SUPMECA 0037 Paper PDF

SKILLS Project
October 2013
MOMENT CONNECTIONS – PART 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Design process for moment-resisting bolted connections

 Joint moment resistance
 Joint stiffness
 Details design (welds, bolts, stiffeners, end-plate)
 Best practice guidelines for moment connections
3
LIST OF CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Calculation of moment resistance
 Calculation of shear resistance
 Weld design
 Stiffeners
 Calculation of joint rotational stiffness
 Best practice guidelines
 Conclusion
4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 Types of moment connections in single-storey buildings
1. Eaves
2. Eaves haunch
3. Apex
4. Apex haunch
5. Intermediate joint
6
INTRODUCTION
 Typical eaves connection
1. Haunch
2. Compression stiffener
3. End-plate
7
INTRODUCTION
 Typical apex connection
 Alternative apex connection
1. Haunch fabricated from the same section

2. Stiffening plate
8
INTRODUCTION
 General design approach according to EN 1993-1-8
 Joint is modelled as an assembly of basic components
 Basic components are localized in different zones of a joint
Tension zone
Shear zone
Compression zone
9
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE - GENERAL
 Design steps
 Calculate the design compression resistance in the

compression zone Fc,Rd
 Calculate the design shear resistance of the column web
panel (shear zone) Vwp,Rd
 Determine the potential resistance of the bolt rows in the
tension zone Ft,Rd(r)
 Calculate the effective design tension resistance of each
bolt row Ftr,Rd
 Calculate the design moment resistance of the joint Mj,Rd
11
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE – GENERAL
 The effective design tension resistance for each individual

bolt row may be limited by:
 The design resistance of a group of bolts
 The stiffness of the column flange or end-plate, which
may preclude a plastic distribution of tension forces
 The shear resistance of the column web panel
 The resistance in the compression zone
12
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE – TENSION ZONE
 The potential design tension resistance for each bolt row
Ft,Rd(r)  min(Ft, fc,Rd , Ft,wc,Rd , Ft,ep,Rd , Ft,wb,Rd ) EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2(6)
Component Symbol EN 1993-1-8 clause number

Column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd 6.2.6.4 and Tables: 6.2, 6.4, 6.5
Column web in transverse Ft,wc,Rd 6.2.6.3

tension
End-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd 6.2.6.5 and Tables: 6.2, 6.6
Rafter beam web in Ft,wb,Rd 6.2.6.8

tension
13
r=1
 Start
from the furthest bolt
r=2
row from the centre of
r=3
compression (r = 1) r=4
 Ignore the resistance of any h1

h2
bolt rows closer to the centre h3 h
4
of compression
 Verify subsequent rows both

in isolation and as a part of a
group in combination with Centre of
rows above compression
 When the sum of the resistances of tensile bolt rows is higher
than the resistance of any compressive or shear component,
the other bolt rows are not considered in the calculation
14
 Groups of bolt rows related to the joint basic components
representing parts of a column and a rafter beam with an end-plate
Group 1 + 2
Group 1 + 2 + 3 Group 2 + 3
Group 2 + 3 + 4
Group 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
15
 Determination of the potential tension resistance of:
 end-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.4
 column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd
 Real yield line patterns are converted into an equivalent T-stub
 Each possible yield line pattern is described by a length of

equivalent T-stub eff
 The shortest equivalent T-stub is taken (min eff)
 Effective length of equivalent T-stub is necessary to calculate the

resistance of the T-stub
16
 Failure modes of an equivalent T-stub
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.4 Table 6.2
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

The flange of the The flange of the The bolts are critical
T-stub is the critical T-stub yields and the component and the
feature, and yields bolts fail at the same resistance is the
in double curvature load tension resistance of
bending the bolts
17
 Effective length of equivalent T-stub
Circular patterns leff,cp Non-circular patterns leff,nc
Bolt-row considered Bolt-row considered as part

individually of a group of bolt-rows
Mode 1: leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 ≤ leff,cp Σleff,1 = Σleff,nc but Σleff,1 ≤ Σleff,cp
Mode 2: leff,2 = leff,nc Σleff,2 = Σleff,nc
18
 Dimensions of equivalent T-stub flange EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.2
19
 Determination of the effective length of equivalent T-stub of
an unstiffened column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.4 Table 6.4
Bolt-row Bolt-row considered individually Bolt-row considered as part
location of a group of bolt-rows
Circular Non-circular Circular Non-circular
patterns leff,cp patterns leff,nc patterns leff,cp patterns leff,nc
Inner 2πm 4m+1,25e 2p p
bolt-row
End The smaller of: The smaller of: The smaller of: The smaller of:
bolt-row 2πm, 4m+1,25e, πm+p, 2m+0,625e+0,5p,
πm+2e1 2m+0,625e+e1 2e1+p e1+0,5p
20
 Determination of the parameters e1, p and w: for an extended
for an unstiffened column flange for a stiffened column flange end-plate
EN 1993-1-8 § 3.5 Table 3.3 t  tmin  min(tp ,t fc )

