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10-MINITAB Some Exercises Using Minitab
10-MINITAB Some Exercises Using Minitab
Rajender Parsad
I.A.S.R.I., Library Avenue, New Delhi 110 012
rajender@iasri.res.in
The functionality of MINITAB is accessible through interactive windows and menus, or
through a command language called session commands. There are three windows viz. Data
window, Session window and Project Manager. Data window is a worksheet in a spreadsheet
format, with rows and columns that intersect to form individual cells. A worksheet can
contain up to 4000 columns, 1000 constants, and up to 10,000,000 rows depending on
memory of the computer. The text output generated by the analyses is displayed in Session
window. The Project Manager contains folders that allow one to navigate, view, and
manipulate various parts of the project. Minitab has the advanced Design of Experiments
(DOE) capabilities. One can screen the factors to determine which are important for
explaining process variation. It can generate two-level full and fractional factorial designs,
and Plackett-Burman designs, Box-Behnken and central composite designs, simplex centroid
and simplex lattice designs and Taguchi orthogonal array designs. It also allows one to
perform one way analysis of variance, two-way analysis of variance for balanced data, test for
equality of variances, and generate various plots. Balanced ANOVA models with crossed or
nested and fixed or random factors can also be analyzed. The option General MANOVA
analyzes balanced or unbalanced MANOVA models with crossed or nested and fixed or
random factors. The analysis of covariance is also possible with option General MANOVA.
For initiatinfg the work on MINITAB. From thw Windows Taskbar, choose Start
ProgramsMINITAB 14 (MINITAB SOLUTIONS) MINITAB 14 (MINITAB 15).
Minitab opens with two main windows viz. Session Window and Data Window. The first
screen of MINITAB are shown as
Minitab: An Overview
I-180
Minitab: An Overview
Make Indicator Variables - creates indicator (dummy) variables that you can use in
regression analysis. See also Generating Patterned Data Overview for related information.
Set Base - fixes a starting point for Minitab's random number generator
Random Data - displays commands for generating a random sample of numbers, sampled
either from columns of the worksheet or from a variety of distributions
Probability Distributions - displays commands that allow you to compute probabilities,
probability densities, cumulative probabilities, and inverse cumulative probabilities for
continuous and discrete distributions
Matrices - displays commands for doing matrix operations
The main menu for statistical data analysis Stat. Under this option, following suboptions are
available:
Basic Statistics
Regression
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
DOE (Design of Experiments)
Control Charts
Quality Tools
Reliability/Survival
Multivariate
Time Series
Tables
Nonparametrics
EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)
Power and Sample Size
In Basic statistics, following sub-options can be used through selecting Stat > Basic Statistics
Select one of the following commands: Display Descriptive Statistics , Store Descriptive
Statistics , Graphical Summary, 1-Sample Z, 1-Sample t, 2-Sample t, Paired t, 1 Proportion, 2
Proportions, 1-Sample Poisson Rate, 2-Sample Poisson Rate, 1 Variance, 2 Variances,
Correlation, Covariance, Normality Test, Goodness-of-Fit Test for Poisson. Then further subsub options can be used.
For performing regression analysis, from the menus choose Stat > Regression and then select
one of the following commands to fit a model relating a response to one or more predictors :
Regression - does simple, multiple and polynomial regression
Stepwise - does stepwise regression, forward selection, and backward elimination
Best Subsets - does best subsets regression
Fitted Line Plot - fits a simple linear or polynomial regression model and plots the
regression line through the actual data or the log10 of the data
Partial Least Squares - does partial least squares regression
Binary Logistic Regression - does logistic regression for a binary response variable
Ordinal Logistic Regression - does logistic regression for an ordinal response variable
Nominal Logistic Regression - does logistic regression for a nominal response variable
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Minitab: An Overview
For performing Analysis of variance, Choose: Stat > ANOVA. This option allows to perform
analysis of variance, test for equality of variances, and generate various plots. The analysis
can be carried out, using the suitable sub-option.
