Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Philippine History
Philippine History
Philippine History
I. Course Description
This is a course tracing the origin and history of the Philippines. It will trace the evolution of the
present Philippine society as they changed from antiquity to the present era, discussing along the
factors surrounding such changes.
II. Over-all Objectives
At the end of the semester, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the different periods of Philippine History;
2. Analyze how events in the past have influenced the present Philippine politics, government and
economy;
3. Compare and contrast the level of nationalism that prevailed in the past with the level of
nationalism that exists today;
4. Value the lessons to be gained from the lives of the great Philippine historical personalities;
5. Respect and appreciate the complexities of Philippine history.
III. Course Objectives
This course is designed to allow students to:
1. Gain a deeper understanding of Philippine History;
2. Acquire the habit of critically analyzing historical situations that shaped Philippines today;
3. Develop the confidence of the students in voicing out their opinions and stands in various issues.
IV. Values
This course will seek to inculcate in the students appreciation of history as a foundation of todays
development. It seeks to instill in the students critical analysis on issues surrounding the various events in
the History of the Philippines. Lastly, it seeks to awaken the spirit of nationalism among Filipinos.
V. References
Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of the Filipino People. Eight Edition. 1990
Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited. 1998
Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Continuing Past. 1998
Scott, William Henry. Barangay. 1997
Zaide, Sonia. Philippine History and Government. Fourth Edition. 1999
I.
Basic Concepts
A. History
A narrative (written, visual, oral or a combination of all three) about past events that has
meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place.
B. Kasaysayan
SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY (A story with meaning)
Without both (story and meaning) then there is NO true history.
C. Importance of History
1. If we find meaning in history, then it will gain the power to change our lives;
2. Making people see their past, gives them a sense of being Filipinos;
3. History gives us a way of looking at the world and dealing with it and its problems.
D. Culture
The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members of
society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from
generation to generation through learning.
It includes all the social practices that bond a group of people together and distinguish them
from others.
E. Geography
A description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure, features, products,
political divisions and the people by whom it is inhabited.
II.
Philippines
A. Basic Facts
Capital: MANILA
B. Geographical Trivia
1. The Philippines has the worlds longest discontinuous coastline.
2. Manila Bay is the Finest Bay in Asia.
3. San Juanico Strait is the Worlds Narrowest Strait.
They are unique in the world for they have four intermingled cultures Latin, European,
American and Asian.
The Philippines is the worlds twelfth most populous country, with a population of 86,241,697 as
of 2005
Each barangay was independent from one another, thus there was NO central government.
Ruled by a Chieftain (Datu, Lakan, Sultan, etc.) whose primary duty was to rule and govern
his subjects and to promote their welfare and interests. They were advised by the ELDERS.
The chief exercised all the functions of government executive, legislative and judicial,
sometimes even religious.
The subjects served their chieftain during wars and voyages and helped him in tilling and
sowing of the land and in the construction of his house.
According to the texts of the Chinese Merchants who traded in the Philippines, Pre-Colonial
Filipinos were HONEST. They pay their debts even if a year had already passed.
B. Inter-Baranganic Relations
Consisted in carrying on commerce between barangays and in agreements concerning
friendship and alliance.
Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was concluded by SANDUGUAN, making the contracting
parties blood-brothers
Causes of Wars:
1. A man from one barangays went to another and was murdered without any obvious
cause;
2. Kidnapping the wives of men belonging to another barangays;
3. Maltreatment of men of one barangays by men of another barangays.
Resolution of the conflict was brought about by force.
C. Laws
Either Customary or Written.
Customary laws were handed down ORALLY from generation to generation and constituted
the bulk of the laws of the barangays.
Written laws were those that the chieftain and the elders promulgated from time to time as
necessity arose.
Many of the written laws were destroyed by the early Spanish missionaries and many more
destroyed by the elements.
The laws, customary and written, dealt with various subjects such as inheritance, divorce,
partnership, crime and punishment, property rights, family relations, adoption and loans.
Elders of the Community were called by the Chief and tell them what was in his
mind.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The umalohokan called the attention of the subjects by ringing the bell that he
The people gathered around him and heard from him the provisions of the new
law.
8.
The law is effective immediately. Anybody violating the law was promptly arrested
and brought before the chieftain to be judged according to the merits of the case.
D. Judicial Process: TRIAL-BY-ORDEAL
E. Status of Pre-Colonial Women
As a sign of deep respect, the men, accompanying women, walked behind them.
F. Social Classes
Lines drawn between classes were not hard; any member of the social classes could go up or
down the social ladder depending upon the attendant circumstances.