Maximum
Structures made from steels conforming to:
Minimum EN 10025 (except EN 10025-5) EN 10025-5
Steel exposed Steel not exposed Steel used unprotected
to the weather or other corrosive influences
e1 1,2d0 4t + 40mm max(8t; 125mm)
p 2,2d0 min(14t; 200mm) min(14t; 200mm) min(14tmin; 175mm)
21
w 2,4d0 min(14t; 200mm) min(14t; 200mm) min(14tmin; 175mm)
a stiffened column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.4 Table 6.5
Bolt-row location Bolt-row considered Bolt-row considered as part
Bolt-row adjacent to 2πm αm πm+p 0,5p+αm
a stiffener -(2m+0,625e)
Other inner bolt-row 2πm 4m+1,25e 2p p
Other end bolt-row The smaller of: The smaller of: The smaller of: The smaller of:
2πm, 4m+1,25e, πm+p, 2m+0,625e+0,5p,
πm+2e1 2m+0,625e+e1 2e1+p e1+0,5p
End bolt-row The smaller of: e1+αm Not relevant Not relevant
adjacent to a stiffener 2πm, -(2m+0,625e)
πm+2e1
22
 Values of α for
stiffened column flanges
and end-plates
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.11
m m2
1  2 
me me
23
an end-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.5 Table 6.6
Bolt-row location Bolt-row considered Bolt-row considered as part
Bolt-row outside Smallest of: Smallest of: - -
tension flange of beam 2πmx, 4mx+1,25ex,
πmx+w, e+2mx+0,625ex,
πmx+2e 0,5bp,
0,5w+2mx+0,625ex
First bolt-row below 2πm αm πm+p 0,5p+αm-
tension flange of beam (2m+0,625e)
Other inner bolt-row 2πm 4m+1,25e 2p p
Other end bolt-row 2πm 4m+1,25e πm+p 2m+0,625e+0,5p
24
 Modelling an extended end-plate as separate T-stubs
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.10
For the end-plate extension, use ex and mx

in place of e and m when determining the
design resistance of the equivalent T-stub
flange.
25
 Calculation of the resistance of the T-stub in the different modes
Mode 1
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.4 Table 6.2
4 Mpl,1,Rd
FT,1,Rd  Mpl,1,Rd  0,25 leff,1t f2 fy /  M0
m
Mode 2 2 Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd Mpl,2,Rd  0,25 leff,2 t f2 fy /  M0
FT,2,Rd 
mn n  emin  1,25m
FT,3,Rd   Ft,Rd
Mode 3
tf – thickness of an equivalent T-stub flange (tf = tfc or tf = tp)

Ft,Rd – design tension resistance of bolt 0,9 fub As
Ft,Rd 
EN 1993-1-8 § 3.6.1 Table 3.4  M2
ΣFt,Rd – the total of Ft,Rd for all bolts in the T-stub
 M2  1,25 - partial safety factor for bolts
 M0  1,00 - partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections
26
 Determination of the potential tension resistance of:
 end-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd  min(FT,1,Rd , FT,2,Rd , FT,3,Rd )

FT,1,Rd, FT,2,Rd, FT,3,Rd – design resistances of the T-stub of the
different modes of failure, representing the end-plate in bending
 column flange in bending Ft, fc,Rd  min(FT,1,Rd , FT,2,Rd , FT,3,Rd )

