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UNIT I - URBANISM IN HISTORY
1. Outline of forces shaping urbanism

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702
FACULTY: AR. HARINI. SECTION: IV YR A SECTION, 2019-2020
2. Urbanism of river valley civilisations
3. Morphology of pre-industrial European cities to include Greek and Roman cities
4. Medieval European towns
5. Renaissance urbanism and ideal cities
6. Outline of historic cities of India
7. Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu
8. Mughal city form
9. Medieval cities of India
10. Colonial urbanism in India
1.0 INTRODUCTION - MORPHOLOGY OF EARLY CITIES

WHAT IS A SETTLEMENT?
A settlement is an organized human habitation. There are several ways to classifydifferent types of settlements. Rural settlements are
sparsely populated and are mostly agricultural, whereas urban settlements are densely populated and are mostly non-agricultural.

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
FUNCTIONS OF A SETTLEMENT
Functions:

A function simply means what a settlement is used for – Living, Working, administration, agriculture etc. Historically most settlements
were for defence or to control a piece of land, or for agriculture and trade. One function that is common to all settlements is to provide
housing. Some settlements have become dormitory settlements where people commute to work but are only at home in the evenings
and weekends.Function also relates to the purpose of a land use for residential areas, recreation, industry etc.

1.1 OUTLINE OF FORCES SHAPING URBANISM

FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF SETTLEMENTS
HISTORIC URBAN FORM
The historic urban Form is the original settlement which was shaped by a non industrial economy. It took a millennium or more to
shape the historic urban core undergoing too many transformations.
FORM OF SETTLEMENTS STRUCTURE OF SETTLEMENTS TRANSFORMATION OF SETTLEMENTS
Population Expansion And Related Growth

Urban Sprawl And Urban Degeneration
Formation Of New Cities

1.2 URBANISM OF RIVER VALLEY CIVILISATIONS
WHAT IS URBANISM?
Urbanism is defined as the way of life characteristic of cities and towns. It also mean the development and planning of cities
and towns.
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
MOHENJADARO AND HARAPPA – INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION The urbanization in Mesopotamia was started in Uruk Period

( 3500AD – 500AD) (4300-3100 BCE)
MESOPOTAMIA, the land between the two rivers Tigris & The largest settlement ever in the history of mankind started
Euphrates, situated on the foothills of ZAGROS was about to build using monumental mud-brick building around 3,200
BC. It was surrounded by huge walls, built by King Gilgamesh.
150 miles wide and 600 miles long and extended from the
foothills of north western Iraq & Persian Gulf. Often known THE ZIGGURATS
as the cradle of civilization.
Mesopotamian developed the concept of urbanization. For The Mountains of God. Ziggurats were built of many layers of
the first time in a history, humans started to settle in a mud bricks in the shape of a tiered pyramid.. The mountain
specific place. shape was powerful because of the rivers’ constant flooding &
The invention of agriculture made it possible to feed more the belief that the gods resided on mountaintops. The cella
people and animals living in the same place. (chapel) at the top served as the god’s home &was beautifully
People learned to trade, and the concept of taxes emerged. decorated. Inside was a room for offerings of food & goods. One
of the largest ziggurats ever built was the Zigguratat Ur, built c.
Mesopotamia emerged as one the first cities of the world 2,100 B.C.E.
built with sun-dried bricks.

EVOLUTION:
Mesopotamian city exhibited both planned and unplanned city

form. It established a religious, political and military hierarchy.
The areas in which the elite performed their activities were
highly planned, usually found in city centre.
The areas in which regular civilians resided grew organically as
the population increased.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE CITY:
Citadel - Central precinct in the centre of the city dedicated to

religious and political activities.
City wall = a place for defense activities, built around the
citadel complex

MESOPOTAMIAN INVENTIONS
The potters wheel, Sail boat, Maps, Chariot, Plough, Astronomy

& Astrology, Mathematics , Time, Urban Civilization, First form of
writing (Cunieform), Agriculture & Irrigation
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF MESOPOTAMIA

STREET LIFE OF MESOPOTAMIA

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION(3300-1300BC)
Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian
subcontinent, includes present day, Pakistan, northwest India on the fertile flood plain of Indus River and its vicinity. It includes famous
settlements like Mohenjadaro, Harappa, Kalibhangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rupar, Surkotada etc.
EVOLUTION
The land in Indus Valley Civilization was the primary physical
resource. The land was intentionally laid out into well-organized
cities so that people can live together and interact with each
othe and with natural resources like river, forests, stones.
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were important trade centres of
Indus valley civilization. These cities were built on the Coast of
Indus River and were surrounded by rich agricultural lands.
Thus farming, making handicrafts & trading were their
occupations
Ontology of Indus valley civilization
INVENTIONS
Bronze and terracotta Utensils, Stone tools, Plough, Metals and
Metallurgy, Pottery, copper artefacts, rulers, terracotta figurines,
wooden lattices, carvings & agricultural implements
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
They had religious beliefs and an appreciation for astronomy,
which is reflected in the orientation of the city and the streets
along the cardinal directions – east to west, north to south
key plan relating to the rising and setting of the sun.
CITY PLANNING OF MOHENJADARO
STRUCTURE OF THE CITY - MOHENJADARO and services . To ensure mutual peace, respect and equality
Each city had well-planned architecture - houses, streets, wells between all, the houses were designed to look similar.
and public bath facilities. The cities were built on giantplatforms
and elevated grounds for protection from seasonal flood and SEWAGE SYSTEMS
polluted water. They had grid planning for efficient movement
Each of the houses had access to the same sanitary and drainage
systems. Storage, waste management and sanitation were an
important part of the daily concerns
12mL X 7.5M B X2.4m H.

Well in the nearby rooms ( Changing Rooms) are the source of
water. Floor of the bath made of burnt bricks. Probably used for
THE GREAT BATH
religious purposes and rain water storage
THE GRANARY
Locate western edge of mound and SW edge of great bath. Built
on top of tapered brick platform. The drain of the great bath
passes across the corner. 49M east west X 27M north south.
Foundation was divided into 27 square and rectangular blocks
by narrow passageways. some blocks had square sockets for
holding wood beams/ columns indicating the usage of timber.
HOUSES AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Houses were either single storied or two storied. They had

courtyards with doors that open to side lanes. Rooms are
arranged around central courtyard offering privacy to inmates.
Walls are 70cm thick and ceiling over 3 m high.
Doors with wooden frames and brick sockets set in threshold
served as door pivots. Houses were made of burnt clay bricks.

