Slum Upgrading

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a global perspective
Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy

Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
List of content
Acknowledgements .....................................2 Decentralized sanitation solutions.....................26

Simple improved pit latrines........................27
Preface.........................................................3 Ventilated improved pits (vip)......................28
Pour-flush latrine..........................................28
Analysis - Defining the slum..........................5 Composting dry latrine.................................29
Locating the latrines.....................................30
The term “slum”...............................................5
Decentralized water solutions ...........................30
Where to find slums.............................................6
Instant microbiological purifier ...................31
Who is affected....................................................7
SQflex...........................................................31
What was the beginning of slums?......................8
Centralized toilet and water solutions...............32
Housing.............................................................9
Community-designed toilet blocks ..............32
Water and sanitation......................................11
Problems on administration and political level.
Describing the UN-HABITAT definition of “ad-
........................................................................35
equate housing”.............................................13
Designing a realistic building code ....................35
Fire precaution in the slum................................36
Discussion – Upgrading of today.................16
Using community contractors............................37
Housing construction......................................16
“Warm humid regions” and “dry hot regions” . 16 Review – Towards a better future...............39
Ventilation through roof construction...............17 Evaluating discussion......................................39
Using the wall and the floor for ventilation and
Building methods and materials........................39
light....................................................................18
Water and sanitation.........................................40
Improving building materials.............................19
Towards a better future for the slum dwellers42
Wood ...........................................................19
Economical solutions.........................................43
Adobe...........................................................20
Microfinance................................................43
Bricks by wastepaper....................................22
Technological and building method solutions...44
Plastic bottles as masonry............................23
The IKEA concept..........................................44
ecoBUILD......................................................23
Energy supply solutions.....................................46
Concrete.......................................................25
Educational solutions.........................................47
Water and sanitation......................................25
In general...........................................................25 Conclusion..................................................49
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Acknowledgements
1. Henriette Nobili Christiansen

2. Jørgen Eskemose
3. Kat
4. Fader
5. Ole
6. Kiran Sandhu
7. Mirona Motoc
Thank you so much.
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Preface
This dissertation will be a report describing how to upgrade slum areas, on a micro level, but in a
global perspective. Simple and basic ideas for how to improve or build housing, water and sanita-
tion for the poorest people all over the world. All written in a perspective of the overwhelming
urbanization and the about one billion people living in the slum.
The slum issue of today is a two folded issue, that pretty much divides itself at equator. The prob-
lematic of slum that occurs in the northern part of the world, are of a completely different state,
then the slum in southern countries. It is important to underline, that this dissertation only relates
to the slum on the southern globe.
The dissertation takes its beginning, at the UNhabitat defined, minimum requirements for dwell-
ings. These requirements defines the minimum standards that all homes or dwellings should
provide.
Based on the UNhabitat requirements and common building knowledge, deferent materials and
methods will be examined.
In the end the end, the examined materials and methods, will be evaluated and finally different
possible solutions to the problem will be sketched.
Question: How can we improve life of slum dwellers around the world with help from
already knowns methods and materials? And how can we make future improvements?
Troels vejby
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Anal
ysi
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Analysis - Defining the slum
The term “slum”
Defining the term slum has been done, various

times and in various ways. The areas called
“slums” are different all over the globe. The word
has different meanings depending on which coun-
try you go to. Sometimes the are called “slums”,
sometimes “informal settlements”, “favellas”,
“chanty towns”, “skid rows”, etc1.
Defined by the United Nations agency UN-habit-
at, the slum is, a “run-down area of a city charac-
terized by substandard housing and squalor and
Ill. 1:Slum in Rio de janairo.
lacking in tenure security”2.
The characteristics associated with slums vary from place to place. Slums are usually character-
ized by urban decay, high rates of poverty, and unemployment. They are commonly seen as
"breeding grounds" for social problems such as crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, high rates of
mental illness, and suicide. In the slums of the poor countries that this dissertation is about,
people exhibit high rates of disease due to unsan-
itary conditions, malnutrition, and lack of basic
health care. Low socio-economic status of its res-
idents is another common characteristic of slums.3
Although slums exist in both the developed and
the undeveloped world, there is a fundamental
Ill. 2:Slum in Mumbai
difference between them. Ishøj and Albertslund in
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum
2 http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/mdg2007.pdf
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Denmark are of course of a completely different standard than the poorest slum areas in Mumbai.
The fundamental difference between the “northern” and “the southern” slum is the great differ-
ence in income or the massive economicalal poverty and the great infrastructurure needs in the
third world.
Where to find slums
Ill. 3:30 biggest slums in the world. Source: Mike Davis: “Planet of the slums”
The worst kind of slums are to be found in South America, south of Sahara and South-east Asia.
Countries like India, Mexico and Nigeria have become known for there giant slum districts. Slums
also occurs on the northern hemisphere. China, Russia and Turkey house millions of slum dwellers,
although the conditions of these slums offer a higher standard, and therefore not to be classified
as poorly, as the slum on the southern hemisphere.
Number of slum dwellers by country Number of slum dwellers by region

China South Asia
India
East Asia
Brazil
Sub-sahara Africa
Nigeria
Pakistan Latin America
Bangladesh North & West Africa
Indonesia Europe & Central Asia

Iran
North America
Philippines
Turkey
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Ill. 4:Source: UNhabitat 2003 Ill. 5:Source: UNhabitat 2003
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Urbanization today seems to have exploded.4 In 2006, a tipping point was reached: more then
half of the worlds population was living in cities5. As a consequence cities like Mumbai, Sao Paulo,
and Lagos have reached the status of mega cities. Cities with more then 10 million inhabitants.
Massive cities are rising around the actual city cores, with millions of people, desperately trying
to make a living. They seek the cities, looking for a better life than the rural areas can provide. But
in the Third World the migration towards the city often many times has a completely different and
more crucial character. Dreams of working in a factory or behind a desk often become an illusion.
And instead of house, car and education it ends in poverty and unemployment. But still, it is a bet-
ter life then the rural life. In the city it's easier to make a living. Selling chewing gum, corrugated
iron sheets, or other accessories at street corners is often seen, but too often the city dream also
ends in prostitution, drugs and crime.
Who is affected
According to the UN, one billion people world-

People in the world at dif-
wide live in slums and the figure will likely grow to ferent poverty levels
2 billion by 20306, and often the numbers are un- Income per day
100%
derestimated7. That makes one of every six person
80%
in this world a slum dweller. The proportion of
60%
urban dwellers living in slums decreased from 47
40%
percent to 37 percent in the developing world
20%
between 1990 and 20058. However, due to rising
0%
population, the number of slum dwellers is rising. $1 $1.25 $1.45 $2 $2.5 $10
Since the fundamental problem of the slum cities Below Above
is the poverty, the overall description of slum Ill. 6:Source: The world bank; Poverty overview.
dwellers is poor people. In 2008 the World Bank defined the absolute poverty as an income less of
4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization
5 United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003

6 Unhabitat 2007: ”Slum Dwellers to double by 2030”
7 2005, UN millennium project. p.15
8 http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/mdg2007.pdf
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1.25 dollar a day per person, and moderate poverty when a person lives below 2 dollars a day9.
Other characteristics of the urban poor are a minimum educational level and a very young demo-
graphic distribution.10
What was the beginning of slums?
One can wonder why some local authorities and

city administration seem to do very little - or
choose to ignore the problems concerning slums
altogether. All cities with slums also have large
numbers of beggars, thieves and pavement dwell-
ers in the city center. People that make a living
from crime or street sale. The Danish artist Jørgen
Leth made a description from Haiti: “They (the
rich) solve the problem with devastated roads, by Ill. 7:The borderline between the very rich and the very poor,
have a great potential for conflicts.
buying hummers, huge hummers, for
themselves”11. This is how the leading class in Haiti solves the infrastructural problems of their
country: They buy themselves a better car. This is the ignorance the slum dwellers are left dealing
with. Mostly the city administrations have only cared about providing the most basic infrastruc-
ture, such as limited water supplies, or a little street light, enough infrastructure to keep people
from rioting. Sometimes the city administration has done nothing at all. Not just roads, water,
electricity, but also security is a matter for the inhabitants. This has left the space open for gangs
and clan leaders. Several times it has come to great clashes between military police and gangs in
the slums around Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The gangs have been growing through their power
bases in the unstable slum.
The ignorance has left the inhabitants of the slums with a great feeling of alienation. For in-
stance, they are often left with a lack of the most basic attribute of citizenship, the street ad-
9 The world bank: “poverty overview”
11 ”Esman og Leth”, www.dr.dk/Podcast/A-G.htm
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dress12. This does not make people feel like they belong and therefore does not inspire a common
responsibility for the area. In areas with no building codes, no regulations and no cadastral num-
ber, you can not own anything and there will be no legal consequences if somebody harms or
takes your property.
Even if the city helped solve the deficiencies of the urban poor, it would be dealing with a rather
difficult group. People with very little education and, after often two or three generations in the
highly dense slum, a strong sense of group mentality. Convincing these people to move to better
standards is hard. Clean and open spaces often creates a feeling of xenophobia, because the
dense, dirty areas are such a great part of there life. Further more it would require massive invest-
ments.
Housing
Slum dwellers in countries like Mozambique have

during the last 20 years made a great leap in
terms of improving their housing standards.13 The
move from thin straw walls, to concrete masonry,
changed many things: structure, durability, private
security and removed the constant fear of fire.
African slum shelters are often alike. Not be-
cause of common family or social structures, but
because building materials are very similar. A typ-
ical African slum dwelling is about 40 m2 and is
often used by the whole greater family. In the
case of Maputo, Mozambique, the houses are of-
ten divided into rooms of 6 m2 and the average
family size is about 5. Leaving less then a couple
Ill. 8:Plan and section of a typical slum dwelling in mozam-

