SKILLS M02E Moment Connections Part1

SKILLS Project
October 2013
MOMENT CONNECTIONS PART 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Design process for moment-resisting bolted connections
Joint moment resistance

Joint stiffness
Details design (welds, bolts, stiffeners, end-plate)
Best practice guidelines for moment connections
LIST OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Calculation of moment resistance
Calculation of shear resistance
Weld design
Stiffeners
Calculation of joint rotational
Best practice guidelines
Conclusion
4
stiffness
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Types of moment connections in single-storey buildings
Eaves
2. Eaves haunch
3. Apex
4. Apex haunch
5. Intermediate joint
1.
INTRODUCTION
Typical eaves connection
1.
2.
3.
Haunch
Compression stiffener
End-plate
7
INTRODUCTION
Typical apex connection
Alternative apex connection
Haunch fabricated from the same section

2. Stiffening plate
1.
INTRODUCTION
General design approach according to EN 1993-1-8
Joint is modelled as an assembly of basic components

Basic components are localized in different zones of a joint
Tension zone
Shear zone
Compression zone
9
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE - GENERAL

Design steps
Calculate the design compression resistance in the

compression zone Fc,Rd
Calculate the design shear resistance of the column web

panel (shear zone) Vwp,Rd
Determine the potential resistance of the bolt rows in the

tension zone Ft,Rd(r)
Calculate the effective design tension resistance of each

bolt row Ftr,Rd
Calculate the design moment resistance of the joint Mj,Rd
11
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE GENERAL
The
effective design tension resistance for each individual

bolt row may be limited by:
The design resistance of a group of bolts
The stiffness of the column flange or end-plate, which

may preclude a plastic distribution of tension forces
The shear resistance of the column web panel
The resistance in the compression zone
12
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

The potential design tension resistance for each bolt row
Ft,Rd(r) min(Ft, fc,Rd , Ft,wc,Rd , Ft,ep,Rd , Ft,wb,Rd )
Component
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2(6)
Symbol EN 1993-1-8 clause number
Column flange in bending
Ft,fc,Rd
6.2.6.4 and Tables: 6.2, 6.4, 6.5
Column web in transverse

tension
Ft,wc,Rd
6.2.6.3
End-plate in bending
Ft,ep,Rd
6.2.6.5 and Tables: 6.2, 6.6
Rafter beam web in

tension
Ft,wb,Rd
6.2.6.8
13

r=1
Start
from the furthest bolt

row from the centre of
compression (r = 1)
Ignore
the resistance of any

bolt rows closer to the centre
of compression
r=2
r=3
r=4
h1
subsequent rows both

in isolation and as a part of a
group in combination with
rows above
h2
h3 h
4
Verify
Centre of
compression
When
the sum of the resistances of tensile bolt rows is higher

than the resistance of any compressive or shear component,
the other bolt rows are not considered in the calculation
14

Groups
of bolt rows related to the joint basic components

representing parts of a column and a rafter beam with an end-plate
Group 1 + 2
Group 1 + 2 + 3
Group 2 + 3
Group 2 + 3 + 4
Group 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
15

Determination of the potential tension resistance of:
end-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd

column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.4
Real yield line patterns are converted into an equivalent T-stub

Each
possible yield line pattern is described by a length of

equivalent T-stub eff
The shortest equivalent T-stub is taken (min eff)

Effective
length of equivalent T-stub is necessary to calculate the

resistance of the T-stub
16

Failure modes of an equivalent T-stub
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.4 Table 6.2
Mode 1
The flange of the
T-stub is the critical
feature, and yields
in double curvature
bending
Mode 2
The flange of the
T-stub yields and the
bolts fail at the same
load
17
Mode 3
The bolts are critical
component and the
resistance is the
tension resistance of
the bolts

Effective length of equivalent T-stub
Circular patterns leff,cp
Non-circular patterns leff,nc
Bolt-row considered
individually
Bolt-row considered as part

of a group of bolt-rows
Mode 1:
leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 leff,cp
leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 leff,cp
Mode 2:
leff,2 = leff,nc
leff,2 = leff,nc
18

Dimensions of equivalent T-stub flange
19
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.2