1.3 MORPHOLOGY OF PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPEAN CITIES
MORPHOLOGY OF GREEK CITIES
LOCATION: Sea. started in cities on the Greek mainland & islands in the
Greek civilization occurred in the area around the Greek Aegean Sea and spread to other far away places including Asia
mainland, on a peninsula which extend into Mediterranean Minor and Northern Africa.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PERIOD ● Old cities – like Athens had irregular street plans
reflecting their gradual organic development.
The period of ancient Greek history - divided into four:
1100 B. C. – 750 B. C. Greek Dark Ages
● New cities - colonial cities like messene established
750 B. C. – 490 B. C. Archaic Period
during the Hellenistic period, had a grid-iron street plan
5000 B. C. – 323 B. C. Classical Period
323 B. C. – 147 B. C. Hellenistic Period
● Certain things were common among cities - The overall
Classical &archaic period are collectively referred to as Hellenic period
division of spaces in 3 parts - acropolis, agora and the
town, The fortification etc.
● Towns had fixed boundaries protected by fortifications .

Much of the town was devoted to public use.
● Site planning and design was centered on the

appreciation of buildings from the outside. Location of
buildings was therefore such that it could command a
good view to it. They made use of the topography of the
land to avail scenic views.
PLANNING AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES : • In the upper part of the city, the acropolis was located,
in the center of the city stood the temple of the local
● The ancient Greeks had established principles for
god, and at the foot of the acropolis citizens gathered to
planning & designing cities
carry out public affairs—the agora.
● City form were of two types: Old cities & New cities A
typical Greek city included a city and the surrounding
villages, fields, orchards and woods

Pattern of Athens
• In the lower section of the city there were houses and Pattern of Messene
other buildings.
• Most Greek cities were surrounded by defensive walls. ACROPOLIS:
A fortified city at the top of a hilly rocky outcrop. The city of
athens built on a walled hill. It is simply the fortified highest
point. Religious precinct , offered to glorify gods. Acropolis
combined Doric orders and ionic orders in perfect composition
in four buildings; the Propylea, the Parthenon, the Erechtheumn
& the temple of Nike.
AGORA:
Public open space used for assemblies and markets. Centre of
athenian life. Laid in NW of Acropolis. Square in shape lined
with public buildings which served commerce and politics.
TOWN:
Where the citizens had their living.. Had only residences.
PROPYLEA:
Main entrance gate of Athens
STREETS:
Narrow, tortuous, unpaved, unlit, full of chaos of mud and
sewage.
THEATRES:
Built on slope to provide a natural seating.
STOAS:
Lot like temples but with elongated facade, 2-3 storeys
THE ACROPOLIS

BUILDINGS & OTHER ARCH. ELEMENTS
Principal building type - temple.
Major architectural element - order
Greeks invented the classical orders of architecture .
The orders embody a system of proportion that determines
how whole building looks. An order consist of a column shaft
with its base & capital, and an entablature. All its dimensions
were derived from the diameter of the column. The
entablature is further divided into architrave, frieze and cornice.

Building blocks of clay were not bonded, but are rather held in
position by their weight.
Finishing
● Rough stones finished to achieve the final form &
treatment Finishing enables the builders to create
buildings of a particular order.
● It is in finishing that the Greeks showed their mastery

of construction. Finishing work involved creating the
fluting, base and capital decoration on columns.
● The Frieze and cornices of buildings were also decorated

with appropriate relief carving.
MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION: OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURES

Three common materials of construction – Stone, timber &clay BEEHIVE TOMBS
A beehive tomb, known as a tholos tomb is a burial structure
Stone was the most common construction material for characterized by its false dome created by superposition of
buildings. Grey in color, abundant marble availability. successively smaller rings of mudbricks or, more often, stones.
The resulting structure resembles a beehive, hence the
Timber – scarce, limited to use in important buildings like traditional English name.
parthenon, restriction in spanning the structure.

Megaron is an architectural form consisting of an open porch, a
vestibule, and a large hall with a central hearth and a throne.
The megaron was found in all Mycenaean palaces and was also
built as part of houses. The open porch was usually supported
by columns, an important element in the Classical temple.
MERAGON
MORPHOLOGY OF PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPEAN CITIES

MORPHOLOGY OF ROME
INTRODUCTION • Primitive cultures - they were peasants and warriors)
Roman culture is the result of different influences:
• Etrurian civilization - urban, offering cult to the ancestors
( from Greece)
• Greek and Hellenistic - model they aimed at imitating,
art, literature
• Influence From Italian origins – Practicality, Military
expansion.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

• Practical and utilitarian
• Interest in public works and engineering
• Monumentality
• Great technical advances
• Colossal to show Roman power
• Commemorative and propagandistic
• Special importance for the internal space
• Integration of Beauty & monumentality with Utility &
practicality
• Buildings are integrated in the urban space
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN BUILT FORMS

BUILDING SYSTEMS:
1. Lintelled- Copied from the Greeks

2. Vaulted - Taken from the Etrurian, Use of arches, Barrelvaults
3. Use of domes
4. Strong walls so that they do not use external supports
MATERIALS:
Limestone , Concrete, Mortar
Walls :
Made in one of these ways: Ashlar , Masonry, Brick
Arches:
They used half point or semicircular arches. They could use GREEK SHAPES ASSIMILATION:
lintels above arches. Pediments were combined with them Architectonical orders were used more in a decorative than in a
Building techniques: Barrel Vault, Mortar in the foundations practical way
Opus spicatum, Opus reticulatum, Opus testaceum, Opus Order superposition
incertum The use of orders linked to wall created a decorative element
They used the classical orders - Composite & Tuscan
composite tuscan
ROMAN TOWN PLANNING
Introduction:
Cities were the centre of Roman life so there was a need for
infrastructures - Water & sewer system, Transport & defence,
Public spaces & markets.
The distribution of infrastructures resulted in a need to link
them through paved roads. All the above had a Psychological
effect on the society overwhelmed with power and control .
City Planning:
● The plan of the city was based on the camp. It had two
main axes Cardus E-W, Decumanus N-S . Where the two
converged was the forum.
● Both the streets – axes extend outside through fortified

gates.
● The rest of the spaces were divided into squares in which

insulae or blocks of flats were built.
● The most important part of the city was the forum, where
political, economic, administrative, social and religious
activity were centred.
● In big cities there were theatres, circuses, stadiums,

odeons.