12 United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003 bique.
13 Source: Jørgen Eskemose
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of square meters per person14. Sometimes with a dividing pathway and constructed with a mono,
one direction, pitched roof.
The most common wall construction is created
from a 150mm concrete brick(Ill. 9), for external
walls, and 100mm concrete brick for internal.15
The bricks are made of factory-produced cement
and gravel or sand, found locally, for aggregate.
The concrete bricks are flexible in the building
process and easily produced on the site. The fact-
ory produced cement requires a demanding and
Ill. 9:Concretebricks are vastly used as a building material.
costly preliminary work. Besides it has a signific- Photo: Eskemose
ant negative environmental impact. As mentioned. it provides the dweller with security, structure,
durability and prevents against fire. The concrete block has, because of its density, a rather high
heat absorption. The bricks are connected with mortar.
Alternatively the walls can be created from the same iron
sheets as used for roof construction, wooden boards or from
random waste. Also burned clay blocks and other masonry
materials can be used. Choice depends on local materials, tra-
ditions and income.
The external walls are often left without any openings. If
Ill. 10:Concrete bricks are to be constructed
on site. Photo: Eskemose
there are openings, they are protected with bars. Glass are
rarely seen because of security related issues. The only opening is the door. An expensive but se-
cure door that when closed leaves the inside pitch dark. In general inhabitants in these buildings
do not care about the darkness. Protecting oneself against burglary and other crime has first pri-
ority16.
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It's not only the light, but also the indoor climate, that has
second priority. In many places, all around the world, the roof
is almost always one layer of a corrugated iron sheet. The
length of the sheet determines the width of the house. The
sheets is very cheap, easy to produce and sold on every street
corner in the slum cities. Sometimes it is supported with
Ill. 11:Concrete bricks in constructions.
lathes, sometimes it is left with stones on top to keep it in
place (Ill. 12).
The metal has a negative impact on the indoor
climate. It conducts the heat, when it should pro-
tect against it. Underneath the roof, temperature
can reach 60°C in the middle of the day17. Often
no space or openings are left open for ventilation.
The heat, combined with indoor cooking, over-
crowded sleeping facilities and no ventilation, cre-
Ill. 12:Corrugated iron sheets holded down by stones and
ates a great potential for infections to be spread. cartires. Also wall construction executed in corrugated iron
sheets. Photo from Soweto, Johannesburg.
Water and sanitation
Travelling through India by train gives a great im-

pression of the dimension of the problem. For
lack of better sanitation facilities people often use
the “no man's land” along the rail tracks for toilet
purposes.
The level of sanitation is different from com-
munity to community. Often it depends on the
local community leaders engagement, local initiat- Ill. 13:Mumbai. The no-mans land between tracks and hous-
ing are often used as toilets. Photo from Mumbai.
ives or a NGO´s local assistance. Hardly never
does the the toilet facilities do not connect to the official sewer system. Sometimes, in a few inter-
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esting cases, “islands” of toilet blocks have been executed for common use. In those cases, con-
nection to municipality sewer line, has often been executed.
As already mentioned, water is almost always in-
accessible for the poor. In most cases the water
facilities are located far from where they are
needed. Sometimes water are only available few
hours a day. This forces people, mostly women, to
spend hours daily to bring water. Time that would
have been much better spend with their families
or at jobs.
In many cases there is no clean water. The wells
can be poisoned or polluted or simple dried out
because of low ground water. If the water supply
Ill. 14:A hole in the ground used for toilet purpose. Photo
is connected to the local sewer line, the piping from Mumbai.
can be poor or the quality of the water bad. In cases of inaccessible water supplies, people have to
cope with surface water only.
Without clean water and descent toilet facilities,
diseases, bacteria and viruses can spread easily,
especially in hot areas. Often there is only little
awareness of basic hygiene. Simple hand washing
would make a giant leap in terms of improving hy-
giene.
It is estimated that 2.5 billion people live without
proper water or sanitation in the world18. Ill. 15:Women queuing to get water at a well. Photo:
Eskemose.
18 http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_48818.html
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Describing the UN-HABITAT definition of “adequate housing”
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN–HABITAT) is the United nations agency
for human settlements. Its mandate is to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns
and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.
As a part of the UN defined “millennium development goals”, the UN-Habitat is working to
“halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation19” and “have achieved, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least
100 million slum dwellers”20.
Central for the UN-HABITAT is characterizing the personal relation to adequate housing as a
“right”. This element has been adopted by all UN members in the habitat agenda. The agenda
defines “adequate shelter” as “more then just a roof over one´s head. Adequate shelter also
means adequate privacy, adequate space, physical accessibility, adequate security, security of ten-
ure, structural stability and durability, adequate lightning, heating and ventilation; adequate basic
infrastructure, such as water supply, sanitation and waste management facilities, sustainable en-
vironmental quality and health- related factors and adequate and accessible location with regard
to work and basic facilities; all of which should be available at an affordable cost.”21
Since this dissertation is about issues relevant for constructing architecture, the following terms
will be fundamental for the assignment:
1. “adequate security”,
2. “structural stability and durability”,
3. “adequate lightning”,
4. “heating and ventilation”, and
5. “water supply and sanitation”,
. The terms “waste management” and “heating” carry less relevance. The professor at the
Copenhagen school of architecture, Jørgen Eskemose, has experience in working with upgrading
21 United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003:
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slums over decades. According to him only a few per cent of the urban poor have problems with
heating, therefore heating is not a problem with dealing with. Neither are waste management.
Since people are poor they do not produce very much waste, and what they produce they reuse.
The term “security of tenure” is, in my perception too peripheral for a constructing architect, to
deal with. Fundamental for all terms is the term “affordability”, second the term sustainability.
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Discussion – Upgrading of today
Housing construction
“Warm humid regions” and “dry hot regions”
Establishing a decent lightning and indoor climate in the slum, without compromising security is
possible. Doing the same with a small, relative increase in expenses and no help from electrical
suppliers is a little harder, but feasible. Sometimes it does not even mean an increase in money,
but is only a matter of understanding basic building physics.
Slum areas are all different geographically and vary all in their climate. Generally speaking, slum
areas can be divided into two categories: hot dry regions and warm humid regions 22. The principal
elements that should be taken into consideration when examining an area, are: solar radiation, air
temperature, relatively humidity, rainfall and wind.
Hot dry regions: Defined by very hot days and a remarkable decrease in temperature during
night. The basic aim for the building is to protect against the solar radiation and heat transfer dur-
ing the day. The building should, if possible, store the heat, to release it during night.
Warm humid regions: Defined by a high humidity and high temperature during night and day. As
a consequence, the building can not cool down during night. The aim is in this part of the world to
22 Development advisory group aps. 1999
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reduce heat storage and improve air movement.

Since the slum mostly is emerging on the southern hemisphere, the highest amount of solar radi-
ation is towards north (compared to south as in Denmark).
Ventilation through roof construction
The strongest thermal impact will occur across the roof, as it receives the greatest amount of sol-
ar radiation and is the most difficult to protect. The easiest solution is a mono pitched composite
roof. The roof is executed with a ventilated cavity between ceiling and roof, and enough overlap
from external wall to end roof to protect against rain. Depending on geographical placement, a
overlap of 200 to 400mm should be enough. Various other solutions of a higher technological
standard are of course available. But it is important to stress that the complexity of many of these
solutions would be impossible or too costly to implement in areas such as these.
The direction of the roof pitch, should be
considered. To minimize the solar radiation
on the roof, the pitch should point towards
south. In some cases, where the roof are
well ventilated and the external walls are
constructed poor, the roof pitch can point
north.
In the warm humid areas, the roof con- Ill. 16:Ventilation in hot dry areas. The composite roof and the walls
are integrated in a overall ventilation system.
struction should first of all protect against
the sun. But also ventilate and create a
proper air movement inside the house. By
using a air penetrable material, such as per-
forated plywood in the ceiling the compos-
ite roof can play a greater role in a total
housing ventilation. A cheap version would
be using fabric or perforated plastic instead
Ill. 17:Ventilation in hot dry areas. The ventilation in the composite
roof and the walls are separated.
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of plywood. This has some of the same qualities,

although it can be argued that it has a larger life
cycle cost.
In the hot dry areas the composite roof can be a
solution as well. But since it gets cold during
night, it will be necessary to limit the heat loss. By
using ordinary plywood (not perforated), the roof
can be constantly ventilated. But it will not be in- Ill. 18:Pvc pipe, max 120mm, used for light and air tunnels.
tegrated in a overall ventilation and will therefore

help limit the heat loss during night.
If wooden boards are not available, two layers of corrugated iron sheets can also create a com-
posite roof. If all these solutions are too expensive. Small ventilation shafts, or air tunnels, can be
created in the top of the wall.
Alternatively roofing can be executed in the
same material as the external wall. Ancient
Middle East building methods prescribe a roof
constructions, done with a rounded or curved
shape. By using the rounded shape, the solar ra-
diator decreases to a minimum. Since the roof
construction are executed in materials of a high
density, the absorbency and heat storage in- Ill. 19:Rounded roofing constructing minimize the solar radi-
ation. Adobe construction.
creases. This technique requires a rather de-
veloped know-how, but, if using cheap basic materials, not more expensive then the metal boards.
If using clay, the rounded roof sets high requirements to the surfaces treatment, to protect against
rain and wind (see the adobe chapter)23.
Using the wall and the floor for ventilation and light
Using the composite roof system, as part of a total housing ventilation, requires other entrances
23 Byggeriets udviklingsråd. 1993
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for the incoming air. These holes could also be used for the incoming light. The holes have to be
constructed so, that thieves, including kids, and insects can not enter. By using PVC or concrete
pipes, diameter 120mm or smaller with insect screens, the light and air can enter through the tun-
nels. The majority of ventilation shafts should be placed in southern façade, were the impact of
the sun is lowest. To optimize the ventilation, the shafts they should be placed as low as possible.
The lower the shafts get, the colder the air are and the longer the air has to travel to get out. The
opposite goes for the lightning canals. The higher they are placed the more useful are the incom-
ing light. By using relatively long pipes the direct sun will be excluded and the indirect light can
enter.
A combination of very low and very high placed tunnels are therefore recommended. The low for
the incoming air and the top ones for light and outgoing air(Ill. 16).
Improving building materials
Most housing is made of concrete bricks masonry in slum-cities today. It is a popular building ma-
terial popular because; they the easy to use for inexperienced house-builders, they are produced
locally, and they provide both security and structural stability to the dwelling. But it is neither
cheap or sustainable.
Finding an alternative to the concrete bricks is big challenge. First of all criteria for a successful
material is needed. A successfully material should be: affordable, sustainable, flexible and provide
security and structural stability.
Wood
Wood is properly one of the best materials to

