Analysis and Design of Members For Tension

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
MEMBERS FOR TENSION
ENGR. ISAMARCH CADAY-PERTACORTA

INSTRUCTOR
OBJECTIVES:
• To be able to familiarize the general
consideration of code designs and the
concept of designing tension members;
• To be able to identify the basic modes of
failures of steel members subjected to
tensile forces;
• To be able to design a tension member to
resist a given loading; by selecting an
adequate steel section
DISCUSSION FLOW:
01 Introduction 02 Nominal Strength
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Tensile Block Strength
consectetur adipiscing elit. Block Shear Strength
03 Net Area 04 Effective Net Area

Gross and Net Area Determination
Size and Use of Holes
Staggered Holes/Fasteners
05 Design of Tension 06 Illustrative

Members Problems
1. INTRODUCTION
Tension members are structural elements that
are subjected to axial forces.
They are used in various types of structures such

as truss members, bracing for buildings and
bridges, cables in suspended roof systems, and
cables in suspension and cabled-stayed bridges.
Any cross-sectional configuration may be used,

because for any given material, the only
determinant of the strength of a tension
member is the cross-sectional area.
1. INTRODUCTION
Frequently used members are circular rods, and
rolled angle shapes.
Built-up shapes, either from plates, rolled

shapes, or a combination of plates and rolled
shapes are sometimes used when large loads
must be resisted.
Most common built-up configuration is probably

the double-angle section (2L).
1. INTRODUCTION
The direct stress formula is the basis for tension
member analysis and design.
For stress, it may be written:
For tensile capacity, it may be written:
Where:
ft = computed stress
P = applied axial load
Pt = axial tensile load capacity or maximum allowable
axial tensile load
Ft = allowable axial tensile stress
A = cross-sectional area of axially loaded tension
member (either gross area, Ag, net area An, or
effective net area, Ae)
2. NOMINAL STRENGTH
The strength of a tension member may be
described in terms of the “limit states” that govern.
The controlling strength limit state for a tension

member will be one of the following:
a. Yielding of the gross cross-section of the

member away from the connection
b. Fracture of the effective net area (i.e. through
the holes) at the connection, or
c. Block shear fracture through the bolt holes at
the connection.
2. NOMINAL STRENGTH
2.1 TENSILE STRENGTH (NSCP 2015 SEC 504.2/ AISC SEC D2
The design tensile strength (tPn), and the allowable tensile
strength (Pn/t), of tension members shall be the lower value
obtained according to the limit state of tensile yielding in the
gross section and tensile rupture in the net section.
Pu = tPn (LRFD)
Pa = Pn/t (ASD)
2. NOMINAL STRENGTH
2.1 TENSILE STRENGTH (NSCP 2015 SEC 504.2/ AISC SEC D2
a. For tensile yielding in the gross section:
P n = FyA g
t = 0.90 (LRFD) t = 1.67 (ASD)
b. For tensile rupture in the net section:
P n = F uA e
t = 0.75 (LRFD) t = 2.00 (ASD) Where:

Ae = effective net area, in2 (mm2)
Ag = gross area of member, in2 (mm2)
Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa)
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength, ksi (MPa)
2. NOMINAL STRENGTH
2.2 BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH (NSCP 2015 SEC 510.4.3/ AISC SEC J4.3
When thin plates are attached by bolts, a tearing limit state, known
as block shear, may control the strength of a tension member, or the
tension at the end connection of a beam. The available strength for
the limit state of block shear rupture along a shear failure path or
paths and a perpendicular tension failure path shall be taken as:
Rn = 0.60FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.60FyAgv + UbsFuAnt
t = 0.75 (LRFD) t = 2.00 (ASD)

Where:
Agv = gross area subject to shear, in2 (mm2) Fu = specified minimum tensile strength, ksi (MPa)
Anv = net area subject to shear, in2 (mm2) Ubs = 1.0 (where the tension stress is uniform)
Ant = net area subject to tension, in2 (mm2) 0.5 (where the tension stress is not uniform)
Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa)
2. NOMINAL STRENGTH
The purpose of the reduction factor Ubs is to account for the fact
that stress distribution may not be uniform on tensile plane on some
connections.
Ubs will be taken equal to 1.0 for uniform tensile stress distribution.
The tensile stress is generally considered to be uniform for angles,
gusset or connection plates, and for coped beams with one line of
bolts.
Ubs will be taken equal to 0.5 for non-uniform tensile stress

distribution. Such case occurs in coped beams with two line of bolts.
The row of bolts nearer the end of the beam picks up the largest
proportion of the shear load.
2. NOMINAL STRENGTH
2. NOMINAL STRENGTH
3. NET AREA
Whenever a tension member is to be fastened by means of bolts or
rivets, holes must be provided at the connection.
As a result, the member cross-sectional area at the connection is

reduced and the strength of the member may also be reduced
depending on the size and location of holes.
Several methods are used to cut holes. The common and least
expensive method is to punch standard holes that is 1/16” (1.6mm)
larger than the diameter of the rivet of bolt.
In general, the plate thickness is less than the punch diameter.

