforcement
reinforcementnot
notshown
shown
Special confining
reinforcement spacing
> 100 mm centers
78
13
9.5.2 ...
9.5.2 Cu and Tu intersect at mid-span

Moment resisted at mid-span by diagonal bars is zero
Vu = 2Tu sin
Vu = 1.74 f y Asd sin

Vu
Asd =
1.74 f y sin
Tu = 0.87 f y Asd
Cu
Cu
Tu
Tu
Mu
Vu
Vu
Mu
Tu
Tu
Vu
Mu
Cu
Vu
Vu
Mu
Cu
79
Tu
Vu
Cu
Cu
Tu
80
9.5.3 Diagonal/horizontal bars
9.5.3 Diagonal/horizontal bars

Anchored in wall by 1.5Ldt
1.5 ld
1.5 ld
1.5 ld
1.5 ld
81
82
ACI 318 11: Coupling Beams
ACI 318 11: Diagonal/horizontal bars

Detailing option 1
Diagonal reinforcement effective
ln
<4
h
for
ln
<2
h
necessary to reinforced with two intersecting group of diagonally

placed bars
83
84
Confinement of individual diagonals
14

Detailing option 1
85
Detailing option 2
86
Full confinement of diagonally reinforced beam section
9.6 Openings in Walls

Detailing option 2
9.6.1 Shear strength to be checked along

planes passing through openings
Critical
CriticalSection
Section
87
88
9.6 Openings in Walls...
9.6 Openings in Walls...
9.6.2 Reinforcement at openings
Ldt
Replacement
Replacementsteel
steel
Interrupted
Interruptedbars
bars
9.6.2 Reinforcement interrupted by opening

to be provided along edges
Vertical edge reinforcement to extend full storey height
Horizontal edge reinforcement to have development
length in tension
89
90
15
9.7 Discontinuous Walls
9.7 Discontinuous Walls...
9.7 Special confinement reinforcement

RC Wall
Region over which special
confining reinforcement must
extend into the column above
Development length of
longitudinal bar in column
9.7 Special confinement reinforcement

required over full height of columns
supporting walls
Regular floor
Special confining reinforcement:

closely spaced transverse ties
throughout the short column
91
92
9.8 Construction Joints
9.8 Construction Joints...
9.8 Construction Joints
Vertical
Verticalbars
barsacross
across
construction
constructionjoint
joint
9.8 Minimum vertical reinforcement across

the construction joint
93
Construction
ConstructionJoint
Joint
94
9.9
Development, Splice & Anchorage Requirement
9.9 Development, Splice & Anchorage Req....
9.9.2 Splicing of vertical reinforcement to

be avoided in critical regions
Staggering lapping of
adjacent vertical bars:
Minimum of 600mm
Hw
Region over which
lapping should be
avoided:
Larger of Lw and H w/6,
than 2Lw
95
96
Lw
16
9.9.4 Welded splices and mechanical

connections as per IS:456.
9.9.3 Lateral tie requirements for lapped

spliced bars
97
98
Example
Example:
Example: RC
RC Shear
Shear
Wall
Wall Design
Design
Design a shear wall for a two-storey building as shown in

Figure. The materials are M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
The example shows design for load combination 1.2(DL +
LL +EL) only. In practice all other combinations should
also be considered. The unfactored forces in the panel
between the ground level and first floor are obtained by
analysis as
IITK GSDMA: Explanatory Examples for Ductile Detailing of RC Buildings
99
100
Example
Example
Example
Example
Factored bending moment on the section,
Mu = 1.2 (577.5 + 4830.9) = 6490 kNm
The maximum factored shear force,
Vu =1.2 (19.7 + 699.1) = 863 kN
Effective depth
de = 3380+(380/2)+(380/2) = 3760 mm
Shear stress, v =
Vu
= 0.998
d e tw
Let the minimum vertical reinforcement = 0.25% provided

in the web
101
102
17
Shear DESIGN
DESIGN
Shear DESIGN at opening

opening
As per Table 19 of IS: 456-2000, c = 0.36 N/mm2.