One-Way - performs a one-way analysis of variance, with the response in one column,
subscripts in another and performs multiple comparisons of means
One-Way (Unstacked) - performs a one-way analysis of variance, with each group in a
separate column
Two-way - performs a two-way analysis of variance for balanced data
Analysis of Means - displays an Analysis of Means chart for normal, binomial, or Poisson
data
Balanced ANOVA - analyzes balanced ANOVA models with crossed or nested and fixed or
random factors
General Linear Model - analyzes balanced or unbalanced ANOVA models with crossed or
nested and fixed or random factors. You can include covariates and perform multiple
comparisons of means.
Fully Nested ANOVA - analyzes fully nested ANOVA models and estimates variance
components
Balanced MANOVA - analyzes balanced MANOVA models with crossed or nested and
fixed or random factors
General MANOVA - analyzes balanced or unbalanced MANOVA models with crossed or
nested and fixed or random factors. You can also include covariates.
Test for Equal Variances - performs Bartlett's and Levene's tests for equality of variances
Interval Plot - produces graphs that show the variation of group means by plotting standard
error bars or confidence intervals
Main Effects Plot - generates a plot of response main effects
Interactions Plot - generates an interaction plots (or matrix of plots)
Minitab can also be used for generating the layout of designs for two-level full and fractional
factorial designs using Stat > DOE > Factorial. For generating Box-Behnken and central
composite designs, use Stat > DOE > Response Surface. Simplex centroid and simplex
lattice designs for mixture experiments can be obtained using Stat > DOE> Mixture.
Taguchi orthogonal arrays can be generated using Stat > DOE> Taguchi.
Minitab can perform principal components analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis,
discriminant analysis, and correspondence analysis. For performing multivariate data
analysis, choose: Stat > Multivariate and then any one of the following sub-options
depending upon the analysis required to be performed.
Principal Components - performs principal components analysis
Factor Analysis - performs factor analysis
Item Analysis - performs item analysis
I-182
Minitab: An Overview
I-183
Minitab: An Overview
St Dev
2.1002
1.5526
1.30931
SE Mean
0.7425
0.5489
0.46291
Example 2.2: In diabetic rats the blood sugar and endogenous insulin levels were estimated.
Find out if there is correlation between these two parameters
Rat No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Blood Sugar (x) 156 102 134 184 198 203 123 176 mg%
Insulin (y)
16
21
18
11
10
8
20
11
IU
Solution: For obtaining the correlation coefficient using MINITAB from the menus choose:
Stat Basic Statistics Correlation Select two or more numeric variables Check the
box Display p-values and click button OK.
The output of the above example with MINITAB is
Pearson correlation of x and y = -0.984
P-Value = 0.000
I-184
Minitab: An Overview
To calculate Spearman's rank correlation coefficient using MINITAB, ensure that there are no
missing values in the data. If the data are not ranked, then use Data Rank and then compute
the Pearson's correlation on the columns of ranked data as explained earlier. Don't forget to
uncheck Display p-values as the p-value given here is not accurate for Spearman's r. Dont
use p-values to interpret Spearman's r.
To obtain the partial correlation using MINITAB:
1 Regress the first variable on the other variables and store the residuals.
2 Regress the second variable on the other variables and store the residuals.
3 Calculate the correlation between the two columns of residuals.
Example 2.3: Given the following data, fit a simple linear regression equation between y and
x1. Also fit a multiple linear regression equation with y as dependent and x1, x2, x3 and x4 as
independent variables.
Observation
y
x1
x2
x3
x4
No.
1
78.5
7
26
6
60
2
74.3
1
29
15
22
3
104.3
11
56
8
20
4
87.6
11
31
8
47
5
95.9
7
52
6
33
6
109.2
11
55
9
22
7
102.7
3
71
17
6
8
72.5
1
31
22
44
9
93.1
2
54
18
22
10
115.9
21
47
4
26
11
83.8
1
40
23
34
12
113.3
11
66
9
12
13
119.4
10
68
8
12
For fitting a regression equation using MINITAB: From the menus choose:
StatRegressionSelect Response VariableSelect one or more independent variables.