FT,1,Rd, FT,2,Rd, FT,3,Rd – design resistances of the T-stub of the
different modes of failure, representing the column flange in
bending
27
 Design resistance of a column web in transverse tension Ft,wc,Rd

beff, t,wct wc fy,wc
Ft,wc,Rd  EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.3
where:  M0
ω is a reduction factor to allow for the interaction with
shear in the column web panel (EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3),
replacing the value of beff,c,wc by beff,t,wc.
beff,t,wc is an effective width of the column web in tension; for
bolted connection it is equal to the effective length of
equivalent T-stub representing the column flange
twc is the thickness of the column web
Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used

to increase the design resistance
28
of a column web.
Determination of the reduction factor ω for the interaction
with shear in the column web panel EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3
Transformation parameter β Reduction factor ω
0 ≤ β ≤ 0,5 ω =1
0,5 < β < 1 ω = ω1 + 2(1 – β)(1 - ω1)
β=1 ω = ω1
1<β<2 ω = ω1 + (β –1)(ω2 - ω1)
β=2 ω = ω2
1 1
1  2 
1  1,3(beff,c, wct wc / Avc )
2
1  5,2(beff,c, wct wc / Avc )2
Avc is the shear area of the column EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.1
β is the transformation parameter EN 1993-1-8 § 5.3(7) EN 1993-1-8
beff,c,wc is the effective width of column
29 web in compression § 6.2.6.2(1)
Determination of the transformation parameter β
For single-sided joint configuration:

 1 EN 1993-1-8 § 5.3(9) or Table 5.4
Determination of the shear area of the column Avc EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.2.6.1
For rolled I or H sections, load parallel to web:
Avc  Ac  2bfct fc  t fc (twc  2rc )  hwctwc
For welded I or H and box sections, load parallel to web:
Avc    hwct wc
For welded I or H and box sections, load parallel to flanges:
Avc  Ac   hwctwc
η may be conservatively taken equal 1,0
hwc is the clear depth of the column web
30
 Design resistance of a beam web in tension Ft,wb,Rd
beff, t,wbt wb fy,wb

Ft,wb,Rd  EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.8
 M0
where:
beff,t,wb is an effective width of the beam web in tension;
it is equal to the effective length of equivalent
T-stub representing the end-plate in bending for
an individual bolt-row or bolt-group
twb is the thickness of the beam web
31
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE – COMPRESSION ZONE
 The design resistance in the compression zone may be limited by
Fc,Rd  min(Fc,wc,Rd , Fc,fb,Rd , Fc,hb,Rd ) EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2
Component Symbol EN 1993-1-8

clause number
Column web in transverse compression Fc,wc,Rd 6.2.6.2
Beam flange and web in compression Fc,fb,Rd 6.2.6.7
Haunched beam in compression Fc,hb,Rd 6.2.6.7/6.2.6.2
The compressive resistance of the haunched beam

should be considered as explained in EN 1993-1-8
Table 6.1 (component 20)
32
 Design resistance of a column web in transverse compression Fc,wc,Rd
kwc beff,c, wct wc fy,wc kwc beff,c, wct wc fy,wc
Fc,wc,Rd   EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2
 M0  M1
where:
ω is a reduction factor to allow for the interaction with
shear in the column web panel (EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3)
kwc is a reduction factor (EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2(2))
ρ is a reduction factor for plate buckling (EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2(1))
beff,c,wc is an effective width of the column web in compression
 M1  1,00 - partial safety factor for resistance of members
Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used to
increase the design resistance of a column web.
33
 Effective width of the column web in compression beff,c,wc
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2
For bolted end-plate connection:
beff,c, wc  t fb  2 2ap  5(t fc  s)  sp
where: sp  tp  c  2tp
for a rolled I or H section column: for a welded I or H section column:

s  rc s  2ac
34
 Reduction factor for plate buckling ρ EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2(1)

 p  0,2
if  p  0,72    1,0 or if  p  0,72   
 p2
 p is the plate slenderness:  p  0,932 beff,c, wcdwc fy,wc
2
Etwc
 for a rolled I or H section column: dwc  hc  2(t fc  rc )
 for a welded I or H section column: dwc  hc  2(t fc  2ac )

hc is the height of the column cross-section
tfc is the column flange thickness
rc is the root radius of an I or H section
ac is the column flange to the column web weld thickness
35
 Reduction factor kwc EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2(2)
 com,Ed
 com,Ed  0,7 fy,wc  kwc  1 or  com,Ed  0,7 fy,wc  kwc  1,7 
fy,wc
σcom,Ed is the maximum longitudinal compression stress due to axial

force and bending moment in the column web (adjacent to the
root radius for a rolled section or the toe of the weld for a
welded section)
Generally the reduction factor kwc is 1,0 and no reduction is necessary.