Determination
of the effective length of equivalent T-stub of

an unstiffened column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.4 Table 6.4
Bolt-row
location
Bolt-row considered individually

Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Inner
bolt-row
2m
4m+1,25e
2p
End
bolt-row
The smaller of:

2m,
m+2e1
The smaller of:

4m+1,25e,
2m+0,625e+e1
The smaller of:

m+p,
2e1+p
The smaller of:

2m+0,625e+0,5p,
e1+0,5p
20

Determination of the parameters e1, p and w:
for an unstiffened column flange for a stiffened column flange
for an extended
end-plate
t tmin min(tp ,t fc )
EN 1993-1-8 3.5 Table 3.3
Maximum
Structures made from steels conforming to:

Minimum
EN 10025 (except EN 10025-5)

Steel exposed
Steel not exposed
EN 10025-5
Steel used unprotected
to the weather or other corrosive influences

e1
1,2d0
4t + 40mm
max(8t; 125mm)
2,2d0
min(14t; 200mm)
min(14t; 200mm)
min(14tmin; 175mm)
2,4d0
min(14t; 200mm)
21
min(14t;
200mm)
min(14tmin; 175mm)

Determination

a stiffened column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.4 Table 6.5
Bolt-row location
Bolt-row considered
individually

Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Bolt-row adjacent to
a stiffener
2m
m+p
0,5p+m
-(2m+0,625e)
Other inner bolt-row
2m
4m+1,25e
2p
Other end bolt-row
The smaller of:

2m,
m+2e1
The smaller of: The smaller of: The smaller of:

4m+1,25e,
m+p,
2m+0,625e+0,5p,
2m+0,625e+e1 2e1+p
e1+0,5p
End bolt-row
The smaller of:
adjacent to a stiffener 2m,
m+2e1
e1+m
-(2m+0,625e)
22
Not relevant
Not relevant

Values of for
stiffened column flanges

and end-plates
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.11
m
1
me
m2
2
me
23

Determination

an end-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.5 Table 6.6
Bolt-row location
Bolt-row considered
individually
Circular
Non-circular
patterns leff,cp patterns leff,nc

Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Bolt-row outside
tension flange of beam
Smallest of:
2mx,
mx+w,
mx+2e
Smallest of:
4mx+1,25ex,
e+2mx+0,625ex,
0,5bp,
0,5w+2mx+0,625ex
First bolt-row below

tension flange of beam
2m
m+p
0,5p+m(2m+0,625e)
Other inner bolt-row
2m
4m+1,25e
2p
Other end bolt-row
2m
4m+1,25e
m+p
2m+0,625e+0,5p
24

Modelling an extended end-plate as separate T-stubs
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.10
For the end-plate extension, use ex and mx

in place of e and m when determining the
design resistance of the equivalent T-stub
flange.
25

Calculation of the resistance of the T-stub in the different modes
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.4 Table 6.2
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
FT,1,Rd
FT,2,Rd
4 Mpl,1,Rd
Mpl,1,Rd 0,25 leff,1t f2 fy / M0
2 Mpl,2,Rd n Ft,Rd
mn
Mpl,2,Rd 0,25 leff,2 t f2 fy / M0

n emin 1,25m
FT,3,Rd Ft,Rd
tf thickness of an equivalent T-stub flange (tf = tfc or tf = tp)

Ft,Rd design tension resistance of bolt
0,9 fub As
Ft,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 3.6.1 Table 3.4
M2
Ft,Rd the total of Ft,Rd for all bolts in the T-stub

M2 1,25 - partial safety factor for bolts
M0 1,00 - partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections
26

Determination of the potential tension resistance of:
Ft,ep,Rd min(FT,1,Rd , FT,2,Rd , FT,3,Rd )

end-plate in bending
FT,1,Rd, FT,2,Rd, FT,3,Rd design resistances of the T-stub of the
different modes of failure, representing the end-plate in bending
Ft, fc,Rd min(FT,1,Rd , FT,2,Rd , FT,3,Rd )

column flange in bending
FT,1,Rd, FT,2,Rd, FT,3,Rd design resistances of the T-stub of the
different modes of failure, representing the column flange in
bending
27