build from. But it can also be one of the worst.
Great because it is sustainable. Bad because it can
result in deforestation and expanding of the
desert.
The best scenario would be using wood from
areas where new trees are planted, when others Ill. 20:Ill. 17:The south american organisation "Un techo
para pais" making house of wood. Photo: “Un techo para mi
are fell. Trees that gowns fast and straight, simil- pais”
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arly to our pine trees. This could create a building industry that is CO2 neutral and secure a lot of
jobs. Especially in counties like Brazil, where logistics based on illegal logging, that threatens the
existence of the rainforest. A restructuring of the forest industry in this area could prove very pos-
itive.
If no such structure is in place, and the trans-
portation and cutting up of the wood requires
massive amount of preliminary work, then it is a
very bad building material.
Successful projects have been carried out with
wood. The South American organisation “Un
techo para mi pais” (“A roof for my country”) have
executed no less then 42.000 transitional houses
in 15 South American counties. The transitional Ill. 21:Housing construction in wood. Photo:”Un techo para
mi pais”
houses are made of wood and are designed to be
low-cost, easy to construct and mobile. A typical house is 18 m2 (6x3) in size and costs approxim-
ately US $1,500, of which the beneficiary family contributes 10 percent. It is built in two days by a
team of eight to ten volunteers working alongside the beneficiary family24.
Adobe
Using sunburned clay for building material is a

ancient method. Recently the tradition was widely
spread all over the world, and are still used in
some parts.
In Denmark it was used to half timbered houses
until the second world war. The Danish production
of burned clay bricks are somehow similar to the
adobe methods. Instead of using the sun for dry-
ing, the clay would be burnt in a kiln. This makes
Ill. 22:Industrialized adobe production. Photo: eartharchitec-
ture.org
24 http://www.untechoparamipais.org/
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the brick more durable, but it is also a more costly method than using the sun for drying.
Because the clay is very easy to get hold of, It is a
very easy basic material to get hold of. To use it as
a building material, one only need low technology
methods. This can open up for varies local suppli-
ers and can create small, new industries. The
abode bricks are shaped to a small square and left
to dry in the sun. It can also be shaped in the
hand and build while it still carries vapour, but
Ill. 23:Multible adobeconstructions in yemen.
then the construction will scrimp while drying.
To improve the durability and the structure, straw or other fibres can be added before drying.
The mix should carry at least 15-25 per cent of clay and straw around 20-30 per cent, in pieces of
maximum 5cm. Other materials, such as concrete or bitumen can be added to create a more flex-
ible or durable stone25.
Clay can be used in multiple storey buildings and is therefore usable in denser cities too. A great
example of this what have been build in Yemen26.
Ill. 24:Adobeconstruction in Brazil.
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To prevent that the clay get washed away by the rain, a surface mixture cover by lime and sand or
lime, cement and sand, depending on the durability, can be added. Like we know it from plaster.
Afterwards lime, combined with various colours, can be used as a very beautiful and very cheap
paint. This could add a charm to the often depressing neighbourhoods.
Although the adobe technology have been used since the ancient time, the general know-how in
this area is not that great. But often people would only have to look a few generations back to re-
trieve the traditions. This could make the technology easy to re-implement.
Bricks by wastepaper
Various projects have been carried out by using

waste paper as aggregate in cement bricks. Laid as
normal concrete bricks, they have proved capable
for one storey housing constructions, what most
slum cities are build in.
They can solve the problems of getting rid of pa-
per waste. But as they still are cement based, they
are expensive and not a sustainable solution.
According to fastening of windows and doors,
Ill. 25:Brick by wastepaper. Photo: Mads Kristiansen.
they have the same properties as concrete, as
they are to be screwed in. Ventilation and light tunnels are integrated similar as in concrete
blocks27.
In cases where alternatives is not reachable and paper waste is overwhelming, this could be a
possible method. But in most cases poor people do not produce very much paper waste or any
waste at all28.
28 Kristiansen. 2009
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Plastic bottles as masonry
The “United Bottle” project by Instant Architects

solve a two folded demand in emergency situ-
ations. The demand of water and shelter. The wa-
ter bottle is designed so that it, after being emp-
tied for water, can be filled with gravel or sand
and used as a brick for walls and roofs. Since the
bottle construction does not create a waterproof
roof, a plastic tarpaulin must be tightened up on
the roof construction.
There have been no real experiments with the
“United bottle”. So weather the plastic can resist
the impact of the sun is not known. Also there is
Ill. 26:Housing construction from United bottle. Photo:
no solution for how to fasten doors; screws does United Bottle.
not seem like an option. Since the construction are not windproof, it will be self ventilating29.
Neither does flooring or foundation seem to have a prober solution.
It does not seem like the United bottle projects can be a solution to scale.
ecoBUILD
The South African architectural office MMA won

the “curry stone foundation prize” 2008, with
their interpretation of the ecoBUILD system. The
assignment was to built low income housing in
the dimension 10x10 meters. The ecoBUILD sys-
tem, are created from sandbags, executed in a
aluminium and timber frame construction30.
The building system begins with conventional Ill. 27:Sandbags create the filling and aluminium the super-
structure in ecoBUILD. Photo: ecoBUILD..
29 http://www.united-bottle.org/
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concrete footings and foundation brickwork, or with sand bagged footings depending on local to-
pography and founding material. The floor may be conventional concrete, or sand bagged with
screed over, or timber floor boards on timber joists.
The superstructure is built in a timber frame con-
struction and consists of vertical beams approxim-
ately one meter apart to form the stud work with
sand bags roughly 300x200x100mm packed neatly
in between. The external and internal wall sur-
faces are clad with plaster or planks laid ship-lap.
The completed wall system, providing acoustic
and thermal insulation, wind and impact resist-
ance. Window and door frames are incorporated
as in conventional timber frame building, and the
roof construction may be of beams and rafters or
trusses supporting sheeting or tiles. According to
the suppliers directions, the wall are both fire res-
istant (dos not say how much) and bullet proof31. Ill. 28:Vertacal section of the ecoBUILD structure. Drawing:
ecoBUILD.
Construction can take place at locations to which
road access or electricity is not provided, only
minimal amounts of water and cement are re-
quired. 1500 bags fit into the boot of a small car
and weigh only a few kilograms(Ill. 29). This is the
equivalent of 3000 bricks over the same area in a
cavity wall32.
The only "wet" trade required is the plasterer.
The plaster adheres easily to the sandbags and
Ill. 29:Bags can easily be transported to site site. Photo: eco-
chicken wire that covers the walls. The ecobags BUILD.
30 http://www.ecobuildtechnologies.com/products.htm#bag
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are made wet before the plastering process. The wet bags behind the plaster enable the plaster-
work to "cure" instead of merely drying, as it does in standard construction. The end result is a
very hard and reinforced cement finish.
Concrete
Today concrete are properly the the most popu-

lar building material in the western world. It has
great structural and flexible qualities. But when it
comes to using concrete as building material in
the slum it has no future. Neither in situ or pre-
fabricated elements. The concrete in itself has the
same weaknesses as the concrete blocks used
today. The cements requires to much preliminary
work and is far from sustainable. Besides the rein- Ill. 30:Concrete works great in the western world industrial-
ized building systems. But would have difficulties with imple-
mentation in the slum.
forcement steel also makes it very expensive.
In general
The best option is of cause to create real sewage

systems and then toilet facilities for all people in
all houses. But this is utopical. It is to expensive,
not to talk about political and logistic difficulties.
Therefore we have to deal with alternatives.
There are varies. From very cheap and easy ones
to more expensive and more requiring ones. Ill. 31:The nutrient circle.
For both water and sanitation the primary goal is
to limit the spread of diseases, bacteria and viruses. Flies, are not just ridicules annoying, they are
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a great generator for the spread of infections. In order to attain all health benefits, technical solu-
tions are not enough. Sanitation and hygiene education, primary washing hands, is also needed.
Secondary, but still important, privacy and odour should be considered. The lack of water has a
great impact on the average day. Often people, especially women, have to walk for hour, seeking
water. Minimum requirements for a person is 50L a day33.
The most seen solution is to dig a great hole and leave the excrement and urine to the ground.
Depending on the existing culture, income and building possibilities, there are several alternative
technical solutions for treatment of human urine and excrements. The potential of the excreta
should therefore be thought through and not just considered as waste(Ill. 31). Most of these solu-
tions, when properly planned, built, used and maintained, ensure safe and adequate sanitation
and provide significant health benefits.
Sanitation methods should be chosen to motivate users for usage and maintenance of the facilit-
ies. To meet the needs of users, participation from the users side in sanitation planning is very im-
portant. Sanitation solutions dictated by outsiders are usually not long-lasting and in the long run
inappropriate solutions culturally will not be used by the local population34.
Decentralized sanitation solutions
In less organized areas, very poor areas or areas with hard accessible terrain it might be a good
idea to lay the responsibility for the sanitation on the individual level. On-site solutions, ecological
sanitation where the excreta is dealt with on the site, in various latrine types, works great in areas
where the water supply does not cover the recommended needs. The installations does not, in
must cases, require water installations, and It does not necessitate much space and it can be util-
ized very well in high density populated areas.
33 S. Huuhtanen and A. Laukkanen. 2006
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Simple improved pit latrines
Pit latrines is, the most common and the simplest