ROMAN CAMP STRUCTURE

CITY PLANNING INCLUDED THE FOLLOWING
Forum:
Centre of the city. Had the power and control. Political,
administrative and religious centre.
Bascilicas: Civic Buildings , To do businesses
Temples / Cella: To honour the gods, PANTHEON
Aqueducts: To provide water to the city’s Cistern
Theatres: To watch plays & dramas
Amphitheatres: For sports and chariot races
Great Bath: For entertainment . Place to exercise. People often

meet friends and is a place of social gathering
Market place: To buy things for livelyhood, an urban square.
City walls
Fortified with bastions for self defence and protection
Spectacles:
Circus buildings. Where horse races are held.
HOUSES
Insulae: They were the urban houses, To take advantage of
nearness to city centre buildings with upto four floors were
built. The ground floor was for shops -tabernae- and the others
for apartments of different sizes. Every room was communicated
through a central communitarian patio decorated with flowers
or gardens.
Domus: Usual houses for important people in the city. Structure
distributed through porticated patios. Had spaces for banquets
and social meetings INSULAE
Villa: Houses far from city. Villa urbana – agricultural farm
house. Villa Rustica – urban retreat house.
Palaces: There were the residence of the emperor They
consisted of a numerous series of rooms Their plan tended to
be regular
INSULAE

DOMUS
1.4 MORPHOLOGY OF MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN TOWNS (500 to 1500AD)
INTRODUCTION: commerce. Each domain had to be almost self-sufficient,

Roman cities collapsed due to gradual disintegration and producing the necessary iron, wood, wool and wheat for its
invasions. The medieval towns occupied, to some extent, the survival. So, without commerce there were no large cities.
sites of previous Roman colonies, while new ones emerged in The Middle Ages are often called the Dark Ages is because,
the vicinity of a castle or a monastery. compared with other eras, historians don't know as much about
this time. In some ways, this period of time has been lost to
THE DARK AGES OF THE MEDIEVAL history. Many important records from this time have not
During the first centuries of the Middle Ages, towns were more survived.
numerous than important, poor & with small population. The
lack of roads, security hampered the development of the
medieval towns, which in turn prevented the development of
The cause of this "Dark Age" was the collapse of the Western • Around the city centre were houses.
Roman Empire and the waves of invasions and raiding that • There were also hospitals, schools and inns.
followed it. • There were a lot of religious buildings, such as churches
or convents.
12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES - PERIOD OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
- REBIRTH OF CITIES
● Cities - important centres of artisan activity and trade.
● New social class appeared called the bourgeoisie -
traders, artisans & bankers.
● Return of urban life in Western Europe - agricultural
production increased, population grew. The number of
wars and invasions decreased. New technical innovations
in agriculture, like triennial rotation windmill increased
production. New farming tools, such as fertiliser, ploughs
and mills were discovered.
● Farmers had surplus production, looked for places to sell
their surplus crops. In cities, farmers exchanged crops for
products made by artisans. For this they developed urban
centres. The new urban centres were called burghs, and
their inhabitants were called burghers.
MEDIEVAL CITIES- CHARACTER: London, germany, france etc

• Medieval cities were protected by high walls.
• Inside the walls, the streets were narrow and unpaved.
• There was usually a square in the centre of the city.
• This square had the most important public buildings:
Cathedral, Town & Marketplace.
• Monarchs and nobles sometimes built urban palaces in
these cities.
MEDIEVAL TOWNS LAYOUT MEDIEVAL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES:
• The medieval towns were surrounded by a moat & walls Private Buildings
made of stone or brick. Public Buildings
• The walls had towers, round or square, designed for Business Buildings
defense & decoration. Industrial/Manufacturing Buildings
• Access in town was permitted only through the vaulted Military Buildings
access gates which were closed at night. Religious Buildings
• The medieval towns usually grew up around a castle or Infrastructure Buildings
monastery, or followed the contour of a hillside, or a
river-bank. URBAN ACTIVITIES:
• As a result, they had steep, meandering streets, with
irregular width. As the land available within the walls of Artisan workshops and trade
the medieval towns was limited, the streets were Medieval cities became production centres of artisan products.
narrow. Artisans lived in houses which had workshops. Streets were
• The main streets ran to the city gates, which were the named after their occupation
only points of access in and out of town.
• Houses in the medieval towns reflected the rank of those Guilds
living in them. Artisans who made the same products formed guilds that were
• The houses of the high ranking persons could look like made up of apprentices, artisans and masters. The guilds
small fortresses, while those of ordinary people ensured that all the artisans respected the same rules
resembled the houses of the peasants, having a courtyard concerning:
and granaries. ● Working hours
• Due to the increasing price of land within the city walls, ● Tools
houses several stories high had each story extended ● Quality of the products
beyond the one beneath. ● Price of the products
• Many houses were built of wood and the peaked roof
was ornamented by a gable, or a turret.

Fairs
There were markets in the cities where farmers from the
countryside exchanged their agricultural products for artisan
products.
Money, banking and trade routes

The development of trade made money and banks necessary.
Many cities began producing their own silver or gold coins again.
Long distanced trade was carried out by ship
Urban society
Other social groups also lived in cities. There were also
minorities such as Jews. Jews worked as doctors, moneylenders
or artisans and lived in a separate neighbourhood
GOTHIC ART & ARCHITECTURE:

• Began in the 13th century.
• In cities, many Gothic buildings began to be constructed,
especially cathedrals.
• Taller and lighter buildings became popular. TYPICAL BASCILICA
• Pointed arch
• Groin vault
• Big stained glass windows
• Flying buttresses to reinforce the walls
• High towers
• Rose windows
• The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin cross
• Increased number of towers
• Gothic sculpture and painting were used to decorate
churches and cathedrals - significant change from
Romanesque Art.