Design resistance of a column web in transverse tension Ft,wc,Rd
beff, t,wct wc fy,wc

Ft,wc,Rd
M0
where:
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.3
is a reduction factor to allow for the interaction with

shear in the column web panel (EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3),
replacing the value of beff,c,wc by beff,t,wc.
beff,t,wc is an effective width of the column web in tension; for
bolted connection it is equal to the effective length of
equivalent T-stub representing the column flange
twc
is the thickness of the column web
Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used
to increase the design resistance
of a column web.
28

Determination of the reduction factor for the interaction
with shear in the column web panel
EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3
Transformation parameter
Reduction factor
0 0,5
=1
0,5 < < 1
= 1 + 2(1 )(1 - 1)
=1
= 1
1<<2
= 1 + ( 1)(2 - 1)
=2
= 2
1
1 1,3(beff,c, wct wc / Avc )
1
1 5,2(beff,c, wct wc / Avc )2
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.1
Avc is the shear area of the column
is the transformation parameter EN 1993-1-8 5.3(7)
EN 1993-1-8
29
beff,c,wc is the effective width of column
web in compression 6.2.6.2(1)

Determination of the transformation parameter
For single-sided joint configuration:
1
EN 1993-1-8 5.3(9) or Table 5.4
Determination of the shear area of the column Avc

For rolled I or H sections, load parallel to web:
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.6.1
Avc Ac 2bfct fc t fc (twc 2rc ) hwctwc

For welded I or H and box sections, load parallel to web:
Avc hwct wc
For welded I or H and box sections, load parallel to flanges:
Avc Ac hwctwc
may be conservatively taken equal 1,0

hwc is the clear depth of the column web
30

Design resistance of a beam web in tension Ft,wb,Rd
Ft,wb,Rd
beff, t,wbt wb fy,wb
M0
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.8
where:
beff,t,wb is an effective width of the beam web in tension;

it is equal to the effective length of equivalent
T-stub representing the end-plate in bending for
an individual bolt-row or bolt-group
twb
is the thickness of the beam web

31
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE COMPRESSION ZONE

The design resistance in the compression zone may be limited by
Fc,Rd min(Fc,wc,Rd , Fc,fb,Rd , Fc,hb,Rd )
Component
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2
Symbol
Column web in transverse compression
Fc,wc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8
clause number
6.2.6.2
Beam flange and web in compression
Fc,fb,Rd
6.2.6.7
Haunched beam in compression
Fc,hb,Rd
6.2.6.7/6.2.6.2
The compressive resistance of the haunched beam

should be considered as explained in EN 1993-1-8
Table 6.1 (component 20)
32
Design resistance of a column web in transverse compression Fc,wc,Rd
kwc beff,c, wct wc fy,wc kwc beff,c, wct wc fy,wc

Fc,wc,Rd
M0
M1
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2
where:
is a reduction factor to allow for the interaction with

shear in the column web panel (EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3)
kwc
is a reduction factor (EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(2))
is a reduction factor for plate buckling (EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(1))

beff,c,wc is an effective width of the column web in compression
M1 1,00 - partial safety factor for resistance of members
Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used to
increase the design resistance of a column web.
33

Effective width of the column web in compression beff,c,wc
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2
For bolted end-plate connection:
beff,c, wc t fb 2 2ap 5(t fc s) sp

where:
sp tp c 2tp
for a rolled I or H section column:

s rc
for a welded I or H section column:

s 2ac
34

Reduction factor for plate buckling
if p 0,72 1,0
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(1)
if p 0,72
or
p 0,2
p2
p is the plate slenderness: p 0,932 beff,c, wcdwc fy,wc

2
Etwc
for a rolled I or H section column:
for a welded I or H section column:
hc
tfc
rc
ac
dwc hc 2(t fc rc )
dwc hc 2(t fc 2ac )
is the height of the column cross-section

is the column flange thickness
is the root radius of an I or H section
is the column flange to the column web weld thickness
35