way to carry out a sanitation solution. It is a pit
dug into the ground, from where the liquids ab-
sorbs to the ground. At least a two meter deep
hole and about one meter in diameter, construc-
ted of concrete bricks, clay or equivalent. Depend-
ing on soil hardness and quality. The pit is covered
with a slab of wood or concrete, laying of the
ground. A hole, fitting a lid, is made for both solid
excrement and urine drops to the pit. The shelter,
what is only for privacy reasons, should be con-
structed of secondary materials and will be taken
down, or moved, when the pit is full. Afterwards a Ill. 32:Simple improved pit latrine. Drawing: S. Huuhtanen
and A. Laukkanen. 2006
new will be dug or the old emptied and reused.
The latrine type has a high amount of flies and
odour problems, but is very cheap and dos not re-
quire a lot of know-how.
When establishing a new latrine construction,
one should always have in mind, that a minimum
of two meters should be kept to the ground water,
because of the construction stability and for not
poisoning the water resources. In many cases the
water simply comes from a local well35.
Ventilated improved pits (vip)
The vip (Ill. 23) is a development of the pit lat-

rine. The deference between them, is a ventila- Ill. 33:Ventilated pit latrine. rawing: S. Huuhtanen and A.
Laukkanen. 2006
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tions shaft of minimum 100mm, that keeps the shelter odurless and, more or less, free of flies.
The ventilation pipe should at least be half a meter above the roof to ensure prober air move-
ment. On top of the ventilation shaft is a fly screen to prevent flies from enter. The actual latrine
should be painted a dark colour to direct to flies towards the light of the ventilation tunnel, where
they eventually will die with the time36.
Pour-flush latrine
The pour-flush latrine is also a development of

the pit latrine (Ill. 33). But were one dump the
feaces directly to a pit, what leaves the connec-
tion between pit and shelter open, the pour-flush
latrine break off the connection. This prevents
flies and odour from entering, but also makes it a
little more expensive and requires a higher level
of know-how. A couples of litres of waters are
used for flushing the toilet every time after use,
this requires a reliable and constant water supply.
Pour-flush latrine can be used if the ground is per-
meable and the climate does not alter the water
seal to freeze37.
Ill. 34:Pour-flush latrine (expanded). rawing: S. Huuhtanen
Like the pit latrine, a latrine must often are used and A. Laukkanen. 2006
till its full, and then a new is dug. However a ex-

panded version can be done, that makes it possible to empty it, and there a more permanent
solution (Ill. 35). This has some great advantages. The excreta can be used as fertilizer for the
ground and it makes it meaningful to invest properly in a comfortable shelter. But also it sets high
requirements for the infrastructure: a piece of ground to fertilize, accessible roads for a suction
truck, that frequently can empty the pit, what is more then most slum area can fore fill.
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Composting dry latrine
The “composite dry latrine” are built on the

ground, what therefore makes it possible to use it
in areas, where the ground water are close to the
surface, or where the excreta would be run-off to
the surface water. Efficient and safe use of the
composite dry latrine requires education for the
user and commitment in latrine handling and util-
ization of the composited material.
A base is constructed out of bricks, or other wa-
ter proof materials, divided into two parts. One
for the excrements and one for urine. The excre-
ment chamber are again divided, so that one
room can be used while the other are decompos-
ing, this might take up to a year. Decompressing
requires relatively dry excrements. Therefore dry Ill. 35:Composting dry latrine. Drawing: S. Huuhtanen and
A. Laukkanen. 2006
matter must be added after use. Urine can be collected in a pot or absorbed to the ground. Lat-
rine should be painted dark blue so it dos not attract the flies38.
The model is, as the pour-flush latrine, also based on the same concept of storing the excreta
and thereafter using it for fertilizing the ground. But since it only have to be emptied half of the
times that pour-flush has to, and provides far more usable material, it is a better but again more
expensive solution.
Locating the latrines
Depending on the latrine and how well they are performed, a latrine can be build both inside the
house, outside the house, in yards, etc, but especially with pit latrines, location and distance to it
surroundings, should be considered. For not poisoning the water, latrines should be located at
least 30 meters from wells, rivers and lakes, as low as possible, and no less then 2 meters above
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the peak of the ground water39.

The structure of the soil should influence the construction of the pit. If the soil is lose bricks or
masoned should be lined. Alternatively are prefabricated concrete rings, diameter 1.2 or 0.9m,
easy to use. When laying bricks one has to shore the soil from collapsing, but digging in the middle
of a concrete ring, it will be self shoring during its way down40.
Decentralized water solutions
In areas without a centralized water supply, sev-

eral smart inventions have been made to establish
a access to clean and not infected water. The gen-
eral problem of them is that they are to expensive
and only work with external support. They often
need the infrastructural or organizational powers
of a NGO or require a highly sophisticated level of
Ill. 36:Solar bottle. Photo: Solar bottle.
production machinery, that prevents them from
being locally produced.
Technical solutions should be so cheap to pro-
duce that, if they are not to be done by the locals,
a investor could make profit by producing them
and selling them. This is no easy conditions. But,
looking at ourself, technology have played such a
great part in the industrialized worlds evolution
from poor to rich. So why should it not be pos-
sible in the third world? Ill. 37:Lifestraw. Photo: Lifestraw.
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Instant microbiological purifier
Both the “life straw” and the “Solar bottle” have

won the honourable Index award41. They are both
able to purify infected water, by a microbiological
process, and make it drinkable. Both are only tem-
porary solutions. But they can give a brake from
the difficulties and therefore help to point the fo-
cus towards a permanent solution. The purifiers
are mobile units and easy to compress, what
makes them cheap and flexible in distribution.
Even though they are very cheap to produce they
still require a rather sophisticated production ma- Ill. 38:Lifestraw used as water purifier. Photo: Lifestraw.
chinery, what makes them hard to implement locally.
SQflex
The SQflex is series of of water pumps from the

worlds largest pump deliver, Grundfos. It can both
work with solar panels, wind technology, diesel
driven or battery driven. It is primary made for rur-
al areas and not urban dwellers. The highly ad-
vanced technique that leis behind the pump make
it, more or less, impossible to implement in the
slum. It is too expensive for a great majority of the
poor.
But what it lacks in present relevance, it has in fu-
Ill. 39:SQflex works on renewable energi. Photo: Grundfoss.
ture. It can perfectly supply larger communities
with water. Projects show that villages with up 1800 people easily can use the SQflex as they
primary water supply. The Sqflex can go down to down to 200m below ground and each pump can
41 http://www.indexaward.dk/
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deliver up till 70 m3/day42. So when the slum infrastructure, sooner or later improves, a group of
SQflex can provide clean, sustainable, water for the poor.
Centralized toilet and water solutions
Standing in line at a festival, waiting to make your turn, can be rather challenging expiries for
must people. Doing it everyday, for us, would be unbearable. But the sanitation facilities at
Roskilde festival would be luxury for many slum dwellers. The solution that most festivals uses,
with water and toilet facilities “islands”, can be both on- and off-site solutions. In the off-site solu-
tion a cloaking pipe are dug and connected from the municipalities sewage system to the sanita-
tion and water islands. In the off-site situation, the principal of the pour-flush latrine can be used
as a picture.
Community-designed toilet blocks
Three Indian organizations: SPARC, the National

Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) and Mahila Mil-
an begun a project that in 1998. What served over
half a million people in eight cities in India with
toilet facilities43. The organizations, representing
the slum dwellers, were frustrated about the city
administrations lack of interest for the inhabit-
ants. After spending a long time, convincing the
Ill. 40:Cummity toilet bloc. Designed by SPARC. Photo:
city administration, they received a economical SPARC.
support that made it possible to built a series of toilet blocks, connected to the municipality sewer
line. All with a caretaker and a pay-per-use system, that could first of all generate founds for main-
tenance. Further, hoping that people could see the connection between cost and maintenance, to
protect against future vandalism.
The success for the toilet blocks in India is more of a political victory then technical victory. But
again it underlines that in these cases, they go hand in hand. The city administration stepped back,
42 Annex
43 Burra, Patel and Kerr 1998. p. 11 l.3
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from the role as the overall employer. They focused on only setting the standards and deliver wa-
ter and electricity and left the design, the construction and maintenance to the NGOs and com-
munities. Instead of the “clients” or “supplicants”, they sew themselves as “partners”. The great
lack of corruption tell something about how far a project can reach, when trusting the local com-
munities. Clearing the communication through a weekly meeting “brought all stakeholders togeth-
er to review progress and identify problems”44, also helped the process.
An average toilet block contain 25 seats, five of
them for children, cost around 53 UK£(1999) and
can each be served by 50 person each a day.45 But
no toilet block are alike. In all projects local
people play a part in the process. Simply because
there are all experts in their local community.
The alliance of the three organizations de-
veloped innovations in their various project. Chil- Ill. 41:Interier of Indian toilet blocks. Photo: SPARC.
dren were often scared to use the municipality toilets, that was before. The latrine hole was to
big, they were afraid of falling, the toilets were dark and unhygienic and the bad queuing habits,
made them wait for long time to get in. Generally the toilets were working poor and people had
no pleasure using them. Following initiatives improved the standards remarkably:
• Bright and well ventilated buildings in the centre of the communities
• A larger water tank, that ensured enough water for hand washing and maintenance.
• Separating the entrances for men and women improved queuing habits, securing woman
and children access to toilets and improved they privacy.
• The pay-per-use system, the caretaker and gaps in the door, for cleaning purposes, and
pour-flush toilets improved the hygienic level.
• Toilet plumbing inside an enclosure, made exterior walls cheaper and made the building
look cleaner.
44 Burra, Patel and Kerr 1998. p. 20 l.21
45 Burra, Patel and Kerr 1998. p. 20, prices in 1998 prices.
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• Planning the building with back to back toilets, with a single central pipe and single inspec-
tion chamber, limited the service installations. Cost of latrine sanitation solutions
Ill. 42:Latrines in Indien toilets blocks. Photo: SPARC.
Below are shown the cost estimations for different sanitation solutions implementation, include
construction cost, variable cost (15 per cent) and utilization and maintenance cost. Prices around
the world are different and therefore it is important to underline, that this is just a estimation.
Sanitation solution Cost/per person US$, 2006