3. NET AREA
During the punching operation, the metal at the edge of the hole is
damaged.
This is accounted for in the design by assuming that the extent of

damage is limited to a radial distance of 1/32” (0.8mm) around the
hole.
Hence, the total width to be deducted is to be taken as the nominal

dimension of the hole normal to the direction of the applied load plus
1/16” (1.6mm).
For fasteners in standard holes, the total deduction is equal to the

fastener plus 1/8” (3.2mm)
3. NET AREA
3.1 GROSS AND NET AREA DETERMINATION (NSCP 2015 SEC 504.3 /
AISC SEC B4.3)
GROSS AREA
The gross area, Ag, of a member is simply the total cross
sectional area
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3)
NET AREA
The net area, An, of a member is the sum of the products of the
thickness and the net width of each element computed as
follows:
In computing for the net area for tension and shear, the width of
a bolt hole shall be taken as 1/16” (2mm) greater than the nominal
dimension of the hole provided by the ASIC Table J3.3
dh = Nominal Hole Dimension (mm) + 2mm

dh = Nominal Hole Dimension (in) + 1/16in
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3)
NET AREA
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3)
NET AREA
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3)
NET AREA
3. NET AREA
3.2 SIZE AND USE OF HOLES (NSCP Table 510.3.3 / AISC Table J3.3)
The maximum sizes of holes for bolts are given in NSCP Table 510.3.3
/ ASIC Table J3.3, except that larger holes, required for tolerance on
location of anchor rods in concrete foundations, are permitted in
column base details.
3. NET AREA
NSCP 2015
3. NET AREA
AISC 2022
3. NET AREA
AISC 2022
3. NET AREA
3. NET AREA
3.3 STAGGERED HOLES/FASTENERS (NSCP 2015 SEC 504.3/
AISC SEC B4.3
If a tension member connection is made with bolts, the net area will
be maximized if the fasteners are placed in a single line.
Space limitations sometimes requires us to use more than one line of

bolts. If so, the reduction in cross-sectional area is minimized if the
fasteners are arranges in staggered pattern.
Staggered fasteners are also applicable if the geometry of

connection requires it.
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3
In either case, any cross-
section passing through
holes will pass through
fewer holes than if the
fasteners are not
staggered.
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3
For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag
line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from
the gross width the sum of diameters or slot dimensions as provided
in this section, of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage
space in the chain, the quantity:
Where: s= longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch)

of any two consecutive holes, in (mm)
g= transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between
fastener gage lines, in (mm)
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3
For angles, the g (gage) for holes in opposite adjacent legs shall be
the sum of the gages from the back of the angles less the thickness.
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3
Workable Gages in Angle Legs
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3
Workable Gages in Angle Legs
3. NET AREA
AISC SEC B4.3
When staggered holes are present in shapes other than angles, and
the holes are in different elements of the cross-section, the shape
can still be visualized as a plate, even if it is an I-shape.
4. EFFECTIVE NET AREA
The portion of the cross-sectional area that can effectively resist the
applied forces.
The net area as computed gives the reduced section that resists tension
but still may not correctly reflect the strength.
This is practically true when the tension member has a profile consisting
of elements not in a common plane and where the tensile load is
transmitted at the end of the member by connection to some but not all
of the elements.
Example: an angle connection connected with one leg only. In this case,
the tensile force is not uniformly distributed over the net area.
NSCP 2015 Section 504.3.3 / AISC Section D3 provides that the effective
net area Ae shall be computed:
Ae = UAn
Where: U = shear lag factor, determined using NSCP Table 504.3.1

AISC Table D3.1
An = Net Area
The above equation logically applies for both fastener connections having
holes and for welded connections.
For welded connections, the net area equals the gross area Ag since there
are no holes.
For bolted splice plates, effective net area as defined in NSCP 2015
Section 510.4.1.2
When a tensile load is applied eccentrically to a wide plate, the stress

distribution across the width of the plate is non-uniform.
The mechanism by which stress gets transmitted from the location of the
applied load to section distant from the load is by shear stresses acting in
the plane of the plate.
Shear transfer “lags” or is inefficient.