Reduction factor kwc
com,Ed 0,7 fy,wc kwc 1
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(2)
com,Ed
com,Ed 0,7 fy,wc kwc 1,7
fy,wc
or
com,Ed is the maximum longitudinal compression stress due to axial

force and bending moment in the column web (adjacent to the
root radius for a rolled section or the toe of the weld for a
welded section)
Generally the reduction factor kwc is 1,0 and no reduction is necessary.
It can therefore be omitted in preliminary calculations when the
longitudinal stress is unknown and checked later.
36

Design resistance of a beam (rafter) flange in compression Fc,fb,Rd
Mc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.7
Fc,fb,Rd
where:
(h t fb )
Mc,Rd is the design moment resistance of beam cross-section,
reduced if necessary to allow for shear (EN 1993-1-1 6.2.5); for
haunched beam, such as a rafter, Mc,Rd may be calculated
neglecting the intermediate flange
h
is the depth of the section; for haunched beam, it is the
depth of the fabricated section
tfb
is the flange thickness of the connected beam; for haunched
beam, it is the thickness of the haunch flange
If the height of the beam (including the haunch) exceeds 600 mm the contribution
of the beam web to the design compression resistance should be limited to 20%.
Hence, if the resistance of the flange is tfbbfbfy,fb then:
t b f
37
Fc,fb,Rd
fb fb y, fb
0,8

Design resistance of a haunched beam (rafter) in compression Fc,hb,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.7(3)
Fc,wb,Rd
Fc,wb,Rd
Fc,hb,Rd
tan
()
Fc,hb,Rd
kwb beff,c, wbt wb fy,wb

Fc,wb,Rd
M1
Fc,hb,Rd
where:
Fc,wb,Rd is the design resistance of the beam web to transverse
compression (according to EN 1993-1-1 6.2.6.2)
38

Effective width of the beam web in compression beff,c,wb
t fb
beff,c, wb
5(t fb rb )
sin
rb
beff,c,wb
()
tfb
tfb/sin
tfb
Fc,wb,Rd
Other parameters in the expression of Fc,wb,Rd : , kwb, should

be calculated similarly to the parameters of Fc,wc,Rd replacing
particular values connected with the column by the proper
values connected with the beam.
39
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE SHEAR ZONE

Design resistance of a column web panel in shear Vwp,Rd
Vwp,Rd
0,9 fy,wc Avc

3 M0
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.1
Expression given above is valid provided that the column web

slenderness satisfies the condition: d / tw 69
where:
Avc
is the shear area of the column (EN 1993-1-1 6.2.6(3))
235
d
is the depth of the column web
fy,wc
Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used to
increase the design resistance of a column web.
40
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE - ASSEMBLY

Ft1,Rd = min(Ft,Rd(1), Fc, Rd, Vwp,Rd/)
Ft2,Rd = min(Ft,Rd(2), Fc,Rd - Ft1,Rd,Vwp,Rd/ - Ft1,Rd)
Ft3,Rd = min(Ft,Rd(3),Ft,Rd(2+3) - Ft2,Rd,Fc,Rd - Ft1,Rd - Ft2,Rd,Vwp,Rd/ - Ft1,Rd - Ft2,Rd)
where:
is a transformation parameter;
Ft2,Rd for one-sided connection = 1,0
Ft3,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 5.3(7) or Table 5.4
Ft1,Rd
h1 h2 h
3
Each value of Fti,Rd should be > 0.

In other case, when Fti,Rd 0,
the bolt row i is not active and
its resistance should be omitted.
41

Plastic distribution of forces in bolt rows
Plastic distribution of forces in bolt rows is permitted

if the resistance of the bolt rows Ftr,Rd is no grater
than 1,9 Ft,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2 (9)
where:
Ft,Rd design tension resistance of bolt

EN 1993-1-8 3.6.1 Table 3.4
If Ftr,Rd > 1,9 Ft,Rd the limit is applied.