Purification of wastewater and after treatment of water 800
Sewerage system and wastewater treatment 450
Joining to sewerage system 300
Joining to sewerage system (use of local labour) 175
Water latrine connected to septic tank 160
Pour-flush pit latrine 70
VIP 65
Simple pit latrine 45
Improved local practice 10
Toilet blocks, per seat 56
Illustration 1:Source: Burra, Patel and Kerr 1998 and S. Huuhtanen and A. Laukkanen. 2006. Tran-
scription done from the UK costumer prices index and the currency between UK£ and US$, 2006.
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Problems on administration and political level.
Talking about issue on political and administration level, problems are visible as far the eye can
reach: Corruption, incompetence, ignorance, bureaucracy to name some. But with the optic of an
constructing architect we can limit the obstructions to three major issues:
• Design a realistic building code,
• Urban planing, according to fire precautions, and
• Using community contractors in when tendering.
Others problems may be important and prevent development in multiple cases but are to be
solved on other levels.
Designing a realistic building code
Building codes and regulations should be realistic, enforceable and reflective of community life-
styles and culture. Especially they should reflect the special needs of the poor in the slum accord-
ing to minimum plot size, incremental construction, and home based economic activities.
When upgrading slum, household are often demolished and people relocated far from their
workplaces, in order to live up to the high standards and regulations.
A major issue are the with of the roads. According to present standards, the with should be made
wider, regulated for health and fire related causes. People have now, often for generations, dealt
fine with the poor standards and therefore consider the regulations to be excessive. Low income
communities does not have that many cars and no big vehicles. The big roads serve only a little
purpose. Instead they can have a bad effect on the social life, because the roads often are used
for gatherings and children's play. Big roads and requirements of minimum plot sizes raises the
costs of the plots. This can make houses unaffordable for many poor. Often building codes and by-
laws prescribe, what we would call descent, standards for buildings. The requirements of materials
and constructions are often unreachable, and force the poor the violate the law. This again leads
to risks of demolishing, fines and further more bribing of the city administration. Building codes
should of cause prescribe requirements for materials, light, air etc. But instead of being a reason
to introduce improved housing methods, it can work with negative effect and keep dwellers from
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improving anything.
The building code should also aim for improving the security for tenure, what is a major question
for many poor people. If one does not have security of tenure one are risking to loose all invest-
ment if/when the authorities, companies etc. may want to use the land for other purposes e.g. up
market housing, roads, educational facilities and more.
Fire precaution in the slum
Today the limited amount of belongings and vast

use of cement and iron boards, makes the risk of
fire low. But future growth in wealth will also cre-
ate a raise in belongings and therefore raise the
risk of fire. Establishing new slum areas often hap-
pens very fast. External factors often make evic-
tion of city parts happen in “waves”. When a slum
is establishing, it is important to pay attention to
Ill. 43:The roskilde festival have decades of experiences with
creating belts for fire prevention, so the fire does fire prevention in camps.
not spread to much, if it starts. One should not expect help from the local fire department. If they
do, they move out slow. Experiences from creating the huge festivals can be vulnerable.
Inspiration to creating fire belts could wisely
come from music festival were “cities” are raised
in a matter of hours. More then 100.000 people
camp at the Roskilde festival. When people enter
it is important to strictly keep the fire belts. The
dividing belts are of a with of about 6m and the
squares of about 40x40m46. Controllers secure
that fire belt are kept very strict sometimes with
support from authorities until people have found Ill. 44:About 250.000 people at glastonbury festival 2009.
there place and the structure becomes more stable.
46 “Roskilde festival – den grænseløse by”, Article in “Arkitekten” 8, 2009
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Using community contractors
When executing feasible improvement projects. Tendering process should be aiming at the com-
munities cooperatives and the local dwellers organizations. This often requires to break up the
projects to smaller and manageable pieces. All depending on the local contractors skills. This
might be a more demanding process for the developer. But “such arrangements will generate a
much needed income, improve skills, create a sense of ownership and civil pride, internalize profit
margins, and improve transparency in the use of municipal resources.”47
To start with both parties properly will have lack
in faith in each other, or just little experience with
working with one another. Using a NGO or integ-
rate the process in a development project might
be a possibility. Using a already known model for
collaboration, can move the “client” relationship
between the two parties to a “partner” relation-
Ill. 45:Community contractors in Soweto, Johannesburg.
ship.48
Introducing this process should be done on a legal basis. A beneficial agreement and later a con-
tract. The contract should include: “technical options, type and amount of community contribu-
tion, wages, use of contractors, implementation modalities, supervision, maintenance” and “be
responsible for operation and maintenance”49. This also gives formerly unorganized communities a
possibility of discussing, and introducing, a negotiation process about their social and economical
interest. Introducing community contracting to be applied in a larger scale, “community organiza-
tions need legal standing, enable them to interact effectively with external partners”50. By doing
this, the possibility of passing ideas about democratically chosen representatives can also be ap-
plied. This can move them from a informal status to a formal.
47 Millennium project, 2005: p.55 l. 12.
48 Burra, Patel and Kerr 1998, p.20
49 Millennium project, 2005: p.56 l.23
50 Millennium project, 2005: p.56
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Review – Towards a better future
Evaluating discussion
Learning from last chapter it, it becomes visible that the alternatives to the present slum, does
exist. Both when it comes to housing construction, water and sanitation. They might not be a af-
fordble. There is a need for the infrastructure that could make these solutions affordable and
available. In general, a both sustainable and affordable upgrading of housing construction, might a
reality in a not so far future.
The UNhabitat definition of minimum requirement for a home:
1. structure/durability,
2. security,
3. light,
4. ventilation and
5. water & sanitation,
Based on the UNhabitat definition is now possible to evaluate whethen the, in the discussion giv-
en, examples are useful as for future materials or methods. Bedsides aspects like: affordability,
sustainability and fire precaution are fundamental from constructing architects point of view.
Building methods and materials.
Following diagram, based on the given factors, shows that the adobe and the ecoBUILD methods
are far the best. Concrete are far from usable. And United bottles, in spite of the good idea,
should improve there design in order to implement it.
Light and ventilation are graded on the possibility of fixing a window or integrating a light tunnel
in the wall. On account of thermal issues, the weight on ventilation and heat absorbency most be
taken into consideration. In warm humid areas ventilation, most be prioritized over building ma-
terials with high density and heat absorbency weighted lower. In hot dry areas it is opposite. It is
important to bear in mind, that all factors are subject to substantial geographical variation.
This is a subjective grading:
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Property analysis Grading, raising from 1-5.

Weight 15% 15% 5% 5% 40% 10% 10% 100%
Structure/durab.
Fireprecursion
Sustainability
Affordability
Ventilation
Componant/Criteria
Security
Light
sum
Adobe 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5,0
ecoBuild 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4,0
Wood (from replanteble trees) 5 5 5 5 2 5 1 3,4
Bottles 1 1 1 4 5 3 4 3,3
Bricks by wastepaper 4 5 5 5 1 2 5 3,0
Concrete 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 3,0
It is not possible to make the same property ana-

lysis for water or sanitation. Regarding sanitation
and water the central issue are those of affordab-
ility and local conditions.
Looking at the given numbers in last chapter, it is
evident, that there are large differences in costs
for sanitation supplies. From my point of view,
one should always aim for the highest level of
sanitation standards, the affordability and local
conditions allows. If the income allow a composite
dry toilet system, it would make no meaning to
build a vip.
Going from decentralized toilet facilities to cent-
ralized facilities is a great advantage. Both when it
comes to economy, hygienic and connecting the
local communities. The decentralized system
Ill. 46:Toilet blocks seems to be the best solution, if they are
should therefore work as a temporary solution, possible to employment.
until a toilet block can be executed. Is the possib-
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ilities of centralized sanitation facilities does not seem reachable, descent toilet facilities can also
be executed as a composite toilet.
It is recommendable to consider in depth whether there at all are basis for centralized sanitation
facilities exists. Starting projects that does not have the needed infrastructural, economical or or-
ganizational support often seem to lead to great disadvantages in the long run.
Also regarding water supplies the key factors are the economy and the local conditions. If a local
well can not be executed and the city administrations are not capable of supplying water, tempor-
ary solutions are possible. These all rely on organizational structures for distribution, what make
the water supply very fragile to a decrease in supply. The advantage of the purifiers are, that they
are affordable, which makes production and distribution feasible. A water supply supported by the
city administration, could be executed through a community managed toilet block.
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Towards a better future for the slum dwellers
So far this dissertation has dealt with the problem, as if the solution for slum dwellers, was to be
solved on an individual level. Each person, or thinking big, each community, solves their own diffi-
culties. But working towards a sustaineble solution to the problem in the longer runrequires a lar-
ger planing.
The world bank, the governments and the NGO´s have often been accused of incompetence, bur-
eaucrat, corruption, and most of all not being apple to perform their task. But maybe they simply
are not capable of solving the problem. And maybe we should start looking in new directions for
the solutions.
The mentioned organizations all work on the macro level. But in some cases it is much more
likely to solve the problem on a microlevel, close to the slum dweller. By increasing the slum dwell-
ers influence on the process, the personal commitment and responsibility increases. E.g. the com-
munity toilet block and community contractors from last chapter.
In other cases solutions implemented on a macro level are are needed. Only on the macro level,
sustainable solutions that require large investment in infrastructure, can be planed and executed.
Four issues, that are fundamental to solve the problem in the long run:
1. Economical. External founding of future upgrading is necessary. Its is is not possible for the
slum dwellers with the resources and capacities of today can fund solutions themselves.
2. Technological- and building methods. Even though methods and material are reachable,
further development most take place.
3. Energy supplies. Today most slum dwellers have no electricity. In order to create a descent
infrastructure electricity are fundamental.
4. Educational structures. To distribute know-how and competencies an improved structure of
knowledge sharing most be introduced.
Economical Technological Energy Educational