TYPICAL BARREL VAULT
FLYING BUTTRESS
ROSE WINDOWS GOTHIC ARCHES
Typical medieval architecture
1.5 RENAISSANCE URBANISM AND IDEAL CITIES
INTRODUCTION: • The monument at the end is recompense, as it were, for

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the walking along a straight road (opposite to the surprises &
span between the 14th and 17th .centuries. Other major centres romantic charm of the twisting streets)
were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Economies are met by keeping the fronting buildings plain so
Bologna. as to enhance the climax--private simplicity and public
Painters developed alternate techniques, studying light, shadow magnificence
& human anatomy (Leonardo da Vinci) RENAISSANCE – ideal city
It began in Florence, Italy in 15th century and began to spread in An ideal city is the concept of a plan for a city that has been
Milan, Netherlands and to Europe. conceived in accordance with the dictates of "rational" or
"moral" objective. The ground plans of ideal cities are often
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE PLANNING based on grids (in imitation of Roman town planning) or other
• Symmetry, creation of balanced axial compositions with geometrical patterns.
central motifs. The ideal city is often an attempt to deploy Utopian ideals at the
• Placement of monumental buildings, obelisks, and statues at local level of urban configuration and living space and amenity.
the ends of long, straight streets.
• On the basis of their traffic functions Renaissance urban
spaces can be grouped under three broad headings:
- first, traffic space, forming part of the main urban route
system and used by both pedestrians and horse drawn vehicles
- second, residential space, intended for local access traffic only
and with a predominantly pedestrian recreational purpose
- third, pedestrian space, from which wheeled traffic was
normally excluded.

These classical ideas led to the rise of the middle class who began to
focus more on self- improvement, the world, and education. It reformed
and revolutionised education. Schools and universities, Libraries were
founded where the new treasures might be safely stored and made
accessible to scholars
Politics Development of the renaissance warfare between the states was
common, Renaissance politics developed from this background.
FACTORS SHAPING CITIES
● modernization of warfare and the rise of the nation-state
● colonial exploration
● Exploitation
● expanding networks of trade
● dangers of rapid urbanization
● political and geographical divisions within christianity
RENAISSANCE – INFLUENCES
Increased prosperity
Increasing wealth provided the needed financial support growing number
of commissions of large public and private art projects,
Trade routes
Assisted the spread of ideas, growth of the movement across the
continent. silk road- ancient trading route that extended between china
and the mediterranean. spices, clothing, silk, paper and gun powder were
traded.It also made many countries great superiority over other countries.
Weakness of the church
St.peter's basilica, rome, showing maderno's facade and the adapted
dome, originally designed by michelangelo. renaissance style. the weak
position of the church gave added momentum to the renaissance. it
prompted later popes to spend extravagantly on architecture, sculpture
and painting in rome & in vatican in order to recapture their lost influence.
THE RISE OF A MIDDLE CLASS IN EUROPE

STUDY OF THE RENAISSANCE SETTLEMENT
ekistics – man: Continuing demand for monumental religious arts; architects

designed secular structures.
ekistics - social: Rome-modelled hierarchical settlements, Catholic Church

administrative control & secular merchant towns.
ekistics – network: Water utilities passed down from Roman Empire & expanded
network by maritime trade.

“Primary straight street" was the basis of Renaissance urbanism, and that new,
direct routes to facilitate carriage travel were laid – Influence of traffic
Classification of urban spaces:

• traffic space
• residential space
• pedestrian space
ekistics - nature:
architecture of parks and gardens
Tie the city together
Connected the palace and the town
Rural counterpart
Gardens are never too large
Built as terraces because of hilly land
renaissance private gardens and terraced garden

Best model of gardening in limited space
Show of authority, wealth,andpower
Larger, grander and more symmetrical
For delight of visitors
garden features
Allée, Axis, Canal , Cul de sac, Fountains, Grottos , Orangerie
Parterre de broderie s, Topiary Garden Features, Bosquet

alleys
Canals axes
EKISTICS NATURE
Famous Renaissance Buildings: villa medici at Fiesole Florence, The palazzo
piccolomini at pienza, tuscany
Ornamental step type fountain grottos

Congested settlements surrounding the city
Broaderie topiary
RENAISSANCE – PLACE MAKING – URBAN SQUARES

Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management
of public spaces. Placemaking capitalizes on a local community's assets,
inspiration, and potential, with the intention of creating public spaces that
promote people's health, happiness, and well being.
Parterre orangerie Place making is strengthening the connection between people and the places
they share
bosquet
EKISTICS NATURE
Overcrowding development, Rapid urbanization of european society created fire
and plague - vulnerable denser city. No sanitation, Fire hazard building materials

SQUARES OR PLAZAS
• Urban square is an open public space used for community

gatherings
• The first urban formations appeared 6000 years ago
• City squares were established at the cross roads of important
trade routes
• Major places of worship / markets were placed on squares
• Served as an opportunity to exercise the power of rulers with
military processions and parades
FUNCTION OF AN URBAN SQUARES:
• Creates a gathering place for the people

• Providing them with a shelter against the traffic
• Freeing from the tension of rushing through the web of street
• Represents as a psychological parking place within the civic
landscape

REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SQUARES: • based On relative proportions in comparison with width &
length of open area
• Climatic conditions • based On the angle of entering the streets
• Societal structure and psychological attitude of people
• led to a form of public life – and life in public
• Made street & square the natural locations for community
activities & representation
FACTORS THAT FORMULATE THE SQUARE:
• based On the relation between the forms of the surrounding

buildings
• based On their uniformity or their variety
• based On their absolute dimensions TYPES OF RENAISSANCE SQUARES

1.6 OUTLINE OF HISTORIC CITIES OF INDIA
EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN INDIA: The second phase of urbanization began around 600 BC. It
continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of
Early civilizations sprung on banks of rivers or at any natural Europeans in India in 18th century.
port.
They provided security to the town & acted as a communicating CLAASIFICATION OF INDIAN TOWNS:
link from one civilization to another. Urban historians classify towns of India as:
Physical Safety and communication links are the two prime • Ancient
factors which lead to the development of towns. • Vedic
Earliest civilizations were seen on the banks of rivers like Ganga • Medieval
& Sindhu. • Modern - colonial
Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India.
At the time of Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa & 1. ANCIENT PERIOD:
MohenjoDaro were in existence.
Ancient period is considered to be between 3000-5000 BC . 1. Street of 9m width divided the city in 12 blocks each of
In this period, so many towns were created with unique 365m x 244m.
features. 2. Layout of street was based on ‘grid-iron’ pattern.
3. Series of houses were arranged around open-to-sky
central court.
4. They depended fully on ventilation and roof lighting.
5. Houses with G+1 storey made of kiln-brick with complete
bathing establishment.
6. City had effective system of drainage.
7. It had Great bath- 7m width, 12m length and 2.4m depth
made of bricks at bottom and was made waterproof by
providing layers of bitumen and it formed to be part of
ritualistic bathing forming part of Hindu temple.
8. They had graneries for storing grain, agriculture being
their main occupation.
Indus valley civilization: (3000 B.C) Rakhigadhi, Haryana:

It was located on the bank of river Indus It has three distinctive phases of the pre-Harappan culture.
(presently in Pakistan) and Ravi. In the earliest people lived in pits. In the second, molded mud
In 1920, British Archeologist found the remains bricks were used to line the dwellings. In the third phase bricks
of the so called Mohenjodaro (Hill of Deads) in were used to make square and rectangular houses.
Indo-Gangatic region. It was about 260 hectares They may have been used by the king or an elected headman
with Harappa (on bed of river Ravi) now in Pakistan. and his consort.
Kalibangan in Rajasthan Kalibangan, Rajasthan:
Lothal, Sukortada and Dholavira in Gujarat Kalibangan is the third excavated city of Harappan sites and the
Rakhigadhi in Haryana earliest town destroyed by earthquake. Excavated between
It was developed around 4000-3000 BC. 1960-61 and 1968-69, this ancient city of Indus valley civilization
Salient features of Indus Valley Civilization: is located on the bank of the dry bed of the Ghaggar.

Kalibangan comprises two mounds: a small mound is located in
the western direction and the larger mound is situated in the
east with an open space in between them.
The excavations revealed that the western mound was a
fortified enclosure with rectangular salient and towers. This was
further partitioned into two units by an inner wall with stairways
on either side for movement between the two units.
Kalibhangan lothal
Surkotada,Gujarat:
Surkotada is located 160 km (99 m) north-east of Bhuj, in the
district of Kutch, Gujarat.
The ancient mound stands surrounded by an undulating rising

ground clustered by small sandstone hills. These hills are
covered with red laterite soil giving the entire region a reddish
brown colour.
The vegetation is scarce and consists of cactus, small babul and

pilu trees and thorny shrubs.

The mound was discovered in 1964 by Shri Jagat Pati Joshi of the
Archaeological Survey of India.
The mound is higher on the western side and lower on the
eastern side and has an average height of 5 to 8 m (16-26 ft). 2. VEDIC PERIOD: (400 BC)
In the ancient days, a river 750 m (½ mi) wide flowed past the In this period, Vedas as well as books were wrote on town
north-eastern side of the site. planning.
In “Vishwa-karmaprakash” it was stated that “First layout the
This river, which emptied into the Little Rann, might have been towns and then plan the houses.”
an important reason for sitting the town here. Now this river is “Shilpshastra” wrote by “Architect Mansara” discussed study on
only a small nalla (stream). soil, topography, climatology and various layouts like Dandaka,
Swastika, Padmaka, Nandyavarta.

The main roads were aligned east-west to get the roads purified
by air. Short roads were aligned in north-south direction.
Roads running around the village were preserved for priests.
Moats were all around the town to secure the town for outside
forces.
Rajmarg were the widest road through which four elephants can
pass at a time. Such roads are found in Mysore.
Vedic principles of town planning:
1. Orientation with respect to sun and natural laws of earth

2. Site selection and marking the vastu
3. Layout with silent centre – brahmasthan
4. Placement with respect to energy and function
5. Vedic measurements and proportions
6. Auspicious timings Planning based on size of the settlement
7. Natural, non toxic building materials and sustainable systems
Planning based on caste system and occupation
Town planning based on shape and purpose

4. Rajmarga to be not less than 30 ft. or nearly 3 lanes of
traffic.
The excavation carried out at Patliputra, capital of Magadha

(now in Bihar), shows evidence of advance knowledge of
planning.
Taksha-sila and Nalanda, the renowned place for learning were

formed in this period.
Nalanda consist of three main essentials – stupas, temples &
hotels for monks.
It had 300 halls for accommodating 10,000 pupils and libraries
Nandyavarta sarvatobadra were nine-storeyed high
SWASTIKA - poompuhar – kaveripoompattinam

PADMAKA – jodhpur fort
PRASTARA _ jaipur fort
SARVATOBADRA – Thanjavur brihadeeswara
3. Buddhist period: (up to 320 AD)

During the period of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, Kautilya
and Chanakya was the chief minister who wrote the famous
“Arthashastra”, a treatise of Town Planning. Features stated in it
were:
1. Regulation of zoning depending on communities.
2. Highway (Rajamarga) to be parallel to the main cardinal
direction.
3. Road were aligned in grid-iron form.

1.7 TEMPLE TOWN URBANISM OF TAMIL NADU
INTRODUCTION
Madurai is one of the major cities in Tamil Nadu which has been a cultural capital for two millennia. It is also called as the ATHENS of
THE EAST, CITY THAT NEVER SLEEPS, CITY OF FOUR JUNCTIONS. The natural determinant for the origin of settlement is River Vaigai
which is one of the 17 river basins of Tamil Nadu.
Madurai is the capital of the Pandyan kingdom was during the reign of Nedunj Cheliyan. The district is bounded on the north by
Dindigul district on the east by Sivaganga on the west by Theni district and on the south by Virthunagar District.
EVOLUTION
Older core city was a fortified settlement on the southern banks of river Vaigai, few scattered buildings and agricultural farm lands
outside the fort area. The present Northern part of the city provides administrative and civic services, the older South city provides
commercial and socio-cultural activities.
TRADITIONAL PLANNING STRATEGIES
The old city of Madurai is considered to be designed according to the Rajdhani plan, described in Manasara, one of the Shilpasastra,
and has the fivefold concentric rectangular formation with Meenakshi- Sundareshwara Temple at a very centre point. The city was a
well planned one with bazaars and many broad streets with high and luxurious mansions on both sides. The city was built around the
temple complex as the focal point with a combination of a concentric street pattern.