The effect of this limitation is to apply a triangular
distribution of bolt row forces.
42

Reduction of the design tension resistance of the bolt-rows
Ftx,Rdhr
Ftr, Rd
hx
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2 (9)
Triangular distribution of bolt row forces
where:
Ftx,Rd is the design tension resistance of the furthest row from
the centre of compression that has a design tension
resistance greater than 1,9Ft,Rd
hx
is the lever arm from the centre of compression to the
row with resistance Ftx,Rd
hr
is the lever arm from the centre of compression to the
row under consideration
43
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE - ASSEMBLY

The design moment resistance of the joint
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2 (1)
Mj,Rd Ftr, Rdhr

r
Ft1,Rd
Ft2,Rd
Ft3,Rd
h1 h2 h
3
Mj,Rd Ft1,Rdh1 Ft2,Rdh2 Ft3,Rdh3

44
CALCULATION OF SHEAR RESISTANCE

The
bolts at the bottom of the connection are allocated to carry the

vertical shear
The bolts must be verified in shear and bearing
VEd ns min(Fv,Rd , Fb,Rd )

EN 1993-1-8 6.2.2(2)
VEd
ns
where:
ns
is the number of bolts carrying the vertical
shear (usually there are bolts in the lowest rows)
Fv,Rd is the shear resistance of the bolt
Fb,Rd is a bearing resistance of the bolt
(two types of bearing resistance have to be
considered: of the end-plate and of the column
flange)
46

Design shear resistance for an individual bolt FV,Rd
v fub A
Fv,Rd
M2
EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
where the shear passes through the threaded portion of the bolt:
- A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As
- for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8 => v = 0,6
- for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9 => v = 0,5
where the shear passes through the unthreaded portion of the bolt:
- A is the gross cross section of the bolt
- v = 0,6
47

Design bearing resistance for an individual bolt Fb,Rd
Fb,Rd
k1 b fudt
M2
EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
where:
b
is the smallest of d, fub/fu or 1,0
fu
is the ultimate tensile strength of the material of either:
the end-plate or the column flange
fub
is the ultimate tensile strength for the bolt
t = tp when the bearing resistance of the end-plate is considered or
t = tfc when the bearing resistance of the column flange is considered
d
is the bolt diameter
M2 1,25 - partial safety factor for bolts
48

EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
Determination of d
In the direction of load transfer:

for end bolts:
d0
e1
p1
e1
d
3d0
for inner bolts: p1 1

d
3d0 4
is the hole diameter for a bolt

is the end distance from the centre of a bolt hole to the
adjacent end of any part, measured in the direction of load
transfer
is the spacing between centres of bolts in a line in the direction
of load transfer
49

EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
Determination of k1
Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer:
for edge bolts:
for inner bolts:
e2
p2
k1 min(2,8 1,7; 1,4 1,7; 2,5)
d0
d0
d0
e2
p2
k1 min(1,4
p2
1,7; 2,5)
d0
is the hole diameter for a bolt

is the edge distance from the centre of a bolt hole to the
adjacent edge of any part, measured at right angles to the
direction of load transfer
is the spacing measured perpendicular to the load transfer
direction between adjacent lines of bolts
50
WELD DESIGN
WELD DESIGN
Requirements to weld design
The design moment resistance of the joint is always limited by

the design resistance of its other basic components, and not by
the design resistance of the welds; EN 1993-1-8 6.2.3(4)
Full-strength welds are required to components in tension;
If the joint experiences a reversed bending moment (or seismic

load), the weld in the compression zone will be required to carry
some tension force;
Lamellar tearing shall be avoided (guidance on lamellar tearing

is given in EN 1993-1-10).
52
WELD DESIGN
1. Nominal weld (but verified for tension when moment is reversed)

2. Continuous fillet weld
3. Full strength weld
53
WELD DESIGN
Tension flange welds
The welds between the tension flange and the end plate must be
full strength.
Common practice is to design the welds to the tension flange for

a force which is the lesser of:
The tension resistance of the flange, which is equal to bf tf fy
The total tension force in the top three bolt rows for an extended
end plate or the total tension force in the top two bolt rows for a
flush end plate.
54
WELD DESIGN
Compression flange welds
Where the compression flange has a sawn end, a bearing fit can
be assumed between the flange and end plate and nominal fillet
welds will suffice (recommended throat thickness:
a = 4 6 mm for tfb 12 mm or a = 6 8 mm for tfb > 12 mm ).
If a bearing fit cannot be assumed, then the weld must be

designed to carry the full compression force.
In case of uplift forces and seismic forces, the welds should be

verified for adequacy under this combination of actions.
55
WELD DESIGN
Web welds - Tension zone
Full strength welds are recommended.