Microlevel Microloan Manual production Selfsuficency (none)
Macrolevel NGO/GO Prefabrication Public suply Open source
Alternative solution
Present solution
Ill. 47:Alternative and present solutions.
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Economical solutions
Organizations like the World Bank, the UN and the governments are today the only organizations
that are capable of changing the conditions of the urban poor. They are all players on the global
scene on macrolevel. This means that they all work far from the poor. Attempts has been made
over several decades to improve the conditions, through development aid and development loans
thing have only went to the worse. So maybe the solution is to be found somewhere else.
Microfinance
Thinking of the urban poor, not as poor, but as

the middle class of tomorrow creates another per-
spective on the problem. The poor will be poten-
tial customers. We should therefore not talk
about “funding” but “investing”51.
The economical theory “Bottom of the pyramid”
or “BoP” is about getting away from the “client”
relation that today are infiltrating our way of
Ill. 48:More then 4billion people live at the bottom of the
thinking. This is exactly same that happened when economical pyramid. Source: C. K. Prahalad, “The Fortune
at the Bottom of the Pyramid”
the Indian slum dwellers alliance begun to take
the power in their own hands: They went from “clients” to “partners”. With a positive side effects.
In 2006 the Nobel peace price went the
Bangladeshi economist and the Grameen Bank
founder, Muhammad Yunus. He created a busi-
ness where tiny amounts of money, could be lent
start to up small business, improve homes, create
water supply or improve sanitation. Some invest
in a cow, some in a shop, others in a well. All small
projects, but it gives the power and the initiative
Ill. 49:Muhammad Yunus speaking at roskilde festival 2009. to the poor. Suddenly he or she has the power to
51 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_of_the_pyramid
Page 43
Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
improve their lives. So instead of waiting for NGO´s or governments, to do improve the lives of the
urban poor, they can do it themselves. Experience has shown, that their service their loan. The
bank has provided an estimated $5.7 billion in loans, to more then six million people in
Bangladesh, 96 per cent of them are woman52.
A average loan is about $200.53 Looking at the number from last chapter, $200 is enough to join a
toilet block to the local sewage system or create three vip facilities.
Technological and building method solutions
According to Kiran Sandhu, professor at the university of Delhi, “prefabricated housing

projects(...) have not been popularly applied”54 But how can this be? Thinking of the great results
we have achieved in the developed counties, the first thing an Indian urban planer would do, was
to start experimenting with prefabrication. The answer is two folded. First of all the poverty.
Secondly infrastructural issues: possibilities of transportation and industrialized mass production.
In order to bring the third world a step further, prefabrication of building elements and industri-
alization of the building process is needed. This is not just a matter of upgrading the slum, but also
because industrialized production is a great tool to limiting the unemployment. If one person can
get a job producing a house for another, he might afford a house for himself one day, what again
creates a new job.
The IKEA concept
253 IKEA ware houses in 24 countries. Last year 565 mill. costumers paid a IKEA warehouse a vis-
it. Why does IKEA have this massive success? Easy understandable and useful design for very low
prices. All based on a vast mass production, in an area where labour are cheap. But the greatest
force of IKEA is that they really have understood the concept of modularity. At the bottom line the
IKEA design is like LEGO, cheap, mass produced unit pieces, that can be joined and make up a
powerful connection.
This concept could be part of a future solution: creating a system of modules, fitting each other,
52 news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061013-nobel-peace.html
53 news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061013-nobel-peace.html
54 Ammex 9
Page 44
Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
that people can put together themselves with a single, simple tool, produced in the cheapest
place possible. But most often the cheapest place actually is to produce things in third world
countries. Using, the only resource the slum is rich of, cheap manual labour.
In order to expand their markets, IKEA have
launched the experimental project BOKLOK. The
concept is to mass produce, not just elements,
but whole storey´s of houses. Designed so they fit
the back of a truck, so it could be transported to
the site, and added to the rest of the building, in a
matter of hours. The aim of the project was to
lower the cost prices in the long run, by making
the building process more effective. This idea
carry some relevance when thinking of slum.
Ill. 50:The experimental IKEA project BOKLOK.
Just as well as the key factor is transportation for
IKEA, in their building process, it would be the same in the slum. But here the infrastructure does
often not allow trucks, sometimes only animal driven vehicles. This sets a clearly limit to the ex-
tend of prefabrication. But still, thinking of modules, a production is possible. Modules of in- and
external walls and roofs can wisely be prefabricated and transported to the site with mule driven
vehicles.
Another great key factor is to think the local
needs, traditions and conditions into the design.
Everything can vary from place to place so think-
ing local factors into the design is a absolutely
must.
One of greatest advantages of using modularity,
is that families can develop a home subject to
needs that might increase in the future. The hous-
ing need of a family is limited to a certain amount
Ill. 51:Almost all IKEA furnitures are to be collected with a
of square meters. But as it increases the family simple umbraco tool.
Page 45
Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
will need further space. Instead of moving to another place, and losing the social network, that
people desire so badly in poor communities, not to talk about all the other difficulties this leads
to, a family can choose to enlarge their home.
Expanding homes can by time create problems between neighbours. To think that areas with
only a weak control of cadastral numbers, fights would occur between neighbours and could de-
velop drastically. Experience show that people treat each other with neighbourliness 55. This is a
important factor, since stronger regulation unlikely to emerge in these areas.
Energy supply solutions
A key element of our transformation, from rural

to industrialized society, was the use of fossil en-
ergy. These days, because of the global warming,
fossil energy might seem outdated, but maybe it
is not. Nuclear power seems to face a new era, of
clean, safe and CO2 neutral power. The nuclear
power plants can provide massive amounts of en-
ergy. The Brazilian president Lula da Silva, there-
fore has invested heavily in this technology, and
subsequently not in solar, wind or other renewal
energy sources. But, even if the energy got afford-
able, it still demands a lot of investments to cre-
ate a net of power distribution. Not to talk about
the payments arrangement. The Brazilian adminis- Ill. 52:Renewable energy can make the single house self sufi-
cient with energy.
tration seems confident in their task, so it might
have a future in Brazil. But distributing electrical power in the political unstable African countries,
poses a non trival challenge.
The alternative solution could be found looking at the possibilities on the micro level. By using re-
newable energy sources, like wind or solar power, a house or a community can become sufficient.
55 Source: Jørgen eskemose.
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Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
Solar radiation can go from being a problem, as it is today, to become the greatest future re-
sources.
But as we saw with the SQflex water pump, the
technology is far too expensive. As the prices of
solar panels are increased with 50 per cent per
year56, it will take long time before it become af-
fordable. But inventions attempt to happen in
leaps, not in a continuously development. Invest-
ing heavily in renewable energy, therefore seems
as a great way to support improvements.
Until the single dwelling becomes selfsufficient,
energy wise, several smart ideas have been inven-
ted to integrate the slum dwellers in the sur-
rounding world. Both a laptop and radio, with a
crank, have been introduced to a large crowed in
Ill. 53:Laptop and radio with a crank.
the third world. By letting the radio or laptop sup-
ply itself with energy, communication, education, etc. can be distributed vastly.
Educational solutions
The school system, in many developing coun-

tries, are today far from the standards in the
western world. The spread of Internet are on a
minimum today. Though resent projects, as the
crank drown laptop, might a future possibility for
education. To use the internet for knowledge
sharing, as a part of future upgrading, can be vul-
nerable. Implementation of internet and com-
puters in the school system could be a positive in- Ill. 54:The school system in third world countries does hardly
never include computers or internet.
56 http://www.energitjenesten.dk/files/resource_4/Solcellers_okonomi.pdf
Page 47
Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
vestment. Still wireless internet connection are none existing though.

The open source internet projects, like wikipedia and Linux, are good examples of free knowledge
sharing. The systems, based on volunteer contributions, have proved itself strong.
Combining the ideas from IKEA, mass production and modularity, with open source, could create
a “catalog”. From this “catalog” of solutions, people could get inspiration to create and produce
housing, sanitation, water etc. Creating a direct link between the architects and engineers, on one
side, and the poor, the community contractor or the NGO, on the other, can ease up the process
and focus the energy towards the production or execution.
Local materials, traditions and standards can create problems when using a system, created far
from its needs. It is therefore important to underline that solutions should be considered accord-
ing local conditions.
Page 48
Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
Conclusion
One easy conclusion would be: a possible improvement of the depressing situation is possible.
The report have shown that both materials, methods does exist for future improvements. Also
knowledge about how to design the infrastructure and create funding does exist. By choosing to
look at the positive sides of the problem, we have all tools needed for improving present and fu-
ture slum.
Materials like the adobe seems to have a great future. Or revival, some would say. Also the eco-
BUILD seems implementable. Wood are usable in the right conditions. Concrete is flexible, dur-
able, but to expensive. Finally projects like bricks by wastepaper and United bottles are, more or
less, wasted of energy and time.
On all income levels a sanitation and water facility solution can be reached. Best are the toilet
blocks. Both according to water and sanitation. Besides the economical aspect, it has other great
community related side effects. If the needed infrastructure does not exist for the toilet blocks,
other sanitisation and water facility systems can be implemented.
Future work and upgrading should happened through community contractors. Building codes
should be regulated according to the needs of the poor. And future city planing should take fire
precaution into account.
Even though the positive perspective can be laid on the problematic, another conclusion could
also be made: a possible improvement does exist, but most likely it will not happen. The possibilit-
ies of improving the conditions have always been there. During the last decades, or ever since the
colonisation, there was what was needed to improve the conditions. But there have never been
the will. And before we, in the western world, decide to lower our living standards, to improve
the standards in the third world, it will properly not happen.
But we have to, no matter how depressing the situation are today, force ourself to look at the
possibilities and positive sides. If we use the tool of today, we can improve the conditions of the
urban poor. So far the problem have not been visible for us. We have been able to ignore that one
billion people live in the slum. But maybe we will not in the future. In our own part of the world,
Page 49
Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
we have already seen the beginning impacts of the north-south problematic like immigrations and
extremism, just to name some. These problems might grow drastically if we chose to ignore the
present situations.
Page 50
Autumn 2009
Troels Vejby, 7I
Annex
Annex 1: UN Millennium Project. 2005: “A home in the city”. Task force on improving lives of slum
dwellers. Earthscan.
Annex 2: The urban age project by the London school of economics and Deutsche bank´s Alfred
Herrhausen Society. 2007: “The endless city”. Published by Phaidon press limited. P: 54-69.
Annex 3: United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003: “The challenge of the slums: Global
report on human settlements”. Unhabitat.
Annex 4: Development advisory group aps. 1999: “Active design with nature – A guide for planing
and design in hot dry and warm humid regions”. Danida. P:10; 19-47.
Annex 5: Byggeriets udviklingsråd. 1993: “Lerjord som byggemateriale - en vejledning”. P: 23;