Hence, the non-uniformity of stress in wide plates or plate elements of
rolled sections when a tensile load is applied non-uniformly, is referred to
as “shear lag”.
In other words, shear lag occurs when some elements of the cross-
section is not connected, as when only one leg of an angle bar is bolted to
a gusset plate.
AISC Table D3.1 provides the shear lag factors for connections to tension
members:
members:
members:
members:
members:
5. DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
The design of tension members involves finding a member with adequate
gross and net areas.
If the member has a bolted connection, the selection of a suitable cross

section requires an accounting for the area lost because of holes.
For a member with a rectangular cross section, the calculations are

relatively straightforward .
If a rolled shape is to be used, however, the area to be deducted cannot

be predicted in advance because the member’s thickness at the location
of the holes is not known.
A secondary consideration in the design of tension is slenderness.
If a structural member has a small cross-section in relation to its length, it

is said to be slender.
A more precise measure is the slenderness ratio, L/r
AISC Section D1 suggests a maximum slenderness ratio of 300.
Where: L = member length

r = minimum radius of gyration of the cross-sectional
area (corresponding to the minor principal axis
of the cross-section)
The central problem of all member design, including the design of tension
is to find a cross-section for which the required strength does not exceed
the available strength.
LRFD ASD
TENSILE STRENGTH 𝒖 𝒕 𝒏 or 𝒕 𝒏 𝒖 𝒂
𝒏
𝒕
𝒚 𝒈
𝒖 𝒚 𝒈 𝒂
TENSILE YIELDING IN
𝒂 𝒚 𝒈
THE GROSS SECTION 𝒖
𝒈 𝒂
𝒚 𝒈
𝒚
𝒖 𝒆
𝒖 𝒖 𝒆 𝒂
TENSILE RUPTURE IN
THE NET SECTION 𝒖
𝒂 𝒖 𝒆
𝒆 𝒂
𝒖 𝒆
𝒖
6. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
1. A 12mm x 625mm plate of A36 steel (Fy = 248MPa & Fu = 400MPa) is
used as tension member connected using 16mm bolts.
a. Determine the design strength.

b. Determine the allowable strength.
Solution:
Tensile Capacity based on yielding
Pn = FyAg
Pn = 248(625)(12) = 1860000 N = 1860 kN
Pu = tPn = 0.90(1860) = 1674 kN
Solution:
Tensile Capacity based on rupture
From the NSCP Table 510.3.3, standard hole dimension of 16mm

diameter bolt is 18mm
Dh = nominal hole dimension (mm) + 2mm = 18mm + 2mm = 20mm

Solution:

For bolted splice plates, as
Pn = FuAe = FuUAn defined in NSCP 2015 Section
510.4.1.2, An ≤ 0.85Ag
U = 1.0 (From AISC Table D3.1: Case 1)
An = (625)(12)-(2)(20)(12) = 7020 mm2 An = 0.85(12)(625) = 6375 mm2
Use An= 6375mm 2
Solution:
Pn = FuAe = FuUAn = (400)(1.0)(6375) = 2,550,000 N = 2,550 kN

Pu = tPn = 0.75(2550) = 1,912.50 kN > 1,674 kN
 Pu = 1,674 kN --------- governs

Solution:
Tensile Capacity based on yielding
Pn = FyAg
Pn = 248(625)(12) = 1860000 N = 1860 kN
Pa = Pn/t = 1860/1.67 = 1,113.772 kN
Solution:
From the NSCP Table 510.3.3, standard hole dimension of 16mm

diameter bolt is 18mm
Dh = nominal hole dimension (mm) + 2mm = 18mm + 2mm = 20mm

Solution:

For bolted splice plates, as
Pn = FuAe = FuUAn defined in NSCP 2015 Section
510.4.1.2, An ≤ 0.85Ag
U = 1.0 (From AISC Table D3.1: Case 1)
An = (625)(12)-(2)(20)(12) = 7020 mm2 An = 0.85(12)(625) = 6375 mm2
Use An= 6375mm 2
Solution:
Pn = FuAe = FuUAn = (400)(1.0)(6375) = 2,550,000 N = 2,550 kN