Multiple Linear Regression
Predictor
Coef
SE Coef
Constant
53.6300
10.2700
5.22
0.001
x1
1.5887
0.2670
5.95
0.000
x2
0.6606
0.1140
5.79
0.000
x3
0.0845
0.2493
0.34
0.743
x4
-0.0758
0.1144
-0.66
0.526
RMSE (S) = 3.00032 R-Sq = 97.7% R-Sq(adj) = 96.5%
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Minitab: An Overview
Source
Regression
Residual Error
Total
Source
x1
x2
x3
x4
DF
4
8
12
DF
1
1
1
1
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
3015.59
753.90
72.02
9.00
3087.61
F
83.75
P
0.000
Seq SS
1546.50
1462.49
2.64
3.96
From the above example, it can be seen that 97.7% of the variation in y is explained by x1, x2,
x3 and x4. Coefficients of x1 and x2 are significantly different from zero whereas that of x3 and
x4 are not.
ANOVA and ANCOVA
Example 2.4: A trial was designed to evaluate 15 rice varieties grown in soil with a toxic
level of iron. The experiment was in a RCB design with three replications. Guard rows of a
susceptible check variety were planted on two sides of each experimental plot. Scores for
tolerance for iron toxicity were collected from each experimental plot as well as from guard
rows. For each experimental plot, the score of susceptible check (averaged over two guard
rows) constitutes the value of the covariate for that plot. Data on the tolerance score of each
variety (Y variable) and on the score of the corresponding susceptible check (X variable) are
shown below:
Scores for tolerance for iron toxicity (Y) of 15 rice varieties and those the corresponding
guard rows of a susceptible check variety (X) in a RCB trial
Variety
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Replication-I
X
Y
15
22
16
14
15
24
16
13
17
17
16
14
16
13
16
16
17
14
17
17
16
15
16
15
15
24
15
25
15
24
Replication-II
X
Y
16
13
15
23
15
24
15
23
17
16
15
23
15
23
17
17
15
23
17
17
15
24
15
23
15
24
15
24
15
25
I-186
Replication-III
X
Y
16
14
15
23
15
23
15
23
16
16
15
23
16
13
16
16
15
24
15
26
15
25
15
23
16
15
15
23
16
16
Minitab: An Overview
For performing the ANOVA for the above data using MINITAB: First enter the data in the
Worksheet of MINITAB in four columns C1: rep; C2: trt; C3: Y and C4: X. Now fFrom
menus choose Stat ANOVA General Linear Model. In the response variable Box,
enter the variable Y, in the model enter trt rep. Specify the terms for comparing means as trt
and the method for multiple comparisons. As the interest is in making all possible pairwise
treatment comparisons, select Tukey or Bonferroni method. Check the Box TEST for multiple
comparison output. If only ANOVA is to be performed, then C4 is not required. The out put
obtained is given in the sequel.
The usual analysis of variance without using the covariate (X variable) is as follows:
Source
DF
SS Mean Square
F (F-calc) p(Pr>F)
Treatment
14 265.91
18.99
1.04
0.445
Replication
2 104.04
52.02
2.85
0.075
Error
28 510.62
18.24
Total
44 880.58
R-Square
0.4201 (42.01%)
R-Sq(Adj)
8.88%
Y - Mean
19.82222
I-187
Minitab: An Overview
Source
x
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
DF
1
14
2
28
44
R-Square
0.8730 (87.30%)
Term
Constant
x
Seq SS
589.430
156.797
22.480
111.871
880.58
R-Sq(Adj)
79.30%
Coef
114.673
-6.0888
Adj. SS
398.752
152.561
22.480
111.871
Mean Square
398.752
10.897
11.240
4.143
T
11.85
-9.81
F (F-calc)
96.24
2.63
2.71
p(Pr>F)
0.000
0.015
0.084
Y - Mean
19.82222
P
0.000
0.000
It is interesting to note that the use of a covariate has resulted into a considerable reduction in
the error mean square and hence the CV has also reduced drastically. This has helped in
catching the small differences among the treatment effects as significant. This was not
possible when the covariate was not used. The covariance analysis will thus result into a
more precise comparison of treatment effects. Least Squares Treatment Means for yield are
Treatment
Mean SE mean
1
16.87
1.177
2
18.51
1.185
3
20.15
1.229
4
18.18
1.185
5
22.96
1.356
6
18.51
1.185
7
16.87
1.177
8
20.93
1.265
9
20.87
1.177
10
24.60
1.265
11
19.84
1.185
12
18.84
1.185
13
19.51
1.185
14
20.48
1.229
15
20.18
1.185
The probability of significance of pairwise comparisons among the least square estimates of
the treatment effects based on Tukey Simultaneous Tests are given below
I-188
Minitab: An Overview
i/j
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
.