127-133.
Annex 6: Mads Kristiansen. 2009: “Paper fibre based bricks for low cost housing in development
countries”. MCs thesis project in civil engineering.
http://restart.nu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/bricks.pdf
Annex 7: S. Huuhtanen and A. Laukkanen. 2006: “A guide to sanitation and hygiene for those
working in developing countries”. Global dry toilet club of Finland. University of applied sciences,
Tampere polytechnic.
http://www.drytoilet.org/pdf/Sanitation_Guide.pdf
Annex 8: Article in “Environment&Urbanization” vol 15, no 2, october 2003: Burra, Patel and kerr:
“Cummunity designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities”. P:11-24
http://www.environmentandurbanization.org/documents/burra_patel_kerr.pdf
Annex 9: Email correspondence with Kiran Shandu, Senior Lecturer Guru Ramdas School of Plan-
ning, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.
Annex 10: Grundfoss literature, Sqflex.
Page 51
Annex´
s
Gmail - FW: for Troels http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=75a39d14f1&view=pt&q=kira...
Troels Vejby <troelsvejby@gmail.com>
FW: for Troels

Hans-Christian Vejby <h-c.vejby@c.dk> 17. maj 2009 11.31
Til: troelsvejby@gmail.com
Hans-Christian Vejby
Architect MAA
Tranegårdsvej 4 3th.
2900 Hellerup
Denmark
h-c.vejby@c.dk
+4520293316
From: kiran sandhu [mailto:kiransandhu13@gmail.com]

Sent: 16. maj 2009 08:59
To: troelsvejby@ofir.dk
Cc: h-c.vejby@c.dk
Subject: for Troels
Dear Troels,
Greetings, From the information that Hans had mentioned in his email as also from your dissertation
abstract I guage that you are working on options for housing the urban poor with particular focus on
prefabricated housing.
While some commendable initiatives related to urban poor housing have been done in India especially
in context of slum networking and redevelopment projects, prefabricated housing projects to my
knowledge have not been popularly applied and so even though I tried, I have'nt been able to find a
casestudy that I could forward to you. However I am forwarding two casestudies one from the city of
mumbai and the other from Indore which are good examples of how some low cost housing for the
poor has been generated.
I am also giving here the link of the organisation HUDCO and the BMTPC which are the premier
public sector organisations in India working for housing and infrastructure development for the urban
and rural poor.I am also sending you the email of a person whom I think might have more knowledge
regarding application of prefabrication housing for the poor in India.
(Dr.P.Jayapal, email: pjayapal@hudco.org)
http://www.hudco.org, http://bmtpc.nic.in
I hope this information would be useful to you. If you let me know more details of exactly
1 af 2 28-09-2009 15:13
Gmail - FW: for Troels http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=75a39d14f1&view=pt&q=kira...
what you are looking for then perhaps I could try finding more information.
My best regards and I hope you dissertation shapes up very well.
best wishes
Kiran
India
4 vedhæftede filer
affordable housing for all.pdf

868K
mumbai slum rehabilitation project.doc

45K
aryana housing.pdf
2035K
Indore housing project.pdf

1605K
2 af 2 28-09-2009 15:13
GRUNDFOS SQFLEX
Water, wherever, whatever

>
C A SE ST O R ies
Sometimes Mother Nature needs a hand
Innovative technology and nature hand in hand Application areas

Human existence and business prosperity in remote locations de- Designed for continuous as well as intermittent operation, the
pend largely on the availability of clean water to people, livestock SQFlex system is especially suitable for water supply in remote
and crops. But in many parts of the world reliable power can be locations such as:
in just as short supply as the water. Grundfos SQFlex lends nature
a helping hand by providing both water and the power needed
· villages, schools, hospitals, single-family houses, etc.
to fuel the pump system. Areas that would previously have been
considered uninhabitable or not supportive of life suddenly be-
come viable and attractive. · farms and ranches
IB IA
G AM E PA RK , N AM er 2,000 square kil
o- – watering of livestock
ST RA LI A tu re Re serve ex tends ov – irrigation of crops and greenhouses
CATT LE FA RM , AU
an d Na
The NamibiR lar helps preser ve Based on renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
entional windmill
at Hamilton
o th e Na mibian desert. SQFlex So
replaced the conv metres and int imal species who power, SQFlex combines state-of-the-art pump technology with
SQFlex Solar has cattle and sh ee p proper ty in
de liv ering wa ter to the many an
square kilometres iable and the wildlife by game reser ve. sustainable, energy efficient solutions to provide a reliable water · game parks and game farms
Downs, a 2,000 is a much mo rel
re in the fence-free
tback. The outcome roam unhindered supply to remote locations with little or no access to water and – watering applications
the Australian Ou cattle, and co ns ide rab ly less
pply for the 5,000 electricity. The better the quality of the water, and the more reli-
ef ficient water su ner.
rk for the farm ow able the water supply, the better the quality of life for everyone.
maintenance wo · conservation areas
– surface water pumping
100% nature – just add water
Whether you are blessed with an abundance of sunshine or wind, · ponds and lakes
or a bit of both, SQFlex solar panels or wind turbines adapt to the – floating pump installations
characteristic weather profile of any given area. A generator or
battery backup system can take over when the natural energy
sources are scarce, and accumulate energy when they are plenti-
ful. With an SQFlex system, there is water whenever and wher-
ever you need it. It is as simple as that!
Complete system ready to go

Tell us where you are located, your water table depth and esti-
mated water needs. By analysing location specific variables such
as average sunshine and wind speed, we can tailor the system so
it matches your application and local conditions perfectly. SQFlex
is a customised product delivered as a plug-and-go solution com-
plete with SQF submersible pump, controller, energy source and
support structure. The system is remarkably easy to install and
E, SO U TH AF RI CA
RE M OTE VI LL AG ter, and sometim
es in use under even the most difficult conditions.
r wa
N long distances fo
VI N EYAR D, SPAI ter from a depth
of Instead of walking
nt s of th e Ab antunga Commun
ity now
pr ov ide s th e power to draw wa i- vain, th e 1,8 00 res ide
SQFlex Solar. Wate
r
SQFlex Wind ting the 3,000 ind
an water provided by
d to a well, irriga enjoy th e lux ur y of cle publi c
95 metres be low th e gro un ular ovided by several
a drip irrigation
system. The reg ing , ab lution and cooking is pr
ev ine s th ro ug h an d for drink local school.
vidual grap better vintage qu
ality
village and at the
ter contributes to standpipes in the
supply of fresh wa for the wi ne ry.
siness prosperit y
thus increased bu
2 3
Stay flexible with SQFlex
SQFlex pumps Control units

The complete SQFlex pump range consists of 10 different pump sizes: 4 helical rotor pumps for The SQFlex system is available with a user-friendly CU200 control unit that maintains two-way
medium to high heads and low to medium flows, and 6 centrifugal pumps for shallow heads communication with the pump and monitors the operating conditions. Built-in diagnostics indi-
and high flows. It is available in two different stainless steel material variants: type AISI 304 cate faults and dry-running, display operating status power consumption and level switch input.
as standard and type AISI 316 for slightly aggressive water. The pump is fitted with a high-
efficiency motor for DC or AC voltage. This makes pump sizing and selection extremely easy.
Other alternatives are IO100 switch box and IO101 generator box for SQFlex Solar, and IO102
breaker box for SQFlex Wind, which are controlled by a manual on/off switch.
Solar systems
The GF solar panels are designed especially for the SQFlex pump motor unit. A higher output Level switch
voltage compared to standard 12V panels ensures optimum efficiency of the complete SQFlex
Save energy as you save water. With a level switch inside the storage tank connected to the
pump system – with up to 20% flow increase per day in small systems. The solar panels in-
CU200 control unit, the pump knows when the tank is full and shuts itself off.
corporate eight bypass diodes, which minimise power loss in case the panels are covered by
patches of shadow, dirt, leaves or bird lettings. Wiring of the GF solar panels is easily done
using the MC cable connectors, and the panels are mounted to the support structures without
the use of any special tools. Battery backup system
Battery backup systems with a charge controller are typically used in applications where the
pump is not running during most of the peak sun hours of the day, or where it is impossible or
Wind systems impractical to store large volumes of water. Examples include remote homes or cabins, auto-
matic livestock waterers, and very low-yielding wells. The SQFlex battery backup system ena-
Where wind speed prevails over sunshine hours, the SQFlex Wind is just as cost-effective and
bles SQFlex Solar to operate just like any traditional closed water supply system powered by the
sustainable. SQFlex Wind is particularly suitable for open fields, valleys and landscapes where
mains supply, providing water pressure day and night.
the wind blows constantly. The small but high-quality wind turbine consists of only a few simple
components, making it exceptionally easy to install and maintain compared to conventional
windmills.
SQFlex Solar WaterPack
Combi systems
A SQFlex Solar WaterPack is a complete system solution ready for installation
- just add one or more solar panels. The standard package contains:
You
The SQFlex Combi takes maximum advantage of natural energy resources by providing a com-
bination of solar and wind energy: solar panels for when the sun is shining; a wind turbine for · SQF submersible pump
get it all
when the wind is blowing. The added benefits of the SQFlex Combi are even greater reliability · IO100 SQFlex switch box
· reliable water supply
and water whenever it is needed.
· Support structure
· cost-efficient pumping
· Cable kit
· complete plug-and-go system
· easy installation
Backup systems
· virtually no maintenance
Natural energy rarely runs low, but if it ever does, both the SQFlex Solar and SQFlex Wind
systems can temporarily fall back on a petrol or diesel-driven generator or batteries. Intelligent · numerous expansion possibilities
control units make changing between power supplies very easy.
4 5
Quality inside out
SQFlex pumps have built-in protection features that protect the pump Bearings Power transmission
itself and in many cases the well. Among these features are:
Powerful carbon/ceramic bearing system The unique Grundfos micro frequency converter
ensures high reliability. ensures power transmission to the motor.
· Protection against dry-running, overloading and overheating
· Automatic restart when water returns to the well or Motors Any voltage
when the motor temperature returns to the safety range
Two motor sizes are available for the SQFlex system A wide voltage range enables the motor to operate at
· Continuous load condition and voltage monitoring with built-in unique features: 3000 rpm for heli- any voltage between 30V and 300V DC or 90-240V AC,
cal pumps and 3600 rpm for centrifugal pumps which makes installation and sizing especially easy.
Pump casing segmented stator and permanent magnet rotor for
Stainless steel for long pump life. high efficiency and starting torque.
Helical rotor pump (3”)