The full strength welds to the web tension zone should extend below
the bottom bolt row resisting tension by a distance of 1,73g/2, where
g is the gauge (cross-centres) of the bolts.
This allows an effective
distribution at 60 from
the bolt row to
Tension
the end plate.
zone
Shear
zone
56
WELD DESIGN
Web welds - Shear zone
The resistance of the beam web welds for vertical shear forces:
Psw 2 a fvw,d Lws

where:
a
is the fillet weld throat thickness
fvw,d is the design strength of fillet welds EN 1993-1-8 4.5.3.3(3)
fu / 3
fvw.d
w M2
Lws
fu
is the vertical length of the shear zone welds (the remainder

of the web not identified as the tension zone)
is the nominal ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined
is the appropriate correlation factor taken from Table 4.1.
57
WELD DESIGN
Correlation factor w for fillet welds
58
EN 1993-1-8 Table 4.1
STIFFENERS
STIFFENERS
Types of stiffeners
6
4
2
1. Compression stiffener
2. Column flange stiffener
3. Cap plate
4. Shear stiffener
5. Supplementary web plate
6. End plate stiffener
7. Backing plate
60
STIFFENERS
Stiffener type
Effect
Comments
Compression
stiffener
Increases the rigidity and the resistance

to compression
Generally required in portal

frame connections
Flange stiffener in Increases the bending resistance of the

the tension zone column flange
Diagonal shear
stiffener
Improves the column web panel

resistance and also strengthens the
tension flange
A common solution
connections on the minor axis
may be more complicated
Supplementary
web plate
Increases the rigidity and the resistance

of the web to shear and compression
Minor axis connections are

simplified. Detail involves
much welding
61
STIFFENERS
Stiffener type
Effect
Comments
End plate
stiffener
Increases the bending resistance of the

end plate
Should not be used a

thicker end plate should be
chosen.
Cap plate

flange, and the compression resistance
(in reversed moment situations)
Usually provided in the

column, aligned with the top
flange of the rafter.
Flange backing
plate

column flange
Only effective to increase

mode 1 behaviour.
62
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS - GENERAL
1 Limit for Sj
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.1
Design moment rotation characteristic for a joint

Classification boundaries depend on:
EN 1993-1-8 5.2.2.5
The initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini;
The second moment of area of the beam Ib and of the column Ic;
The span of the beam Lb and the storey height of the column Lc ;
Factor kb that depends on the stiffness of the frame.
where:
kb = 8
kb = 25
for frames where the bracing system reduces the

horizontal displacement by at least 80%
for frames, provided that in every storey Kb/Kc 0,1
65
EIb
Kb
Lb
EIc
Kc
Lc

Classification of the joint by stiffness:
Zone 1: rigid, if S j,ini kbEIb /Lb
Zone 2: semi - rigid 0,5EIb / Lb Sj,ini kbEIb / Lb
Zone 3: nominally pinned, if S j,ini 0,5EIb / Lb
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 5.4

66
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS - INITIAL STIFFNESS

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.1(4)
Initial rotational stiffness
Ez 2
S j,ini
1
i k
i
where:
E
z
ki
is the modulus of elasticity

EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7
is the lever arm
is a stiffness coefficient for basic joint component i
67
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS - BASIC COMPONENTS

Stiffness of basic components
EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.10
Stiffness coefficient
Joint component
k1
Column web panel in shear
k2
Column web panel in compression
k3
Column web in tension
k4
Column flange in bending
k5
End-plate in bending
k10
Bolts in tension
The individual stiffness coefficients are determined in:

EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.11
68

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.2
Unstiffened column web panel in shear
0,38 Avc
k1
z
Stiffened column web panel in shear
(stiffened by shear stiffener)
k1
z
is the lever arm

EN 1993-1-8 5.3(7)
is the transformation parameter
(in case of single-sided connections = 1)
69