Pa = Pn/t = 2550/2.0 = 1,275 kN > 1,113.772 kN
 Pu = 1,113.772 kN --------- governs

used as tension member welded as shown. Determine the total
service load (DL + LL) if LL = 4DL.
a. Using LRFD
b. Using ASD
300mm
P
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
Tensile Capacity based on yielding: Tensile Capacity based on yielding:
Pn = FyAg Pn = FyAg
Pn = 248(12)(200) = 595,200 N = Pn = 248(12)(200) = 595,200 N =
595.2 kN 595.2 kN
Pu = tPn = 0.90(595.2) Pa = Pn/t = 595.2/1.67
Pu = 535.68 kN Pa = 356.407kN
LRFD ASD
Tensile Capacity based on rupture: Tensile Capacity based on rupture:
Pn = FuAe = FuUAn Pn = FuAe = FuUAn
U = 0.87 (AISC Table D3.1) U = 0.87 (AISC Table D3.1)
An = Ag for welded connection An = Ag for welded connection

Pn = 400(0.87)(12)(200) = 835,200 N Pn = 400(0.87)(12)(200) = 835,200 N
Pn = 835.2 kN Pn = 835.2 kN
Pu = tPn = 0.75(835.2) Pu = Pn/t = 835.2/2.0
Pu = 626.4 kN Pu = 417.6 kN
LRFD ASD
Pu = 535.68 kN Pa = 356.407kN
Pu = 626.4 kN Pa = 417.6 kN
Governing Pu: Governing Pa:
Pu = 535.68 kN Pa = 356.407kN
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2PDL + 1.6PLL Pa = PDL + PLL
535.68 = 1.2PDL + 1.6(4PDL) Pa = 356.407kN
PDL = 70.484 kN
Total Service Load = DL + LL Total Service Load = DL + LL

DL + LL = 70.484 + 4(70.484)
DL + LL = 352.42 kN DL + LL = 356.407 kN
3. Determine the maximum tensile load (LRFD & ASD) for a single
C15x33.9 fastened to a ½ inch gusset plate as shown in the figure.
Use A36 steel (Fy = 36ksi & Fu = 58 ksi) and assume holes for ¾ inch
diameter bolts.
½” GUSSET PLATE
x̄ Properties of C15s33.9:
A = 10.0 in2
3” P d = 15.0 in
3” bf = 3.40 in
3”
tf = 0.650 in
tw = 0.400 in
3” 3” x̄ = 0.788 in
1.5” 1.5”
diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
Pn = FyAg Pn = FyAg
Pn = 36(10) = 360 kips Pn = 36(10) = 360 kips
Pu = tPn = 0.90(360) Pa = Pn/t = 360/1.67
Pu = 324 kips Pa = 215.569 kips
6. ILLUSTRATIVE P OBLEMS
C15x33.9 fastened to a ½ inch gusset plate as shown in the ﬁgure.
diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
dh = nominal hole + 1/16” dh = nominal hole + 1/16”
dh = 13/16 + 1/16 = 7/8” dh = 13/16 + 1/16 = 7/8”
U = 1-(x̄/l) = 1-(0.788/6) = 0.869 U = 1-(x̄/l) = 1-(0.788/6) = 0.869