Based on original pumping principles, the heli- Communication
cal rotor pump uses a few, simple components Two-way communication between
for effective pumping – medium to high head control unit and pump eliminates
and medium to low flow. the need for additional wires.
Dry-running protection System efficiency

This unique feature shuts down the pump Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
if it detects water shortage. It protects the means even and high system efficiency
well from being over-pumped and the motor regardless of power source.
from burning out. The pump restarts automati-
Sand slinger cally when water returns to the well.
To ensure maximum protection of the motor and thus extended motor life, the
SQFlex pumps are equipped with a composite sand slinger on the motor shaft as
standard. The sand slinger rotates with the shaft, thereby pushing sand away from
the centre and out through three grooves in the pump sleeve. Another distinctive Centrifugal pump (4”)
benefit is that pump and motor can be replaced independently of one another, in
Technology based on 30 years’ experience
case one of them wears out.
enables high flow in shallow water conditions.
Stainless steel components give high wear
resistance.
6 7
Total performance, total range
SQFLEX Solar SQFLEX Wind
H
H [m]
8 m/s
[m] 1400 W p 200
7 m/s
200 180
900 W p 6 m/s
160
5 m/s
180 600 W p
140
160 400 W p 120
100
200 W p
140 80 The SQFlex Wind performance curves
100 W p 60
are based on:
120 • Average wind speed
40
• Calculations according to
20
100 Weibull’s factor k = 2
0 • Continuous operation over 24 hours
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Q [m³/day]
80
60
40
20
Water for life
Average water
0 Type consumption
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Q [m³/day]
The SQFlex Solar performance curves The table provides a quick overview of average water consump- Human 30 ltr/day
are based on: tion per day for humans and selected livestock and crops. This Cattle 40 ltr/day
indicative information can be used to make a rough estimate of
• Irradiation on a tilted surface Sheep 10 ltr/day
your required water needs per day when sizing and selecting the
• Ht = 6 kWh/m² per day Game/Deer 10 ltr/day
SQFlex system. Please note that the figures in the table are in-
• 20° tilt angle tended for guidance purposes only. Olive tree 40 ltr/day
• Ambient temperature at 30°C Grapevine 12 ltr/day
• 20° northern latitude
• 120V DC
8 9
Sizing and selection made simple and easy Choose the win-win alternative
Getting it right from the start Individual solutions to remote water supply Focus on lifecycle costs
Sizing and selection of the optimum SQFlex system has never SQFlex’s many possibilities and areas of application means that You cannot afford not to. The initial upfront investment in a
been easier. Based on a few location-specific variables such as it constitutes the perfect sustainable, reliable and cost-efficient SQFlex solution is comparable to conventional water supply sys-
average sunshine and wind speed and your estimated water alternative to irregular, cost-intensive water supply solutions in tems. But this is where the comparison stops. The total cost of
needs, Grundfos’ sizing tool WinCAPS does the calculation and remote locations. It provides individual solutions to water prob- owning a pump system over its entire life is about much more
system sizing for you. lems where conventional water supply systems fail or simply than just the purchase price – it is the total sum of not only the
cannot reach – and at hardly any cost. By opting for green tech- costs but also the benefits of having a business relationship with
All you need to determine is the following three parameters: nology, you can contribute to increased sustainability – for the Grundfos.
benefit of your business and nature in general.
· geographical location
The lifecycle costs of an SQFlex system will be considerably lower
· required maximum head
Turn harsh conditions into your advantage than with other water supply systems, because you can save sub-
· required water quantity per day
Instead of working against nature, you can work with it. Use the stantial sums on reduced energy and maintenance costs. Other
sun or the wind, or a combination of both, to create power for more intangible cost-reducing factors include correct system
Contact your local Grundfos dealer/installer for a sizing proposal.
your water supply system. For instance, in warm places there is sizing, high pump efficiency and performance, technical advice,
traditionally more sun than wind, and with SQFlex Solar you can service and reliable logistics.
Comprehensive online documentation take maximum advantage of the local weather conditions by re-
lying on solar energy all the year round. Water, wherever, whatever
You can draw on a wide range of expert knowledge, documen-
tation, installation and service information via Grundfos’ online You can count on quick and efficient service from you local
software tool WebCAPS; available at www.grundfos.com. It con- Work smart, not hard Grundfos dealer/installer in case your SQFlex system needs a
tains product information about more than 180,000 Grundfos With an SQFlex system, the time-consuming and often danger- general service check-up or a new spare part. Grundfos offers a
products in more than 22 languages. ous work of climbing a traditional windmill structure to perform close-knit service network with own service organisation in more
regular maintenance on body, wings and gearbox will be history. than 40 countries combined with hundreds of Grundfos Service
Especially the installation and service videos are the ultimate, So are the expensive insurance policies covering hazardous work. Partners, installers and dealers worldwide. Efficient logistics en-
convenient way to be informed about how to install and main- SQFlex solar panels and wind turbines are virtually maintenance- sure rapid delivery of spare parts, which are handled from one of
tain a pump. Simply select product type and click on the camera free and much safer to handle. our strategically placed distribution hubs.
symbol, then press play and watch all the installation and service
tips play before your eyes.
10 11
Being responsible is our foundation
Thinking ahead makes it possible
Innovation is the essence
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Being responsible is our foundation. We know that we have
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the surrounding world. Whatever we do, we make sure that
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and ideas in everything we do in order to make the best
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Innovation is the essence. It is the innovations that make
Grundfos unique. We stand out because of our ability to
constantly create new solutions to the ever-changing de-
mands of the pump business. We meet every challenge,
and we are never afraid of taking the initiative – remaining
true to our ideals is the basis for our ongoing renewal. In-
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Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a global perspective

Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy

Acknowledgements .....................................2 Decentralized sanitation solutions.....................26

1. Henriette Nobili Christiansen

Thank you so much.

Analysis - Defining the slum

The term “slum”

Defining the term slum has been done, various

Where to find slums

Number of slum dwellers by country Number of slum dwellers by region

Bangladesh North & West Africa

Indonesia Europe & Central Asia

Ill. 4:Source: UNhabitat 2003 Ill. 5:Source: UNhabitat 2003

According to the UN, one billion people world-

Since the fundamental problem of the slum cities Below Above

5 United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003

7 2005, UN millennium project. p.15

What was the beginning of slums?

One can wonder why some local authorities and

9 The world bank: “poverty overview”

11 ”Esman og Leth”, www.dr.dk/Podcast/A-G.htm

Slum dwellers in countries like Mozambique have

Ill. 8:Plan and section of a typical slum dwelling in mozam-

14 Source: Jørgen Eskemose

15 Source: Jørgen Eskemose

16 Source: Jørgen Eskemose

Water and sanitation

Travelling through India by train gives a great im-

17 Source: Jørgen Eskemose

Describing the UN-HABITAT definition of “adequate housing”

19 United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003

20 United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003

21 United Nation Human Settlements Program. 2003:

Discussion – Upgrading of today

“Warm humid regions” and “dry hot regions”

22 Development advisory group aps. 1999

reduce heat storage and improve air movement.

Ventilation through roof construction

of plywood. This has some of the same qualities,

tegrated in a overall ventilation and will therefore

23 Byggeriets udviklingsråd. 1993

Improving building materials

Wood is properly one of the best materials to

Using sunburned clay for building material is a

Ill. 24:Adobeconstruction in Brazil.

25 Byggeriets udviklingsråd. 1993

26 Byggeriets udviklingsråd. 1993

Various projects have been carried out by using

27 Byggeriets udviklingsråd. 1993

Plastic bottles as masonry

The “United Bottle” project by Instant Architects

The South African architectural office MMA won

Today concrete are properly the the most popu-

Water and sanitation

The best option is of cause to create real sewage

Decentralized sanitation solutions

33 S. Huuhtanen and A. Laukkanen. 2006

34 S. Huuhtanen and A. Laukkanen. 2006

Simple improved pit latrines

Pit latrines is, the most common and the simplest

Ventilated improved pits (vip)

The vip (Ill. 23) is a development of the pit lat-

The pour-flush latrine is also a development of

till its full, and then a new is dug. However a ex-