It can therefore be omitted in preliminary calculations when the
longitudinal stress is unknown and checked later.
36
 Design resistance of a beam (rafter) flange in compression Fc,fb,Rd
Mc,Rd
Fc,fb,Rd  EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.7
where: (h  t fb )
Mc,Rd is the design moment resistance of beam cross-section,
reduced if necessary to allow for shear (EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.5); for
haunched beam, such as a rafter, Mc,Rd may be calculated
neglecting the intermediate flange
h is the depth of the section; for haunched beam, it is the
depth of the fabricated section
tfb is the flange thickness of the connected beam; for haunched
beam, it is the thickness of the haunch flange
If the height of the beam (including the haunch) exceeds 600 mm the contribution
of the beam web to the design compression resistance should be limited to 20%.
Hence, if the resistance of the flange is tfbbfbfy,fb then: t b f
Fc,fb,Rd  fb fb y, fb
37 0,8
 Design resistance of a haunched beam (rafter) in compression Fc,hb,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.7(3)
Fc,wb,Rd
Fc,hb,Rd 
Fc,wb,Rd tan
d
(°) Fc,hb,Rd
kwb beff,c, wbt wb fy,wb

Fc,wb,Rd 
Fc,hb,Rd  M1
where:
Fc,wb,Rd is the design resistance of the beam web to transverse
compression (according to EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.6.2)
38
 Effective width of the beam web in compression beff,c,wb
t fb
beff,c, wb   5(t fb  rb )
sin
rb beff,c,wb
tfb
(°) tfb/sin
tfb
Fc,wb,Rd
Other parameters in the expression of Fc,wb,Rd : ω, kwb, ρ should

be calculated similarly to the parameters of Fc,wc,Rd replacing
particular values connected with the column by the proper
values connected with the beam.
39
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE – SHEAR ZONE
 Design resistance of a column web panel in shear Vwp,Rd
0,9 fy,wc Avc

Vwp,Rd  EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.1
3 M0
Expression given above is valid provided that the column web
slenderness satisfies the condition: d / tw  69
where:
Avc is the shear area of the column (EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.6(3))
d is the depth of the column web 235

fy,wc
Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used to

increase the design resistance of a column web.
40
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE - ASSEMBLY
Ft1,Rd = min(Ft,Rd(1), Fc, Rd, Vwp,Rd/β)
Ft2,Rd = min(Ft,Rd(2), Fc,Rd - Ft1,Rd,Vwp,Rd/ β - Ft1,Rd)
Ft3,Rd = min(Ft,Rd(3),Ft,Rd(2+3) - Ft2,Rd,Fc,Rd - Ft1,Rd - Ft2,Rd,Vwp,Rd/ β - Ft1,Rd - Ft2,Rd)
where:
Ft1,Rd
β is a transformation parameter;
Ft2,Rd for one-sided connection β = 1,0
Ft3,Rd EN 1993-1-8 § 5.3(7) or Table 5.4
h1 h2 h
3
Each value of Fti,Rd should be > 0.
In other case, when Fti,Rd ≤ 0,
the bolt row i is not active and
its resistance should be omitted.
41
 Plastic distribution of forces in bolt rows
Plastic distribution of forces in bolt rows is permitted

if the resistance of the bolt rows Ftr,Rd is no grater
than 1,9 Ft,Rd EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2 (9)
where:
Ft,Rd – design tension resistance of bolt
EN 1993-1-8 § 3.6.1 Table 3.4
If Ftr,Rd > 1,9 Ft,Rd the limit is applied.

The effect of this limitation is to apply a triangular
distribution of bolt row forces.
42
 Reduction of the design tension resistance of the bolt-rows
Ftx,Rdhr
Ftr, Rd 
hx
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2 (9)
where: Triangular distribution of bolt row forces

Ftx,Rd is the design tension resistance of the furthest row from
the centre of compression that has a design tension
resistance greater than 1,9Ft,Rd
hx is the lever arm from the centre of compression to the
row with resistance Ftx,Rd
hr is the lever arm from the centre of compression to the
row under consideration
43
CALCULATION OF MOMENT RESISTANCE - ASSEMBLY
The design moment resistance of the joint EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2 (1)
Mj,Rd   Ftr, Rdhr

r
Ft1,Rd
Ft2,Rd
Ft3,Rd
h1 h2 h
3
Mj,Rd  Ft1,Rdh1  Ft2,Rdh2  Ft3,Rdh3
44
CALCULATION OF SHEAR RESISTANCE
 The bolts at the bottom of the connection are allocated to carry the
vertical shear
 The bolts must be verified in shear and bearing
VEd  ns  min(Fv,Rd , Fb,Rd )

EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.2(2)
where:
VEd ns is the number of bolts carrying the vertical
shear (usually there are bolts in the lowest rows)
ns Fv,Rd is the shear resistance of the bolt
Fb,Rd is a bearing resistance of the bolt
(two types of bearing resistance have to be
considered: of the end-plate and of the column
flange)
46
 Design shear resistance for an individual bolt FV,Rd
 v fub A
Fv,Rd  EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
 M2
 where the shear passes through the threaded portion of the bolt:
- A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As
- for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8 => αv = 0,6
- for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9 => αv = 0,5
 where the shear passes through the unthreaded portion of the bolt:
- A is the gross cross section of the bolt
- αv = 0,6
47
 Design bearing resistance for an individual bolt Fb,Rd
k1 b fudt
Fb,Rd  EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
 M2
where:
αb is the smallest of αd, fub/fu or 1,0
fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the material of either:
the end-plate or the column flange
fub is the ultimate tensile strength for the bolt
t = tp when the bearing resistance of the end-plate is considered or
t = tfc when the bearing resistance of the column flange is considered
d is the bolt diameter
 M2  1,25 - partial safety factor for bolts
48
 Determination of αd EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
 In the direction of load transfer:

e1
for end bolts: d  for inner bolts:   p1  1
3d0 d
3d0 4
d0 is the hole diameter for a bolt
e1 is the end distance from the centre of a bolt hole to the
adjacent end of any part, measured in the direction of load
transfer
p1 is the spacing between centres of bolts in a line in the direction
of load transfer
49
 Determination of k1 EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4
Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer:
for edge bolts: for inner bolts:

e2 p2 p2
k1  min(2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5) k1  min(1,4  1,7; 2,5)
d0 d0 d0
d0 is the hole diameter for a bolt

e2 is the edge distance from the centre of a bolt hole to the
adjacent edge of any part, measured at right angles to the
direction of load transfer
p2 is the spacing measured perpendicular to the load transfer
direction between adjacent lines of bolts
50
WELD DESIGN
WELD DESIGN
 Requirements to weld design
 The design moment resistance of the joint is always limited by

the design resistance of its other basic components, and not by
the design resistance of the welds; EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.3(4)
 Full-strength welds are required to components in tension;

 If the joint experiences a reversed bending moment (or seismic
load), the weld in the compression zone will be required to carry
some tension force;
 Lamellar tearing shall be avoided (guidance on lamellar tearing
is given in EN 1993-1-10).
52
WELD DESIGN
1. Nominal weld (but verified for tension when moment is reversed)

2. Continuous fillet weld
3. Full strength weld
53
WELD DESIGN
 Tension flange welds
 The welds between the tension flange and the end plate must be
full strength.
 Common practice is to design the welds to the tension flange for
a force which is the lesser of:
- The tension resistance of the flange, which is equal to bf tf fy
- The total tension force in the top three bolt rows for an extended
end plate or the total tension force in the top two bolt rows for a
flush end plate.
54
WELD DESIGN
 Compression flange welds
 Where the compression flange has a sawn end, a bearing fit can
be assumed between the flange and end plate and nominal fillet
welds will suffice (recommended throat thickness:
a = 4 ÷ 6 mm for tfb ≤ 12 mm or a = 6 ÷ 8 mm for tfb > 12 mm ).
 If a bearing fit cannot be assumed, then the weld must be
designed to carry the full compression force.
 In case of uplift forces and seismic forces, the welds should be
verified for adequacy under this combination of actions.
55
WELD DESIGN
 Web welds - Tension zone
 Full strength welds are recommended.