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.2
Unstiffened column web in compression
0,7beff,c, wct wc
k2
dc
Stiffened column web in compression

(stiffened by horizontal stiffeners)
k2
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2
beff,c,wc is the effective width

twc is the thickness of the column web
dc is the clear depth of the column web
70
Unstiffened or stiffened column web in tension
EN 1993-1-8 6.3.2
0,7beff, t,wct wc
k3
dc
beff,t,wc is the effective width of the column web in tension
(for a single bolt-row); It is taken as equal to the smallest of
the effective lengths leff (individually or as a part of group of
bolts) given for this bolt-row in:
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.3 Table 6.4 for an unstiffened column flange
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.3 Table 6.5 for a stiffened column flange
twc
dc
is the thickness of the column web

is the clear depth of the column web
71

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.2
Column flange in bending (for a single bolt-row in tension)
0,9leff t fc3
k4
m3
leff
is the smallest of the effective lengths leff (individually or as a

part of group of bolts) given for this bolt-row in:
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.3 Table 6.4 for an unstiffened column flange
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.3 Table 6.5 for a stiffened column flange
tfc
m
is the thickness of the column flange

is defined in EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.4 Figure 6.8
72

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.2
End-plate in bending (for a single bolt-row in tension)
k5
leff
tp
m
0,9leff tp3
m3
is the smallest of the effective lengths leff (individually or as

a part of group of bolts) given for this bolt-row in
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.5 Table 6.6
is the thickness of the end-plate
is defined in EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.5 Figures 6.10 and 6.11
73

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.2
Bolts in tension (for a single bolt-row in tension)
1,6 As
k10
Lb
As
Lb
is the tensile stress area of the bolt EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4

is the bolt elongation length, taken as equal to the grip
length (total thickness of material and washers), plus half
the sum of the height of the bolt head and the height of
the nut
74
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS GENERAL METHOD

Spring model for multi bolt-rows end-plate joints
75
EN 1993-1-8 6.3.3
Ez 2
Initial rotational stiffness S j,ini
1 1 1

k1 k2 keq
keq
hr
keff,r
zeq
EN 1993-1-8 6.3.3
eff, r r
is the equivalent stiffness coefficient

keq r
zeq
is the distance between bolt-row r
and the centre of compression
is the effective stiffness coefficient for bolt-row r taking into
account the stiffness coefficients ki for the basic components
2
is the equivalent lever arm
k
h
r eff, r r keff, r 1
1
zeq
i k
keff, r hr
i,r
r
76

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.3.1(4)
In the case of an eaves joint with an end-plate connection,

keq should be based upon (and replace) the stiffness
coefficients ki for:
The column web in tension (k3)
The column flange in bending (k4)
The end-plate in bending (k5)
The bolts in tension (k10)
77

EN 1993-1-8 6.3.3.1(4)
In the case of an apex joint with bolted end-plates,

keq should be based upon (and replace) the stiffness
coefficients ki for:
The end-plate in bending (k5)
The bolts in tension (k10)
78
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - EAVES HAUNCH
Additional triangular cutting, welded below the rafter beam at

the connection to the column;
The length of the cutting around 10% of the span (up to 15% of
the span in the most efficient elastic designs);
It is generally cut from the same section as the rafter, or deeper

and heavier section, or fabricated from plate;
Fabrication of haunch cuttings:
80
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - END PLATE
Generally fabricated from S275 or S235 steel;
For class 8.8 bolts and steel S275, the end plate thickness should
be approximately equal to the bolt diameter;
It should be wider than the rafter section, to allow a weld all

around the flanges and extend above and below the haunched
section, to allow fillet welds;
In the compression zone, it should extend bellow the fillet weld

(for a distance tp), to maximise the stiff bearing length when
verifying the column in compression:
tp
81
tp
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - STIFFENERS
A compression stiffener is usually provided, other stiffeners

should be avoided if possible;
Column flange stiffeners are used to increase the resistance

of the connection;
Increased resistance can also be achieved by:
providing more bolt rows,
increasing the depth of the haunch,
increasing the weight of the column section,
extending the end plate above the top of the rafter.
82
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES EXTENDED END-PLATE JOINT