0.9994
.
0.8280 0.9994
.
1.0000 1.0000 0.9959
.
0.0930 0.5359 0.9754 0.4249
.
0.9994 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000 0.5359
.
1.0000 0.9994 0.8280 1.0000
0.093 0.9994
.
0.5536 0.9840 1.0000 0.9551 0.9945 0.9840 0.5536 .
0.5302 0.9789 1.0000 0.9418 0.9958 0.9789 0.5302 1.0000
0.0077 0.0930 0.5359 0.0622 0.9994 0.0930 0.0077 0.6586
0.8890 0.9999 1.0000 0.9992 0.9219 0.9999
0.889 1.0000
0.9959 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.651 1.0000 0.9959 0.9958
0.9504 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.8529 1.0000 0.9504 0.9999
0.7204 0.9959 1.0000 0.9829 0.9917 0.9959 0.7204 1.0000
0.7967 0.9992 1.0000 0.9949 0.9655 0.9992 0.7967 1.0000
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
.
0.6780 .
1.0000 0.3659
.
0.9945 0.1363 1.0000
.
0.9999 0.2713 1.0000 1.0000
.
1.0000
0.651 1.0000 0.9994 1.0000
.
1.0000 0.4762 1.0000 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
For the data in Example 6.2 in Fundamentals of Design of Experiments given in Module 2:
Enter the data in Worksheet of MINITAB in 5 columns: C1: Year; C2: Rep; C3: blk; C4: trt;
C5: Yield. Here Yr, Rep, Blk and trt represent respectively denote the year, replication, block
and treatment.
At the first instance, split the worksheet for two years separately. This can be achieved by
selecting DataSplit Worksheet by Variable Yr. Now using the worksheet for Year 1,
choose from the menu: STATANOVA General Linear Model. In the response
variable Box, enter the variable yield, in Model enter Rep blk(rep) trt and Click OK.
The output obtained is given in the sequel.
I-189
Minitab: An Overview
Source
rep
blk(rep)
trt
Error
Total
Source
rep
blk(rep)
trt
Error
Total
Type
random
random
random
Levels
2
8
56
trt
fixed
49
Values
1, 2
1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49
I-190
Minitab: An Overview
Error MS
11.628
3.505
1.131
2.726
1.131
Synthesis of Error MS
(2) + 1.1429 (5) - 1.1429 (6)
1.3333 (3) - 0.3333 (6)
(6)
(5)
(6)
It can easily be seen that the testing of random effects has been one in one step using
MINITAB.
Factorial Experiments:
I-191
Minitab: An Overview
DF
3
8
2
2
1
4
2
2
4
43
71
S = 0.699547
Seq SS
15.7187
14.5571
89.1108
55.9270
3.2173
4.2752
0.7301
0.1128
2.1958
21.0427
206.8876
Adj SS
15.7187
14.1946
89.1108
55.9270
3.2173
4.2752
0.7301
0.1128
2.1958
21.0427
R-Sq = 89.83%
Adj MS
5.2396
1.7743
44.5554
27.9635
3.2173
1.0688
0.3650
0.0564
0.5490
0.4894
F
10.71
3.63
91.05
57.14
6.57
2.18
0.75
0.12
1.12
P
0.000
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.014
0.087
0.480
0.891
0.359
R-Sq(adj) = 83.21%
Steps for carrying out these Diagnostics and Remedial Measures using MINITAB
First of all fit the model as per the design adopted using the options Stat ANOVA
General Linear Model from the menus and from the Dialog Box Select storage and store
residuals in a column in the worksheet. Once the residuals are stored on the worksheet, then
use the following steps.