STREET PLANNING: Residences with its traditional planning with courtyards and
thinnai helps with the hot weather and provides natural
The streets concentric to the temple complex formed the major surveillance. People can view the historical buildings from the
streets viz., Chithirai Streets, Avani Moola Streets and Masi terrace of their homes because of the height restriction.
Streets. The next order of streets is perpendicular to the above
streets and lead to the temple entrances. The developments
within and beyond these streets are on an irregular pattern.
A definite hierarchy of street pattern was adopted with the

width of the Streets decreasing as they branched out, ending up
in stone paved streets and lanes the width of some being just
0.60 m. The entire city was enclosed within the fort walls and
surrounded by a moat. The fort walls have been razed down and
the moat filled up to form the present day Veli Streets.
SETTLEMENT PATTERN :
The settlement pattern of Madurai is planned according to the

ancient system of town planning which is based on caste and
occupational hierarchies. Ancient south indian temple towns are
designed by placing the temple complex at the centre with
concentric rectangle pattern of streets around.
In Madurai, Meenakshi Amman Temple is at the center. Royal

Palaces, Brahmins and Priests at the first concentric
rectangle.Traders, Kishatriyas and Vaishnavaites on the second
rectangle. The lower caste Sudras and immigrants zoarashitrains
in the third rectangle.

ELEMENTS OF PLANNING OF OLDER CORE CITY

housing typology of madurai

MEENAKSHI AMMAN TEMPLE - as the central foci of old city generates and ties-up the activities around.
TEMPLE TOWN URBANISM OF TAMIL NADU
Assignment – hand written
1. Srirangam
2. Kancheepuram
3. Thanjavur
1.8MUGHAL CITY FORM

EVOLUTION OF THE CITY OF SHAHJAHANABAD

MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SPECIFICATIONS: The city was a combination of the Hindu Vastu Shastra,
The Mughal Period in Indian history is one of the glorious Shilpashastra, the idea of ‘Purusha’ (Man), and the Islamic Sufi
periods that have enriched India in multifarious ways. Art and concept in Persian architecture.
architecture has received a great response during Mughal period The city was laid down to emulate a human anatomy with the
that has gifted us with architectural gems that have defined the palace-fortress as its head.
passage of time As per the Shastras, the site was placed on a high land and was
Karmukha or bow shaped which ensured prosperity.
SPECIFICATIONS OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk. The string was
Domes Yamuna.
Arches The junction of the two main axes was the most auspicious point
Mosques where the Red Fort is placed.
Tombs
Minarets
Courtyards
Gardens
Hanging Balcony
Fluted Sandstone Column
EVOLUTION OF SHAHJAHANABAD
The city originated when the fort at Agra faced agonizing heat
along with insufficient accomodation and space for Shahjahan’s
lavish lifestyle and his grand ceremonial processions.
PLANNING CONCEPTS AND HIGHLIGHTs

CITY PLANNING

● The site has a triangular shape and topography at the
apex of meet of aravalli and Yamuna river
● The new Mughal capital and the fort were designed as an
ideal city and a paradise on Earth.
● The design and planning methods were geometric and
provided for green areas (gardens) and water facilities.
● Principal elements in the town planning were the fort, the
Jami Masjid, two major streets, city wall and gates, the
Bagh, the Id-gah and the Karawan Sarai.
● The Red fort was designed as a symbol of Muslim power
and as an ideal living space on a formal geometrical plan.
● The Jami Masjid was designed as a symbol of Muslim
power and of the capital.
● The design and the planning method was a new concept
in town planning in the Mughal capital.
● Two major streets were developed as the central axis and
as processional routes and they were new elements in the
capital.
● The city wall and gateways were drawn on a geometrical INFRASTRUCTURE
plan. The designed infrastructure of Shahjahanabad comprised-
● The capital did not provide planning of residential areas. • The fort
● Urban forms and patterns developed on their own in • The Friday mosque.
• The other major mosques, including the corresponding waqf properties.
response to the emperor’s basic need and idea and little • The two main boulevards.
attention was paid to the social planning. • The bazaars around the Friday mosque.
• The elaborate system of water channels.
• The major gardens and the city wall.
• The arrangement of these planned elements was influenced by certain
site features, which precluded absolute geometry.

CITY WALLS AND CITY GATES TURKMAN GATE, DELHI
Nigambodh , Turkman Gate , Kashmere Gate , Mori Gate , Ajmeri
Gate, Kabuli Gate, Lahori Gate
Delhi Gate
AJMER GATE, DELHI

The other streets were less significant and were mainly built as
access roads to the residential areas.
Primarily the streets and bye-lanes were designed for
pedestrian movement and animal driven vehicles.
The streets and lanes being very narrow have traffic congestion
problem
The important services like Fire trucks cannot reach most places
because of narrow streets.
The streets being narrow become an extension of the activities

along its sides
LAHORI GATE, DELHI

MAJOR STREETS & LANES
The streets in Mughal capital were usually narrow and crooked.
However, the major streets in the new capital were designed as
wide and straight. The two major streets developed as
processional routes, as well as commercial arteries.
They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza with the Jami Masjid and
Turkman and Lahori Darwazas. Their intersections formed a
landmark. Important buildings were located on these arteries.
The street structure also includes the streets that are parallel to
the city walls- forming a concentric ring. They then intermingle
at chowks with the layering of streets, which derive their
character from the fact that they are perpendicular to the main
mosque, Jama Masjid.
RED FORT
The plan of the fort was made by Shah Jahan and two Muslim
architects. The foundation stone of the fortified place was laid in
1638. Construction work began in 1639 and was complete in just
nine year. The palace complex, located along the western river
front was built as an ideal residence for the emperor, it was
conceived and designed as a paradise on Earth. The layout of the
fort was drawn on a formal geometrical plan actually an
irregular octagon with two long sides on east and west. It had
two gates, that on the west was called the Lahori Darwaza, while
that on the south was the Delhi Darwaza. Bearing on the
cardinal points, the elements of the fort were arranged in the
geometrical pattern that reflected the life and customs of
Mughal court.
JAMI MASJID
The Jami Masjid was the principal mosque of the capital, the
congregational centre and one of the most important
institutions for the Muslims in Shahjahanabad. Shah Jahan
RED FORT commenced building the mosque in 1650, and completed it 6
years later. It was located at the central part of the city and on a
raised foundation at the top of a hill 9mts above the street
level.The mosque dominated the walled city as a visual as well
as a spiritual symbol of supreme god. The courtyard was large
and was enclosed by pillared corridors. Its layouts, having a main
entrance on the east, was geometric and the whole mosque
faced west towards Mecca. Muslim urban life closely evolved