An = 10 – (4)(0.400)(7/8) = 8.6 in2 An = 10 – (4)(0.400)(7/8) = 8.6 in2
diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
Pn = 58(0.869)(8.6) = 433.457 kips Pn = 58(0.869)(8.6) = 433.457 kips
Pu = tPn = 0.75(433.457) Pa = Pn/t = 433.457/2.00
Pu = 325.093 kips Pa = 216.729 kips
diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
Tensile Capacity based on block shear Tensile Capacity based on block shear
strength: strength:
Pn = 0.60FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.60FyAgv + UbsFuAnt Pn = 0.60FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.60FyAgv + UbsFuAnt
Anv = 2(7.5)(0.400) – 2(2.5)(7/8)(0.4000) Anv = 2(7.5)(0.400) – 2(2.5)(7/8)(0.4000)
Anv = 4.250 in2 Anv = 4.250 in2
Ant = 9(0.400) – 3(7/8)(0.400) Ant = 9(0.400) – 3(7/8)(0.400)
Ant = 2.55 in2 Ant = 2.55 in2
diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
strength: strength:
Agv = 2(7.5)(0.400) = 6 in2 Agv = 2(7.5)(0.400) = 6 in2
Ubs = 1.0 Ubs = 1.0
diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
strength: strength:
Pn = 0.60(58)(4.25) + 1.0(58)(2.55) Pn = 0.60(58)(4.25) + 1.0(58)(2.55)
Pn = 295.800 kips Pn = 295.800 kips
Pn = 0.60(36)(6) + 1.0(58)(2.55) Pn = 0.60(36)(6) + 1.0(58)(2.55)
Pn = 277.50 kips Pn = 277.50 kips
diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD ASD
strength: strength:
Pn = 277.5 kips Pn = 277.5 kips
Pu = tPn = 0.75(277.5) Pa = Pn/t = 277.5/2.00
Pu = 208.125 kips Pa = 138.75 kips
diameter bolts.
Governing Tensile
SOLUTION: Capacity
LRFD ASD
Pu = 324 kips Pa = 215.569 kips
Pu = 325.093 kips Pa = 216.729 kips
strength: strength:
Pu = 208.125 kips Pa = 138.75 kips
4. A 10mm x 150mm plate of A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa Fu = 400 MPa) is
used as a tension member; connected suing 20mm diameter bolts.
a. Determine the tensile capacity based on yielding (ASD & LRFD)
b. Determine the tensile capacity based on rupture (ASD & LRFD)
c. Determine the tensile capacity based on block shear (ASD & LRFD)
P
75mm
37.5 75 75 75 37.5
Solution:
LRFD ASD
Pn = FyAg Pn = FyAg
Pn = 248(150)(10) = 372 kN Pn = 248(150)(10) = 372 kN
Pu = tPn = 0.90(372) Pa = Pn/t = 372/1.67
Pu = 334.8 kN Pa = 222.754 kN
Solution:
LRFD ASD
dh = nominal hole + 2mm dh = nominal hole + 2mm
dh = 22 + 2 = 24 mm dh = 22 + 2 = 24 mm
U = 1.0 U = 1.0
An = (150)(10)-(24)(10) = 1260 mm2 An = (150)(10)-(24)(10) = 1260 mm2
Solution: 𝒔𝟐
𝟒𝒈
LRFD ASD
dh = 22 + 2 = 24 mm dh = 22 + 2 = 24 mm
U = 1.0 U = 1.0
An = (150)(10) - (2)(24)(10) + (10) An = (150)(10) - (2)(24)(10) + (10)
An = 1,207.5 mm2 An = 1,207.5 mm2
Solution:
LRFD ASD
dh = 22 + 2 = 24 mm dh = 22 + 2 = 24 mm
U = 1.0 U = 1.0
Anmax = 0.85Ag = 0.85(10)(150) Anmax = 0.85Ag = 0.85(10)(150)
Anmax = 1,275 mm2 > 1207.5 mm2 Anmax = 1,275 mm2 > 1207.5 mm2
An = 1,207.5 mm2 An = 1,207.5 mm2
Solution:
LRFD ASD
Pn = 400(1.0)(1207.5) = 483 kN Pn = 400(1.0)(1207.5) = 483 kN
Pu = tPn = 0.75(483) Pa = Pn/t = 483/2.00
Pu = 362.25 kN Pa = 241.5 kN
Solution:
LRFD ASD
strength: strength:
Anv = 187.5(10) – (1.5)(24)(10) Anv = 187.5(10) – (1.5)(24)(10)
Anv = 1,515 mm2 Anv = 1,515 mm2
Ant = 112.5(10) – (1.5)(24)(10) + Ant = 112.5(10) – (1.5)(24)(10) +
Ant = 952.5 mm2 Ant = 952.5 mm2
Solution:
LRFD ASD
strength: strength:
Agv = 187.5(10) Agv = 187.5(10)
Agv = 1,875 mm2 Agv = 1,875 mm2
Solution:
LRFD ASD
strength: strength:
Pn = 0.60(400)(1515) + 1.0(400)(952.5) Pn = 0.60(400)(1515) + 1.0(400)(952.5)
Pn = 744.6 kN Pn = 744.6 kN
Pnmax = 0.60(248)(1875) + 1.0(400)(952.5) Pnmax = 0.60(248)(1875) + 1.0(400)(952.5)
Pnmax = 660 kN Pnmax = 660 kN
Use Pn = 660 kN Use Pn = 660 kN
Solution:
LRFD ASD
strength: strength:
Pn = 660 kN Pn = 660 kN
Pu = tPn = 0.75(660) Pa = Pn/t = 660/2.00
Pu = 495 kN Pa = 330 kN
ASSIGNMENT 2
1. A “a” mm x “b” mm plate of A36 steel (Fy = 248MPa & Fu = 400MPa) is