I-192
Minitab: An Overview
Testing Normality
From the menus choose: StatBasic StatisticsNormalityIn the Dialog Box. Select the
stored residual as variable in Variable list and then select one of the three tests viz. AndersonDarling, Ryan-Joiner and Kolmogrov-Smirnov tests and Click OK.
Test for Homogeneity of Variances
From the menus choose: StatANOVATest for Equality of VariancesIn the Dialog Box.
Select the stored residual in the Response Box and Treatment in the Factors Box and then
choose the confidence level and Click OK.
Transformations of Data
For making logarithmic, square root and arcsine transformation, one can use the
CalcCalculator. It is followed by storing the result in a variable by entering a target column
in the worksheet. Then define the functions that are to be used for transformation in the
Expression SubDialog Box. For logarithmic transformation, define LOGT (Column number
or variable name to be transformed) and Click OK. The transformed data will be stored in the
target column. For square root transformation, use SQRT (Column number or variable name
to be transformed) in the Expression SubDialog Box and for Arcsine transformation, use the
expression ASIN (sqrt of the column number in which data is given/100)*180*7/22. The
multiplication by 180*7/22 is done to convert the data from radians to degrees. If the original
data lies between 0 and 1, then do not divide by 100.
Now perform the analysis again and test normality and homogeneity of error terms. If the
errors are now normal and homogeneous, perform the analysis on the transformed data,
otherwise use an appropriate non-parametric test. For performing the non-parametric analysis,
from the menus choose: StatNonparametricsAppropriate test (Friedman, say)In the
Dialog Box select Response, Treatment and Block variables and Click OK.
Example 2.4: Suppose an entomologist is interested in determining whether four different
kinds of traps caught equivalent insects when applied to same field. Each of the traps is used
six times on the field and resulting data (number of insects per hour) are as shown below
alongwith mean, variance and range.
Treatment
A
B
C
D
II
3
9
63
172
1
29
84
118
Replication
III
IV
12
21
97
109
7
24
61
172
VI
Mean
Yi
17
28
98
143
2
45
71
168
7
31
79
147
Variance
40.4
138.4
270.8
798.4
Range
S i2
16
36
37
63
From the table it is clear that variances are heterogeneous and variance is proportional to
mean.
Obtain the residuals for testing the normality and homogeneity of error terms. The
residuals obtained are given below:
I-193
Minitab: An Overview
Treatment
A
B
C
D
II
-1.00
-14.00
-13.00
28.00
0.75
9.75
11.75
-22.25
Replication
III
IV
10.00
0.00
23.00
-33.00
-1.25
-3.25
-19.25
23.75
Mean
V
VI
3.25
-4.75
12.25
-10.75
-11.75
12.25
-14.75
14.25
Ryan-Joiner Test
Statistic
p-value
(RJ)
0.992
>0.100
Variance
S i2
0
0
0
0
50.35
94.85
314.85
650.20
Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test
Statistic
p-value
(KS)
0.110
>0.150
The
A
B
C
D
-0.03614
-1.34939
-0.28226
1.66779
-0.92542
0.87854
0.78841
-0.74153
1.05800
-0.40473
0.99143
-1.64469
0.20614
-0.12183
-1.08068
0.99637
0.98287
-0.42993
0.30794
-0.86087
-1.28544
1.42735
-0.72483
0.58293
0.928
0.999
0.694
1.622
Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test
Statistic
p-value
(KS)
0.127
>0.150
The errors remain normally distributed after transformation. The results of homogeneity of
error variances using Bartlett's test are
Bartlett's Test (normal distribution): Test statistic = 0.89, p-value = 0.828
Hence, we conclude that the errors are normally distributed and have a constant variance after
transformation.
I-194
Minitab: An Overview
The results of analysis of variance with original and transformed data are given in the sequel.