Example of an extended end plate connection:
1. Extended column may require skew cut

2. End plate stiffener not preferred
83
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - BOLTS
Generally M20 or M24, class 8.8 or 10.9;
Fully threaded (the same bolts may be used throughout a building);
They are generally set out at cross-centres (gauge) of 90 or 100 mm;
Vertical pitch is generally 70 to 90 mm;
Preloaded bolts are not required in portal frame connections,

but in the case of cyclic loads (fatigue), better to use preloaded
bolts. The use of preloaded bolts is obligatory in the case of
dissipative seismic design (DCM/DCH) according to Eurocode 8.
84
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - WELDS

fy w M2
Tension flange to end-plate weld af t fb
f 2
M0 u
fy w M2
aw t wb
Web to end-plate weld
M0 fu 2
where:
af
is the weld throat thickness of the tension flange
aw
is the weld throat thickness of the web
is the correlation factor
fy
is the yield strength of rafter section
fu
is the nominal ultimate strength of the weaker part joined

M0 1,0 M2 1,25
EN 1993-1-8 Table 4.1
85
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Moment-resisting bolted end-plate connections in single storey

steel framed buildings are discussed.
The design method for a bolted eaves moment connection is

presented.
For apex (and intermediate) connections may be applied the same

procedure as for eaves connections excepting the column basic
components as well as that the tension zone is in the bottom and
the compression zone in the top of the joint.
Best practice guidelines on appropriate detailing of moment

connections are offered.
87
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
EN
1993-1-1 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-1:

General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-1-8 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-8:
Design of joints
ArcelorMittal Design Manuals for Steel Buildings in Europe
Access Steel, NCCI Design of portal frame eaves connections
SN041a-EN-EU
The Steel Construction Institute and The British Constructional
Steelwork Association Ltd. Joints in Steel Construction

Moment Connections, P207/95
89
SKILLS training modules have been developed by a consortium of organisations whose logos appear at the bottom
of this slide. The material is under a creative commons license
The project was funded with support from the European Commission. This module reflects only the views of the
authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information
contained therein.

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SKILLS M02E Moment Connections Part1

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SKILLS Project

MOMENT CONNECTIONS PART 1

Joint moment resistance

Best practice guidelines for moment connections

Alternative apex connection

Haunch fabricated from the same section

Joint is modelled as an assembly of basic components

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE - GENERAL

Calculate the design compression resistance in the

Calculate the design shear resistance of the column web

Determine the potential resistance of the bolt rows in the

Calculate the effective design tension resistance of each

Calculate the design moment resistance of the joint Mj,Rd

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE GENERAL

effective design tension resistance for each individual

The design resistance of a group of bolts

The stiffness of the column flange or end-plate, which

The shear resistance of the column web panel

The resistance in the compression zone

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

Ft,Rd(r) min(Ft, fc,Rd , Ft,wc,Rd , Ft,ep,Rd , Ft,wb,Rd )

Symbol EN 1993-1-8 clause number

Column flange in bending

6.2.6.4 and Tables: 6.2, 6.4, 6.5

Column web in transverse

6.2.6.5 and Tables: 6.2, 6.6

Rafter beam web in

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

from the furthest bolt

the resistance of any

subsequent rows both

the sum of the resistances of tensile bolt rows is higher

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

of bolt rows related to the joint basic components

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

end-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd

Real yield line patterns are converted into an equivalent T-stub

possible yield line pattern is described by a length of

The shortest equivalent T-stub is taken (min eff)

length of equivalent T-stub is necessary to calculate the

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

EN 1993-1-8 6.2.4 Table 6.2

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

Circular patterns leff,cp

Non-circular patterns leff,nc

Bolt-row considered as part

leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 leff,cp

leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 leff,cp

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.2

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

of the effective length of equivalent T-stub of

Bolt-row considered individually

Bolt-row considered as part

The smaller of:

The smaller of:

The smaller of:

The smaller of:

CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE TENSION ZONE

EN 1993-1-8 3.5 Table 3.3

Structures made from steels conforming to:

EN 10025 (except EN 10025-5)

Steel not exposed