around the Jami Masjid.
Spatial hierarchy of mughal planning
HAVELIS
The members of the imperial household (known as Great Amirs MOHALLA / KATRA
and Imperial Princes of Mughal court) who lived outside the fort There was a tendency of the city’s population to settle by ethnic
built large mansions (havellis) on the model of the imperial affiliations and to live in the same neighborhoods. The urban
design of the red fort. These City palaces accommodated not community and the Mughal capital was formed by such districts
only the owner and his family, but also their numerous or wards, known as mahallas and katras. There were 36
followers, servants, and craftsmen with their workshops. Great mahallas in the walled city. Each katra had an enclosed space
Amirs adapted the layout of the palace- fortress in designing created between residential and commercial buildings having
their own mansions. Each haveli has a Naqqar Khannah, a entry to a katra made through a gate. These courtyards were
library, shish mahal, hammam, garden, and mosque, and busy environmentally sound and acted as main ventilation shafts in a
kar-khanas employing thousands of artisans and craftsmen. hot and arid climate. There was not much need felt for

communal open space, other than for worship which is why the Typical courtyard activities
Jami Masjid was provided with a spacious courtyard. Communal
open space was conspicuously absent as it is so today -planning
of a residential area in the Mughal capital did not provide for
social units.

BAZZARS AND MARKETS
SITA RAM BAZAR - A very famous market of old delhi also
includes heritage and cultural buildings like masterji ki haveli.
MATIA MAHAL -This is the area adjacent to jama masjid famous
for the food joints and market places but the streets are narrow
and crowded
CHURIWALAN - As the name suggests it’s a bangle market area
URDU BAZAAR - The orignal market is destroyed but the name
survives as a location near jami masjid. The urdu language
obtained its name from this market.
OPEN SPACES
There are 3 big parks/open spaces in the walled city namely
Netaji Subash Park, Gandhi ground and open space around Red
Fort. The total open space within city work out to be 11.5 Ha
KATRA OF SHAHJAHANABAD
Chandni CHowk
ENTRANCE TOKATRA NEEL
1.9 MEDIEVAL CITIES OF INDIA
MEDIEVAL CITY OF JAIPUR
INTRODUCTION:
Jaipur lies at a distance of about 320 kms from Delhi, 240 kms PLANNING OF THE CITY :
from Agra and 135 kms from Ajmer. Jaipur is a valley located south of Amber and the plains beyond,
a terrain that was the bed of a dried lake ; dense forest cover to
Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about the north and the east of the site.
430mabove sea level. Latitude –26 55’ ;Longitude –75 50’ JAIPUR The generic plan of a medieval Rajasthani hill town- as in
Dausa and Amber
The current district of Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the The hill town of Dausa with an organic layout guided by the
Banas River basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of topography Amber Town with the Fort on top of the hill and the
Rajasthan. walled town down the slopes

JAIPUR CITY WITH ENTRANCE GATES

JAIPUR CITY – KEY PLAN
● The town has around it a masonry wall, 25ft. high & 9ft.
thick, with eight gates.
● The city’s division into nine wards was also in conformity
with the Hindu caste system, which necessitated the
segregation of people belonging to different communities
and ranks.
● South of the main road were four almost equal rectangles.
● The rectangle opposite the palace has been broken up into
two equal and smaller rectangles by the Chaura Rasta.
● Thus altogether there are now five rectangles on the south
of the main road called Chowkris.
● On the North of the main road from West to East are the
Purani Basti, the Palace and Ramchandraji.
CONCEPTUAL PRASTARA PLAN

● It is a model of town planning- first planned city in India.
● It is based on Hindu systems of town planning and
followed the principles prescribed in the Shilpa-shastra, an
ancient Indian treatise on architecture .
● According to this shastra the site should be divided into
grids or mandalas ranging from 2x 2 to 10 x 10.
● Planned according to the Prastara type of layout, which
gives prominence to the cardinal directions.
● Thus plan of jaipur is a grid of 3x3 with gridlines being the
city’s main streets.

PLANNING PROCEDURE:

ROAD NETWORK Jaipur’s road network follows a definite hierarchy.
The major east-west and north-south road ,form the sector were not predetermined; hence show a mix of grid iron and
boundaries and are called Rajmarg as they lead to the city gates. organic pattern, with the basic unit of built form being the
These measure 33m. wide. rectangular haveli
Next there is a network of 16.5m wide which runs north-south
in each sector linking the internal areas of the sectors to the
major activity spine.
An orthogonal grid of 8.25mx4.00m roads in the
prastara-chessboard pattern further divide sectors into
Mohallas.
Junctions of the main axial streets formed the two square civic
open spaces called chaupars (Badi chaupar and Chhoti chaupar).
The width of the square chaupars was three times that of the
main street.
Historically, the chaupars had water structures connected by
underground aqueducts, supplying numerous sources of
drinking water at street level.
Presently, the centre of each chaupar has square enclosures
with ornamental fountains.
The streets and chowks (central open squares in a town) of the

internal chowkries (sectors) with numerous clusters or mohallas
chaupar
1.10 COLONIAL URBANISM IN INDIA
EVOLUTION OF URBANISM IN INDIA TYPES OF COLONIALISM:

Settler Colonialism
KEY WORDS: Exploitation Colonialism
Cantonment- the British colonies laid in the outskirt to get rid of Plantation Colonies
unhygienic condition by the Britishers during pre-independence Surrogate Colonialism ( most of settlers Do not come from
period. Mainstreamf rulers)
Grid iron pattern- The system of road laid in such a way that Internal Colonialism
they intersect at right angle and the rectangular areas are
formed. Colonial Cities In India
Moat- Canal full of water running around the town and is for Colonial India is the part on indian Subcontinent which was
safety purpose. under control of european colonial Powers through trade and
Rajmarg- The widest road passing through the town. conquest.
Cities under colonialrule:
COLONIALISM: Goa – portugal
Kochi – Portugal ( first colony in india)
Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance,
Delhi – britain
acquisition and expansion of colony in one teriitory by a political
Calcutta- Britain
power from another territory.
Madras – Portugese, Dutch, British
Set of unequal relationships between colonal power and the
Bombay – Britain
colony.
The policyand practice of power in extending control over
weaker people or areas.
Colonialism began in of 15th century by portugese and spanish
explorations of America, coasts of Africa, middle east , india etc.
INDO SARASCENIC ARCHITECTURE:

Found its way into public buildings like railway stations, banks
and insurance buildings, educational institutions, clubs and
museums.
Indo- Saracenic architecture- a synthesis of Muslim designs and
Indian materials developed by British architects, during the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
the hybrid combined diverse architectural elements of Hindu
and Mughal with gothic cusped arches, domes, spires, tracery,
minarets and stained glass, in a wonderful, almost playful
manner.
LEADING PRACTITIONERS:
Robert fellowes Chisholm, Henry Irwin, william Emerson,
Fredrick Stevens
CHARACTERISTICS:
Onion (Bulbous) Domes Overhanging Eaves
Pointed Arches, Cusped Arches, or Scalloped Arches
Vaulted Roofs
Domed Kiosks
Many Miniature Domes, or Domed Chhatris
Towers or Minarets
Harem Windows Open Pavilions
Pierced Open Arcading
Cities with indo sarascenic architecture

Buildings with Indo Sarascenic Style: CONFISTICATED VILLAGES OF CHENNAI
Writers building- Calcutta Madarasapattinam, Narimedu Triplicane Tiruvottiyur
Law Courts, Chepauk Palace- Madras Kottivakkam Nungambakkam Egmore Purasawalkam
Napier Museum – Trivandrum Tondiarpet Chintadripet Vepery Mylapore Chennapatnam.
Prince of Wales Museum, victoria terminus – bombay In 18th century, Madras became an important British naval base
Luteyens buildings - Delhi & administrative centre . Madras was the capital of the Madras
Presidency, also called Madras Province. Consequently, they
COLONIAL URBANISM in INDIA – CASE STUDY OF CHENNAI expanded the control of the company by encompassing the
Formerly known as Madras, Capital of TN, India’s fourth largest neighbouring villages of Triplicane, Egmore, Purasawalkam and
City. Located in coromandel coast of Bay of Bengal 400YRS old Chetpet to form the city of Chennapatnam, as it was called by
city locals.
History –
Modern city of chennai arose from merging the native villages
and european settlements around f Fort St. George. Collectively
called as Madras.
Origin of Chennai – colonial City, important artificial harbour,
trading centre.
Founder – Francis Day, Andrew Cogan, portugese . They
established a small fortified settlement.
It was Invaded by the English, who set up the East India
Company..and had their settlement. The Area came to be known
as Fort St. George settlement or the white town.
The non Europen settlements were called as black town.
White town and black town together were called as Madras
During the 17th century, chennai found a steady development,
thanks to East India Company
During the governorship of Ehilu Yale, Institution of Mayor &
corporation of chennai was formed .

DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE
The development of a harbour in Madras led the city to become
an important centre for trade between India and Europe in the
18th century.
Spencer's started as a small business in 1864 and went on to
become the biggest department stores in Asia at the time. The
city’s major economic activity was entirely based on the sea and
other small scale industries inside the city.
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC AMENITIES
Development of Railway station, High Court, Educational

Institution and other major administrative and commercial
buildings had taken Chennai to its new heights.
In the 1900’s Chennai acquired the status of a city due to its
increased population growth and advancements in terms of
infrastructure and aminities.

On the whole, the colonial rule provoked the growth of Chennai
to a multi potential city which attracted people from all over
TamilNadu for the past 40-50 years.
ELEMENTS OF INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE –
SENATE HOUSE - MADRAS UNIVERSITY

ELEMENTS OF INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE - GENERAL POST OFFICE BUILDING

CONCLUSION:
The concept of colonialism started in 1492 when Columbus went in search of India, but accidently discovered America.
The colonial rule impacted the whole world, creating a new settlement - the creation of a new religion - the creation of a new
country.
Colonial India had contributed to the modern India & in the growth of Mega cities like Mumbai, Chennai etc
The Imperialism of the British over the entire world has resulted the tremendous improvement in trade and commerce
There wouldn’t have been a Megacity like Mumbai or Chennai if colonial rule hadnt existed
COLONIAL URBANISM IN INDIA

SEMINARS
1. Delhi
2. Calcutta
3. Mumbai
4. Mysore
END OF UNIT I


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UNIT I - URBANISM IN HISTORY

1. Outline of forces shaping urbanism

3. Morphology of pre-industrial European cities to include Greek and Roman cities

4. Medieval European towns

5. Renaissance urbanism and ideal cities

6. Outline of historic cities of India

7. Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu

8. Mughal city form

9. Medieval cities of India

10. Colonial urbanism in India

1.0 INTRODUCTION - MORPHOLOGY OF EARLY CITIES

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

FORM OF SETTLEMENTS STRUCTURE OF SETTLEMENTS TRANSFORMATION OF SETTLEMENTS

Population Expansion And Related Growth

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION The urbanization in Mesopotamia was started in Uruk Period

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

Mesopotamian city exhibited both planned and unplanned city

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE CITY:

Citadel - Central precinct in the centre of the city dedicated to

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

The potters wheel, Sail boat, Maps, Chariot, Plough, Astronomy

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF MESOPOTAMIA

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

Ontology of Indus valley civilization

12mL X 7.5M B X2.4m H.

HOUSES AND BUILDING MATERIALS

Houses were either single storied or two storied. They had

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

● Towns had fixed boundaries protected by fortifications .

● Site planning and design was centered on the

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

● It is in finishing that the Greeks showed their mastery

● The Frieze and cornices of buildings were also decorated

MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION: OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURES

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

MORPHOLOGY OF PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPEAN CITIES

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN BUILT FORMS

1. Lintelled- Copied from the Greeks

● Both the streets – axes extend outside through fortified

● The rest of the spaces were divided into squares in which

● In big cities there were theatres, circuses, stadiums,

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

Bascilicas: Civic Buildings , To do businesses

Temples / Cella: To honour the gods, PANTHEON

Aqueducts: To provide water to the city’s Cistern

Theatres: To watch plays & dramas

Amphitheatres: For sports and chariot races

Great Bath: For entertainment . Place to exercise. People often

Market place: To buy things for livelyhood, an urban square.

SUBJECT NAME: URBAN DESIGN SUBJECT CODE: AR8702

1.4 MORPHOLOGY OF MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN TOWNS (500 to 1500AD)

INTRODUCTION: commerce. Each domain had to be almost self-sufficient,