 The full strength welds to the web tension zone should extend below
the bottom bolt row resisting tension by a distance of 1,73g/2, where
g is the gauge (cross-centres) of the bolts.
 This allows an effective
distribution at 60° from
the bolt row to
Tension
the end plate. zone
Shear
zone
56
WELD DESIGN
 Web welds - Shear zone
The resistance of the beam web welds for vertical shear forces:
Psw  2  a  fvw,d  Lws

where:
a is the fillet weld throat thickness
fvw,d is the design strength of fillet welds EN 1993-1-8 § 4.5.3.3(3)
fu / 3
fvw.d 
w M2
Lws is the vertical length of the shear zone welds (the remainder
of the web not identified as the tension zone)
fu is the nominal ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined
βw is the appropriate correlation factor taken from Table 4.1.
57
WELD DESIGN
EN 1993-1-8 Table 4.1

 Correlation factor βw for fillet welds
58
STIFFENERS
STIFFENERS
 Types of stiffeners
6 3
4
2
1 1
1. Compression stiffener
2. Column flange stiffener
5
3. Cap plate
4. Shear stiffener
5. Supplementary web plate
6. End plate stiffener
7. Backing plate
60
STIFFENERS
Stiffener type Effect Comments
Compression Increases the rigidity and the resistance Generally required in portal
stiffener to compression frame connections
Flange stiffener in Increases the bending resistance of the

the tension zone column flange
Diagonal shear Improves the column web panel A common solution –

stiffener resistance and also strengthens the connections on the minor axis
tension flange may be more complicated
Supplementary Increases the rigidity and the resistance Minor axis connections are
web plate of the web to shear and compression simplified. Detail involves
much welding
61
STIFFENERS
Stiffener type Effect Comments
End plate Increases the bending resistance of the Should not be used – a
stiffener end plate thicker end plate should be
chosen.
Cap plate Increases the bending resistance of the Usually provided in the
flange, and the compression resistance column, aligned with the top
(in reversed moment situations) flange of the rafter.
Flange backing Increases the bending resistance of the Only effective to increase
plate column flange mode 1 behaviour.
62
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS - GENERAL
1 – Limit for Sj EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.1
Design moment – rotation characteristic for a joint

 Classification boundaries depend on: EN 1993-1-8 § 5.2.2.5
 The initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini;

 The second moment of area of the beam Ib and of the column Ic;
 The span of the beam Lb and the storey height of the column Lc ;
 Factor kb that depends on the stiffness of the frame.
where:
kb = 8 for frames where the bracing system reduces the
horizontal displacement by at least 80%
kb = 25 for frames, provided that in every storey Kb/Kc ≥ 0,1
EIb EIc
Kb  Kc 
Lb Lc
65
Classification of the joint by stiffness:

 Zone 1: rigid, if S j,ini  kbEIb /Lb
 Zone 2: semi - rigid 0,5EIb / Lb  Sj,ini  kbEIb / Lb
 Zone 3: nominally pinned, if S j,ini  0,5EIb / Lb
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 5.4

66
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS - INITIAL STIFFNESS
 Initial rotational stiffness EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.1(4)
Ez 2
S j,ini 
1
i k
i
where:
E is the modulus of elasticity
z is the lever arm EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7
ki is a stiffness coefficient for basic joint component i
67
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS - BASIC COMPONENTS
 Stiffness of basic components EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.10

Stiffness coefficient Joint component
k1 Column web panel in shear
k2 Column web panel in compression
k3 Column web in tension
k4 Column flange in bending
k5 End-plate in bending
k10 Bolts in tension
The individual stiffness coefficients are determined in:

EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.11
68
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.2
 Unstiffened column web panel in shear
0,38 Avc
k1 
 z
 Stiffened column web panel in shear
(stiffened by shear stiffener)
k1  
z is the lever arm EN 1993-1-8 § 5.3(7)

β is the transformation parameter
(in case of single-sided connections β = 1)
69
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.2
 Unstiffened column web in compression
0,7beff,c, wct wc
k2 
dc
 Stiffened column web in compression

(stiffened by horizontal stiffeners)
k2  
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2
beff,c,wc is the effective width
dc is the clear depth of the column web
70
 Unstiffened or stiffened column web in tension EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.2
0,7beff, t,wct wc
k3 
dc
beff,t,wc is the effective width of the column web in tension
(for a single bolt-row); It is taken as equal to the smallest of
the effective lengths leff (individually or as a part of group of
bolts) given for this bolt-row in:
 EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.3 Table 6.4 for an unstiffened column flange
 EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.3 Table 6.5 for a stiffened column flange

dc is the clear depth of the column web
71
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.2
 Column flange in bending (for a single bolt-row in tension)
0,9leff t fc3
k4 
m3
leff is the smallest of the effective lengths leff (individually or as a
part of group of bolts) given for this bolt-row in:
 EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.3 Table 6.4 for an unstiffened column flange
 EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.3 Table 6.5 for a stiffened column flange
tfc is the thickness of the column flange

m is defined in EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.4 Figure 6.8
72
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.2
 End-plate in bending (for a single bolt-row in tension)
0,9leff tp3
k5 
m3
leff is the smallest of the effective lengths leff (individually or as
a part of group of bolts) given for this bolt-row in
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.5 Table 6.6
tp is the thickness of the end-plate
m is defined in EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.5 Figures 6.10 and 6.11
73
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.2
 Bolts in tension (for a single bolt-row in tension)
1,6 As
k10 
Lb
As is the tensile stress area of the bolt EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4