Shear carried by concrete,
Effective depth of wall on each side of opening

= (1090+380/2) = 1280 mm
Vuc = c de t = 311 kN
v =1.47 N/mm2
Shear to be resisted by horizontal reinforcement,

Vus = Vu - Vuc = (863 311) = 552 kN
Vus =
0.87 f y Ah de
Sv
Ah
= 0.41
Sv
Shear to be resisted by reinforcement on each side of

opening
Vus= 326 kN.
Provide 8 mm diameter 2-legged stirrups at 140 mm c/c on
each side of opening
Minimum horizontal reinforcement (0.25%) requires this

ratio to be 0.575
For tw > 200 mm, the reinforcement shall be in 2 layers
Provide horizontal reinf. of 8mm dia. bars at 175 mm c/c in
2 layers
103
104
Flexural Strength of web

web

web
Vertical reinf. in web is 0.25 percent

Lw = 4140 mm and tw = 230 mm
Axial compression will increase moment capacity of wall
Factored axial force
- Pu = 0.8 1922.9 +1.2 255.7 = 1845 kN
(1)
where
Assuming this axial load to be uniformly distributed,

load on web = 0.574 1845 = 1059 kN
The moment of resistance of a slender rectangular shear

wall section with uniformly distributed vertical reinf. can
be estimated as per IS 13920: 1993 (Annex A)
105
106

web

web
As xu /lw < xu*/lw ,

we get the value as:
= 0.056, = 0.045, xu /lw = 0.233,
(2)
xu*/lw = 0.660, and = 0.516
where
Moment of resistance of the web

Muv = 3296 kNm
Remaining moment will be resisted by reinf. in boundary
elements
(Mu- Muv) = (6490 - 3296) = 3194 kNm
Value of xu/ lw calculated from the quadratic equation
107
108
18
Boundary elements
elements
Boundary elements
elements
Due to combined axial load and bending, axial compression

at the extreme fibre = 6.81 N/mm2
Cl. 9.4.1
> 0.2fck Boundary elements are mandatory
Cl. 9.4.1
IS
IS 13920
13920
Center to center dist. b/w the boundary elements, Cw= 3760 mm
Axial force on the boundary element due to earthquake

loading
= (Mu-Muv)/Cw = 3194/3.76 = 849 kN
Assuming short column action

the axial load capacity of the boundary element with
min. reinf. of 0.8% = 2953 kN
Cl.
Cl. 9.4.4
9.4.4
IS
IS13920
13920
12 bars of 16 mm diameter will be adequate to take the

compression as well as tension
Also, provide special confining reinf. as per Cl. 9.4.5
Maximum factored compression on the boundary element

[849 + 0.213 1.2 (1922.9 + 255.7)] = 1406 kN
Factored tension on the boundary element,
[0.213 (0.8 1922.9 - 1.2 255.7) -849] = -587 kN
109
110
Reinforcement Around opening

opening
Reinforcement Details
Details
Opening size = 1200 mm by 1200 mm

Area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement in the web
(0.25%) that is interrupted by it is 690 mm2
Provide area of bars equal to the
respective interrupted bars
Cl.
Cl. 9.6.2
9.6.2
IS
IS13920
13920
Thus, one bar of 16 mm diameter should be provided per

layer of reinforcement on each side of the opening
The vertical bar should extend for the full storey height
The horizontal bar should be provided with development length
in tension beyond the sides of the opening
Cl.
Cl. 9.6.2
9.6.2
IS
IS13920
13920
111
112
Thank you
19

ShearWall IS13920 1993

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Ductile Detailing of

The material contained in this lecture handout is a property of

Short Course on Seismic Design of RC Structures

Moment Resistant Frame

What is a Shear Wall?

RC Shear Wall Building

Vertical plate-like RC Walls

Role of Shear Walls

Smooth transfer of seismic forces

Shear wall can be detailed to have large ductility

Advantages of Shear Walls

Advantages of Shear Walls

Very good earthquake performance,

Large number of RC frame buildings damaged or

Reducing construction cost

Advantages of Shear Walls

Current Use of Shear Walls

Lesser lateral displacement than frames

Popular choice in many earthquake prone countries

In general, used in medium and high rise buildings

Moment Resistant Frame

If provided only in one direction, a proper

Walls must be preferably in both directions

Shear wall can extend over the full width

Walls should be throughout the height

Walls should be throughout the height

Walls should be along perimeter of building

Cannot be interrupted in upper levels

Improves resistance to twist

Shear walls along

Walls must be symmetrically placed in plan

Shear wall building should not be narrow

Shear Walls only

Openings in walls must be

Undesirable Modes of Failure

Large and randomly placed

Small and symmetrically

Undesirable Mode of Failure

Desirable Mode of Failure

Shear demand is more in lower storeys

Shear demand is more in lower storeys

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Region of Ductile Detailing

At each section along the height,

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Possible Geometry of Walls

Possible Geometry of Walls

Wall with more than two

Wall with two columns

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Primary Reinforcement in Walls

Lapping of Vertical Reinforcement Bars

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Detailing of Vertical and Horizontal Bars

Confining Steel in Boundary Elements

Single curtain of reinforcement

Two curtains of reinforcement

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Seismic Design of RC Walls

Confining Wall Concrete

Closed Loop Ties