ASSIGNMENT 2
2. A “c” mm x “d” mm plate of A36 steel (Fy = 248MPa & Fu = 400MPa) is
a. Using LRFD
b. Using ASD
“e” mm
P
ASSIGNMENT 2
C15x50 fastened to a ½ inch gusset plate as shown in the ﬁgure.
diameter bolts.
½” GUSSET PLATE
x̄ Properties of C15x50:
A = 14.7 in2
h” P d = 15.0 in
h” bf = 3.72 in
h”
tf = 0.650 in
tw = 0.716 in
i” i” x̄ = 0.799 in
1.5” 1.5”
ASSIGNMENT 2
4. A “k” mm x “l” mm plate of A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa Fu = 400 MPa) is
a. Determine the tensile capacity based on yielding (ASD & LRFD)

b. Determine the tensile capacity based on rupture (ASD & LRFD)
c. Determine the tensile capacity based on block shear (ASD & LRFD)
P
80mm
40 75 75 75 40
ASSIGNMENT 2
ASSIGNMENT 2.1
1. Practice solving problems on structural steel members subjected
to tension.
2. Quiz 1 Next meeting.
“Study engineering, they said.
It will be fun, they said.”
-Unknown

Analysis and Design of Members For Tension

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Analysis and Design of Members For Tension

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

MEMBERS FOR TENSION

ENGR. ISAMARCH CADAY-PERTACORTA

03 Net Area 04 Effective Net Area

05 Design of Tension 06 Illustrative

They are used in various types of structures such

Any cross-sectional configuration may be used,

Built-up shapes, either from plates, rolled

Most common built-up configuration is probably

For stress, it may be written:

For tensile capacity, it may be written:

The controlling strength limit state for a tension

a. Yielding of the gross cross-section of the

t = 0.90 (LRFD) t = 1.67 (ASD)

b. For tensile rupture in the net section:

t = 0.75 (LRFD) t = 2.00 (ASD) Where:

Rn = 0.60FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.60FyAgv + UbsFuAnt

t = 0.75 (LRFD) t = 2.00 (ASD)

Ubs will be taken equal to 0.5 for non-uniform tensile stress

As a result, the member cross-sectional area at the connection is

In general, the plate thickness is less than the punch diameter.

This is accounted for in the design by assuming that the extent of

Hence, the total width to be deducted is to be taken as the nominal

For fasteners in standard holes, the total deduction is equal to the

dh = Nominal Hole Dimension (mm) + 2mm

Space limitations sometimes requires us to use more than one line of

Staggered fasteners are also applicable if the geometry of

Where: s= longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch)

Where: U = shear lag factor, determined using NSCP Table 504.3.1

When a tensile load is applied eccentrically to a wide plate, the stress

Shear transfer “lags” or is inefficient.

If the member has a bolted connection, the selection of a suitable cross

For a member with a rectangular cross section, the calculations are

If a rolled shape is to be used, however, the area to be deducted cannot

If a structural member has a small cross-section in relation to its length, it

A more precise measure is the slenderness ratio, L/r

AISC Section D1 suggests a maximum slenderness ratio of 300.

Where: L = member length

a. Determine the design strength.

a. Determine the design strength.

Tensile Capacity based on yielding

a. Determine the design strength.

Tensile Capacity based on rupture

From the NSCP Table 510.3.3, standard hole dimension of 16mm

Dh = nominal hole dimension (mm) + 2mm = 18mm + 2mm = 20mm

a. Determine the design strength.

Tensile Capacity based on rupture

a. Determine the design strength.

Tensile Capacity based on rupture

Pn = FuAe = FuUAn = (400)(1.0)(6375) = 2,550,000 N = 2,550 kN

 Pu = 1,674 kN --------- governs

b. Determine the allowable strength.

Tensile Capacity based on yielding

b. Determine the allowable strength.

Tensile Capacity based on rupture

From the NSCP Table 510.3.3, standard hole dimension of 16mm

Dh = nominal hole dimension (mm) + 2mm = 18mm + 2mm = 20mm

b. Determine the allowable strength.

Tensile Capacity based on rupture

b. Determine the allowable strength.

Tensile Capacity based on rupture

Pn = FuAe = FuUAn = (400)(1.0)(6375) = 2,550,000 N = 2,550 kN

 Pu = 1,113.772 kN --------- governs