The roles of each component of the

membrane

1.
Phospholipid
- barrier to water (soluble
substances)
- double bond in its tails prevents
tight packing.
2.
Cholesterol
- maintains fluidity
- strengthens membrane
hydrophobic nature
3.
Protein
- transport water(soluble substances
across membrane)
- receptor for binding of hormones or
antibody
- act as enzyme at membrane
4.
Carbohydrate
- Adhesion with another cell
- Stabilises membrane by forming
hydrogen bonds with water

Passive transport
- No ATP is required
- follows concentration gradient
- no net movement at equilibrium
- affected by temperature.
a. Diffusion
- for gases and lipid soluble
substances
b. Facilitated diffusion
- Through protein channels for
specific small water soluble
substances
c. Osmosis
-For water depending on water
potential gradient.

Active Transport
1)
ATP is required to transport
hydrophilic substances against
concentration gradient.
2)
Carrier protein required for each
type of substance
3)
Factors increasing ATP production
increases the rate . E.g. oxygen
concentration
4)
Inhibitors of respiration decreases
the rate

5)
ATP is required to change the
shape of substance to cross
Bulk Transport

Bulk
Transpor
t
Endocytosis
(large/many
substances in)
Phagocyto
sis (solid
in)
Pinocytos
is (fluid
in)

Exocytosis(Lar
ge/many
substances
out)
cell
egestion
(solid out)
reverse
pinocestos
is
(secretion
out)

Concepts of
1. Water potential ()tendencyofwaterto
moveinoroutofthecellduetosolutes=zero
forpurewater
2. Waterpotentialofpurewateris0
3. Solutepotential(s)waterpotentialdueto
solutes=negativewhensolutesaddedtowater
4. Pressurepotential(p)pressureotherthan
atmosphereexertedonwater
Eg.Plantcellwall=positivewhenplantcell
becomesturgid.

Calculation of water potential of

plant cell in solution
1.= s + p
2. of plant cells changes that of
solution after some time of immersion
3.No net flow of water if immersed into
solution of the same
4.Gain of the water and p if immersed
in solution of higher
5. Loss of water and p if immersed in
solution of lower