Lb is the bolt elongation length, taken as equal to the grip
length (total thickness of material and washers), plus half
the sum of the height of the bolt head and the height of
the nut
74
CALCULATION OF JOINT ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS – GENERAL METHOD
 Spring model for multi bolt-rows end-plate joints
75
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.3
Ez 2
 Initial rotational stiffness S j,ini  EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.3
1 1 1
 
k1 k2 keq
keq is the equivalent stiffness coefficient

k h
eff, r r
keq  r
hr is the distance between bolt-row r zeq
and the centre of compression
keff,r is the effective stiffness coefficient for bolt-row r taking into
account the stiffness coefficients ki for the basic components
zeq is the equivalent lever arm
r eff, r r keff, r  1
k h 2
zeq  1
 keff, r hr i k
i,r
r
76
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.3.1(4)
In the case of an eaves joint with an end-plate connection,

keq should be based upon (and replace) the stiffness
coefficients ki for:
 The column web in tension (k3)

 The column flange in bending (k4)
 The end-plate in bending (k5)
 The bolts in tension (k10)
77
EN 1993-1-8 § 6.3.3.1(4)
In the case of an apex joint with bolted end-plates,

keq should be based upon (and replace) the stiffness
coefficients ki for:
 The end-plate in bending (k5)

 The bolts in tension (k10)
78
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - EAVES HAUNCH
 Additional triangular cutting, welded below the rafter beam at

the connection to the column;
 The length of the cutting – around 10% of the span (up to 15% of
the span in the most efficient elastic designs);
 It is generally cut from the same section as the rafter, or deeper
and heavier section, or fabricated from plate;
 Fabrication of haunch cuttings:
80
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - END PLATE
 Generally fabricated from S275 or S235 steel;

 For class 8.8 bolts and steel S275, the end plate thickness should
be approximately equal to the bolt diameter;
 It should be wider than the rafter section, to allow a weld all
around the flanges and extend above and below the haunched
section, to allow fillet welds;
 In the compression zone, it should extend bellow the fillet weld
(for a distance ≥ tp), to maximise the stiff bearing length when
verifying the column in compression:
≥ tp
81
tp
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - STIFFENERS
 A compression stiffener is usually provided, other stiffeners

should be avoided if possible;
 Column flange stiffeners are used to increase the resistance
of the connection;
 Increased resistance can also be achieved by:
 providing more bolt rows,
 increasing the depth of the haunch,
 increasing the weight of the column section,
 extending the end plate above the top of the rafter.
82
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES – EXTENDED END-PLATE JOINT
 Example of an extended end plate connection:

2
1
1. Extended column – may require skew cut

2. End plate stiffener – not preferred
83
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - BOLTS
 Generally M20 or M24, class 8.8 or 10.9;

 Fully threaded (the same bolts may be used throughout a building);
 They are generally set out at cross-centres (gauge) of 90 or 100 mm;
 Vertical pitch is generally 70 to 90 mm;
 Preloaded bolts are not required in portal frame connections,
but in the case of cyclic loads (fatigue), better to use preloaded
bolts. The use of preloaded bolts is obligatory in the case of
dissipative seismic design (DCM/DCH) according to Eurocode 8.
84
BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - WELDS
 fy   w M2 
 Tension flange to end-plate weld af  t fb   
   f 2  
 M0  u 
 fy   w M2 
 Web to end-plate weld aw  t wb   

  M0  fu 2 
where:
af is the weld throat thickness of the tension flange
aw is the weld throat thickness of the web
βw is the correlation factor EN 1993-1-8 Table 4.1
fy is the yield strength of rafter section

fu is the nominal ultimate strength of the weaker part joined
 M0  1,0  M2  1,25
85
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
 Moment-resisting bolted end-plate connections in single storey

steel framed buildings are discussed.
 The design method for a bolted eaves moment connection is

presented.
 For apex (and intermediate) connections may be applied the same

procedure as for eaves connections excepting the column basic
components as well as that the tension zone is in the bottom and
the compression zone in the top of the joint.
 Best practice guidelines on appropriate detailing of moment

connections are offered.
87
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
 EN 1993-1-1 – Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings
 EN 1993-1-8 – Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures – Part 1-8:

Design of joints
 ArcelorMittal „Design Manuals for Steel Buildings in Europe”
 Access Steel, NCCI „Design of portal frame eaves connections”

SN041a-EN-EU
 The Steel Construction Institute and The British Constructional

Steelwork Association Ltd. „Joints in Steel Construction –
Moment Connections”, P207/95
89
SKILLS training modules have been developed by a consortium of organisations whose logos appear at the bottom
of this slide. The material is under a creative commons license
The project was funded with support from the European Commission. This module reflects only the views of the
authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information
contained therein.

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SKILLS Project

 Design process for moment-resisting bolted connections

 Best practice guidelines for moment connections

 Calculation of moment resistance

 Calculation of shear resistance

 Calculation of joint rotational stiffness

 Best practice guidelines

 Typical eaves connection

 Alternative apex connection

1. Haunch fabricated from the same section

 Calculate the design compression resistance in the

 The effective design tension resistance for each individual

 The potential design tension resistance for each bolt row

Ft,Rd(r)  min(Ft, fc,Rd , Ft,wc,Rd , Ft,ep,Rd , Ft,wb,Rd ) EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2(6)

Component Symbol EN 1993-1-8 clause number

Column web in transverse Ft,wc,Rd 6.2.6.3

Rafter beam web in Ft,wb,Rd 6.2.6.8

 Ignore the resistance of any h1

 Verify subsequent rows both

 Real yield line patterns are converted into an equivalent T-stub

 Each possible yield line pattern is described by a length of

 The shortest equivalent T-stub is taken (min eff)

 Effective length of equivalent T-stub is necessary to calculate the

EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.4 Table 6.2

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Circular patterns leff,cp Non-circular patterns leff,nc

Bolt-row considered Bolt-row considered as part

EN 1993-1-8 § 3.5 Table 3.3 t  tmin  min(tp ,t fc )

For the end-plate extension, use ex and mx

tf – thickness of an equivalent T-stub flange (tf = tfc or tf = tp)

 Determination of the potential tension resistance of:

 end-plate in bending Ft,ep,Rd  min(FT,1,Rd , FT,2,Rd , FT,3,Rd )

 column flange in bending Ft, fc,Rd  min(FT,1,Rd , FT,2,Rd , FT,3,Rd )

 Design resistance of a column web in transverse tension Ft,wc,Rd

Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used

For single-sided joint configuration:

Determination of the shear area of the column Avc EN 1993-1-1

beff, t,wbt wb fy,wb

 M0  1,00 - partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections

 The design resistance in the compression zone may be limited by

Fc,Rd  min(Fc,wc,Rd , Fc,fb,Rd , Fc,hb,Rd ) EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2

Component Symbol EN 1993-1-8

The compressive resistance of the haunched beam

For bolted end-plate connection:

beff,c, wc  t fb  2 2ap  5(t fc  s)  sp

for a rolled I or H section column: for a welded I or H section column:

 Reduction factor for plate buckling ρ EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.6.2(1)

 for a rolled I or H section column: dwc  hc  2(t fc  rc )

 for a welded I or H section column: dwc  hc  2(t fc  2ac )

σcom,Ed is the maximum longitudinal compression stress due to axial

Generally the reduction factor kwc is 1,0 and no reduction is necessary.

kwb beff,c, wbt wb fy,wb

Other parameters in the expression of Fc,wb,Rd : ω, kwb, ρ should

0,9 fy,wc Avc

Note: Stiffeners or supplementary web plates may be used to

Plastic distribution of forces in bolt rows is permitted

If Ftr,Rd > 1,9 Ft,Rd the limit is applied.

where: Triangular distribution of bolt row forces

The design moment resistance of the joint EN 1993-1-8 § 6.2.7.2 (1)

Mj,Rd   Ftr, Rdhr

Mj,Rd  Ft1,Rdh1  Ft2,Rdh2  Ft3,Rdh3

VEd  ns  min(Fv,Rd , Fb,Rd )

 In the direction of load transfer: