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Geotechnical Engineering Chapter 3 Increase of Vertical Stress Type of Vertical Stresses Elastic Displacement
Geotechnical Engineering Chapter 3 Increase of Vertical Stress Type of Vertical Stresses Elastic Displacement
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 3: STRESS AND DISPLACEMENT
FIGURE 3.1: Surface stress (load) cause settlement (Pisa Tower, Italy)
FIGURE 3.2: Changes in stress caused distress to pavement and drainage (signs of settlement)
settlement
Therefore, theres necessity to estimate or predict settlement to ensure the functionality of the
structure is not affected.
STRESSES
SOURCES OF STRESS IN THE GROUND
GEOSTATIC STRESSES (BODY STRESSES)
are those that occur due to the weight of the soil above the point being
evaluated. Geostatic stresses are naturally present in the ground. Human
activities such as filling and excavation can cause them to change.
Are caused by gravity acting on the soil or rock vertical normal stress sig.
impact on eng behavior of soil and indirectly produces horizontal normal
stresses and shear stresses.
INDUCED STRESSES
External load (structural foundation, vehicles, tanks, stockpile etc)
These stresses can be the source of excessive settlement, shear failure and
other problems.
TYPE OF LOADING
Shape of external load:
1 . Point load on concentrated load applied from
column, wheel of machine, load called point load,
because it is effect in point.
POINT LOAD
Vertical
Horizontal
POINT LOAD
POINT LOAD
According to Figure 3.4,
Boussinesqs solution
for normal stresses at a
point A caused by the
point load P is given by:
(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
POINT LOAD
Note that Eqs 3.1 and 3.2 which are the expressions for horizontal normal
stresses, are dependent on Poissons ratio of the medium. However, the
relationship for the vertical normal stress, z, as given by Eq (3.3), is
independent of Poissons ratio. The relationship for z can be written in
the following form:
(3.4)
(3.5)
POINT LOAD
The variation of Il for
various value of r/z is
given in Table 3.1:
3m
1.5m
C
D
FIGURE 3.5
FIGURE 3.6
TABLE 3.3
FIGURE 3.7
TABLE 3.4
FIGURE 3.8
TABLE 3.5
FIGURE 3.9
SUPERPOSITION THEORY
FIGURE 3.11
Superposition Theory :To estimate the stress under foundation in the soil.
H
X
A
Stress at X= XECH-XEDGXFAH+XFBG
(a)
H
B
F
H
F
D
Stress at X=
XHAG+XFBG+XECH+XEDF
(b)
Stress at X= XGCE+XHDEXFAG-XHBF
(c)
*** to use superposition, all shape MUST share the point in question under
one of their corners.
FIGURE 3.12
EXERCISE 1
C
100kN/m2
E
Figure E1
EXERCISE 2
C
150kN/m2
H
E
Figure E2
EXERCISE 3
C
100kN/m2
H
E
Figure E3
Newmarks Chart
Based on Boussinesqs Theory
Vertical stress can be determined at any point below an area of any shape carrying a uniform
pressure, q.
Using tracing paper.
Figure 3.13
qB
s
(1 v 2 ) Is
E
Table 3.6
Shape
Flexible*
Circle
Rectangle
1.0
1.5
Rigid^
Centre
Corner
Average
1.00
0.64
0.85
0.79
1.122
0.561
0.946
0.82
1.358
0.679
1.148
1.06
2.0
1.532
0.766
1.300
1.20
3.0
1.783
0.892
1.527
1.42
4.0
1.964
0.982
1.694
1.58
5.0
2.105
1.052
1.826
1.70
10.0
2.540
1.270
2.246
2.10
100.0
4.010
2.005
3.693
3.47
In the case of sand, the value of E varies with confining pressure and
therefore will vary across width of the loaded area, being greater
under the centre of the area than the edges as in Figure 3.15 (b); the
contact pressure will again be uniform if the area is flexible.
(a) clay
(b) sand
Figure 3.15: settlement behaviour of flexible foundation
(a) clay
(b) sand
Figure 3.16: settlement behaviour of rigid foundation
01
Se =
ELASTIC SETTLEMENT
In predicting settlement, these factors must be taken
into account:
The magnitude of stresses applied,
The geometry of the plan area which is stressed,
The depth at which the stress is applied in relation to the
magnitude of the width of the stresses area as well as the
thickness of the compressible soil stratum,
The compressibility of the soil stratum, and
The rigidity of foundation element.
Exercise Chapter 3
Sem 1 2011/2012 T2 : Question 2
Sem 1 2011/2012 FE : Question 3
Sem 2 2012/2013 T1: Question 3
Sem 2 2011/2012 FE : Question 2