ANOVA: Original Data
Source
DF
Seq SS Adj. SS Mean Square
F (F-calc) p(Pr>F)
Replication
5
689.0
689.0
137.8
0.37
0.86
Treatment
3 70828.5 70828.5
23609.5
63.80
0.00
Error
15
5551.0
5551.0
370.1
Total
23 77068.5
R-Square
92.80%
R-Sq(Adj)
88.96%
s (Root MSE)
19.2371
R-Sq(Adj)
90.78%
Adj. SS
5.055
326.603
21.214
Mean Square
1.011
108.868
1.414
F (F-calc)
0.71
76.98
p(Pr>F)
0.622
0.000
s (Root MSE)
1.18922
I-195
Minitab: An Overview
Probit Analysis
Example 1: Finney (1971) gave a data representing the effect of a series of doses of
No. of
insects (n)
No. of
affected (r)
%kill (P)
Log
Empirical
concentration
probit
(x)
10.2
50
44
88
1.01
6.18
7.7
49
42
86
0.89
6.08
5.1
46
24
52
0.71
5.05
3.8
48
16
33
0.58
4.56
2.6
50
6
12
0.41
3.82
0
49
0
0
Steps for carrying out the Probit Analysis using MINITAB
For the data given in example 1, first enter the data in the Worksheet of MINITAB in three
coumns C1: dose; C2: total Insects; C3: Insects killed or affected. Now create a column C4
for logdose by using LOGT(C1) using menu Calc.
Now Choose Stat > Reliability/Survival > Probit Analysis.
From the dialog box; Choose the data format "Success/trial" or "Response/frequency". In the
present case, the data is in success trial format, therefore, enter C3, the column containing the
number of successes in Number of Successes box and C2, the total number of trials in
Number of Trials subbox. In the subbox for stress/stimulus enter C4, the column containing
the logdose. Since, there is only one stimulus, therefore, the subbox pertaining to Factor
(optional) may be left blank. Choose the distribution as normal.
The other options available on the dialog box are: Estimate, Graphs, Options, Results and
Storage.
Using the option Estimate, One can
- estimate percentiles for the percents you specify. These percentiles are added to the
default table of percentiles.
- estimate survival probabilities for the stress values you specify.
One can also change the method of estimation for the confidence intervals and the level of
confidence. The default option is two sided 95% fiducial intervals.
Other options may also be used, as and when required. For this example, we chose the
additional percentiles as 65 and survival probabilities for stress level 0.9 (logdose).
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Minitab: An Overview
Distribution:
Normal
Response Information
Variable Value
Count
affect
Success
132
Failure
111
total
Total
243
Estimation Method: Maximum Likelihood
Regression Table
Standard
Variable
Coef
Error
Z
P
Constant -2.88746 0.350134 -8.25 0.000
logdose
4.21320 0.478303
8.81 0.000
Log-Likelihood = -120.052
Goodness-of-Fit Tests
Method
Chi-Square DF
Pearson
1.72888
3
Deviance
1.73897
3
P
0.631
0.628
Percent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percentile
0.133180
0.197882
0.238933
0.269813
0.294933
0.316313
0.335060
0.351845
0.367110
0.381162
0.485580
0.560872
0.625206
0.685338
0.745470
Standard
Error
0.0686394
0.0617254
0.0573944
0.0541723
0.0515787
0.0493935
0.0474969
0.0458160
0.0443030
0.0429251
0.0332991
0.0274617
0.0238086
0.0220962
0.0224241
95.0% Normal CI
Lower
Upper
-0.0013503 0.267711
0.0769020 0.318861
0.126442 0.351423
0.163638 0.375989
0.193840 0.396025
0.219504 0.413123
0.241967 0.428152
0.262047 0.441643
0.280278 0.453943
0.297031 0.465294
0.420314 0.550845
0.507048 0.614696
0.578542 0.671870
0.642030 0.728646
0.701519 0.789420
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Minitab: An Overview
65
70
80
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0.776793
0.809804
0.885096
0.989513
1.00357
1.01883
1.03562
1.05436
1.07574
1.10086
1.13174
1.17279
1.23750
0.0233958
0.0249330
0.0299366
0.0389715
0.0402991
0.0417626
0.0433947
0.0452427
0.0473792
0.0499232
0.0530936
0.0573685
0.0642153
0.730939
0.760936
0.826422
0.913131
0.924581
0.936978
0.950564
0.965688
0.982882
1.00301
1.02768
1.06035
1.11164
0.822648
0.858672
0.943771
1.06590
1.08255
1.10068
1.12067
1.14304
1.16860
1.19871
1.23580
1.28523
1.36336
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