1. Nobles (Maharlika)
Consists of the chiefs and their families
Wielded tremendous influence in the barangay
Enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of society
2. Freemen (Timawa)
Includes the dependents who had earned their freedom
3. Dependents (Alipin)
Acquired his low status by:
Inheritance;
By captivity in war;
By purchase; or
Types of Dependents:
a) Aliping Namamahay
Had his own family and house
Served his master during planting and harcest seasons
Rowed for the master
Helped in the construction of the masters house
Served the visitors of the master
b) Aliping Sagigilid
Had no property of his own
Lived with his master
Could not marry without the masters consent
V. Pre-Colonial Communities
A. Igorot
Headhunters
Miners
Caao
Mummification
B. Pintados
Panay
Skull Moulding
C. Buranuns
Sulu
Islam
1380: Mudum
Serif Kabungsuan
Traders
Chinese (Sung/Ming)
Wedding
Ceremony
Betrothal
Dowry
Wedding Festival
Spice Race
B. Treaty of Tordesillas
This agreement was the Churchs solution to the endless competition between the 2
Christian nations.
The Kings of Portugal and Spain, with Pope Alexander VIs blessing, signed an agreement
that divides the world between the two countries
All countries lying to the east belongs to the King of Portugal (Africa, India and Brazil)
All countries to the west belonged to the King of Spain (New World)
C. Ferdinand Magellan
He was a Portuguese who approached the Spanish King, Charles V because his plan to
sail west was rejected by the King of Portugal.
He was given a fleet of 5 ships: SAN ANTONIO (abandoned the mission), SANTIAGO
(wrecked), TRINIDAD, CONCEPCION and VICTORIA.
The ships Trinidad, Concepcion and Victoria reached the Philippines in March 16, 1521.
But only Victoria was able to go back to Spain.
Butuan
His
greatest contribution was the naming of the country, LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of King
Philip II
E. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
The
He
He
new Christian converts were required to construct their houses around the Church and the
unbaptized were invited to do the same.
ALCALDE-MAYOR
CORREGIDORES
GOBERNADORCILLO
CABEZA DE BARANGAY
King of Spain the supreme ruler and law maker of all Spanish possessions
Ministry of Colonies governs all Spanish possessions; oversees the colonies of the
Spanish empire.
Gobernador-General the spokesman and representative of the King in the Philippines.
Functions of the Gobernador-General:
1. The Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy;
2. The President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court);
3. The Vice-Real Patron;
4. The source of Civil Power.
Alcalde Mayor heads the PACIFIED provinces
Corregidores heads the UNPACIFIED provinces
Functions of the Alcalde Mayor and Corregidores:
1. Judge;
2. Inspector of Encomiendas;
3. Chief of Police;
4. Tribute Collector;
5. Vice-Regal Patron;
6. Captain-General of the Province
Gobernadorcillo - the highest position that a Filipino could attain
- also referred to as the Little Governor
Qualifications to be a Gobernadorcillo:
1. Any Filipino or Chinese Mestizo;
2. at least 25 years old;
3. Literate in Oral or Written Spanish;
4. Had been a Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years.
Duties of the Gobernadorcillo:
1. Preparation of the Padron (tribute list);
2. Recruitment and Distribution of Men for draft labor, communal public work and
the quinto;
3. Postal Clerk;
4. Judge in civil suits involving P44.00 or less.
Visita (Specific and General) and Residencia - Judicial Review; checks the abuses of
government officials
B. Amalgamation of the Church and State
C. Economic System
1. buwis (tribute) ~ cedula personal (1885)
Tax Exemptions:
o
Vaccinators
College and University students of Sto. Tomas, San Jose, San Juan de Letran
and San Carlos of Cebu
2. bandala
3. polo y servicio personal
polista: male; 16-60 y/o; 60 days (15 days: 1885)
falla
4. encomienda (royal and private)
encomendero
5. Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
D. Social Transformation
1. Language
2. Compadrazgo (ritual co-parenthood)
E. Educational Transformation
1. Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child
2. compulsory education
F. Filipinos Not Totally Hispanized
VIII. From Indio to Filipino: The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
A. Categories of Revolts
1. Personal Motives:
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
Wrote FRAY BOTOD which deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a
friar named Botod
Dec. 1889, he took over the editorship of the Sol and became the moving spirit
behind the Reform Movement
National Hero
E. La Solidaridad
The Official Organ of the Reform Movement
The paper was dedicated to:
Defend the Filipinos against malicious and slanderous attacks of the hired writers
of the friars; and
In writing for the Sol, the Reformists used pen names for obvious reasons:
1. JOSE RIZAL: Dimas Alang; Laong Laan
2. MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
3. ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-ilog
4. MH del PILAR: Plaridel
5. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN: Jomapa
It belied the claim that Filipinos had no civilization before the coming of
Spaniards.
F. Hispano-Filipino Association
Composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who favored the granting of reforms in the colony.
To make the propaganda work effective, the society was divided into 3 sections:
G. La Liga Filipina
A civic society founded by Rizal
Aims:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous
body;
At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to organize
chapters in various districts of Manila.
A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the councils were no longer willing to send
funds to the Madrid propagandists
This was because they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was
futile.
The Liga membership split into two groups:
Cuerpo de Compromisarios:
It lasted only for a few months for its members, though patriotic, were
passive and too conservative to make the society an effective medium of
the Propaganda.
Katipunan
The Friars were too powerful even in Spain. The Sol was counteracted by the influential
and powerful newspaper of the friars, the LA POLITICA DE ESPAA EN FILIPINAS
The movement has no sufficient means to carry out their aims;
The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.
Although the Reform Movement was a failure in the achievement of its goals, it was still a success for
its failure led to the founding of the Revolutionary Katipunan with separatist aims.
X. The Revolutionary Movement
A.
Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a
few others decided to form an association called: KATAASTAASAN,
KAGALANGGALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood compact,
and signed their membership papers with their own blood.
C. Katipunan Objectives
Three Fundamental Objectives of Katipunan:
CIVIC Objective: revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the
poor and the oppressed.
D. Membership
It was agreed to win members to the society by means of the TRIANGLE METHOD.
This system was eventually changed on Oct. 1892 because the method was slow and
clumsy.
It was agreed upon that any member of the society could take in as many as members he
could get.
Under this new method, the number of members increased.
E. Kinds of Membership
When the Katipunan had sufficiently expanded to include more than a hundred new
members in the ranks, Bonifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into THREE
GRADES.
The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought in several members into
the society.
The Kawal can become a Bayani upon election to become an officer of the society.
For the members to recognize each other in the street, the society adopted countersigns.
A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his chest. As he
pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the index finger and thumb together.
F. Katipunan Codes
The Katipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be taken to keep the
society secret.
To maintain the secrets of their communication, Bonifacio made a system of writing that
would make it difficult for the Spanish authorities to decode.
G. The Flags of the Katipunan
With the Katipunan now well organized, Bonifacio turned his attention to the symbol of
its authority.
Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a flag.
OFFICIAL FLAG
of the KATIPUNAN
A version of the Katipunan Flag
Owing to the lack of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some generals of
the revolution adopted their own design.
BONIFACIOs FLAG
Mariano Llaneras Flag (Llaneras Skull)
Gen. Pio del Pilars Flag
H. Andres Bonifacio
The Father of the Katipunan
Supremo of the Katipunan
Founder and Organizer of the Katipunan
the eldest among six children- four boys and two girls.
came from a poor family in Tondo
his father (Santiago)is a pure Filipino, while her mother (Catalina) is a mestiza with a
Filipino-Chinese-Spanish descent
Supported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosis
Jobs:
He had a beautiful penmanship and talent to make attractive posters for clothing
companies.
He helped his siblings continue to make rattan walking canes and paper fans in
the evening. He also wove hats.
Great Dresser: He always wore an open coat and matched it with a necktie and black
hat.
He wasnt a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his violent
nature as what some textbooks perceive.
had a scanty education
highly intelligent
He completed only what we call grade four. But he was far from being uneducated.
He was a voracious reader. He read hundreds of foreign novels, books about the
French revolution, politics, law, and religion.
He was fluent enough in Spanish to translate Jose Rizals Mi Ultimo Adios in Tagalog.
He also wrote the heart-stirring poem, Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
Humble: he knew his limitations and recognized the worth of others
Ruthless: When the societys existence was at stake, he never hesitated to take drastic
action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which the
Katipunan was founded.
He may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he
succeeded where they failed.
Without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Phil. Revolution could have been a
reality.
During his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything about it.
Had Two Wives
MONICA
Died of Leprosy
GREGORIA DE JESUS
From Caloocan
Aka Ka Oriang
She had to stop studying just to be able to help her parents take care of her
younger siblings.
She wove and sewed textiles in their house to gain additional income.
She was entrusted with the crucial role of custodian of documents, a tasked
she heroically accomplished.
I.
She risked her life even at a time when she was pregnant.
Emilio Jacinto
BRAINS of the KATIPUNAN
Joined the society at age of 18, becoming the youngest member of the Katipunan.
He became Bonifacios trusted friend and adviser.
He gave up his Law studies and joined the Katipunan
His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan.
He wrote the Kartilla: the primer of the Katipunan where rules and regulations are
contained.
He edited Ang Kalayaan: Katipunan's newspaper where eople are informed about the
aims and activities of the association.
As an editor of Kalayaan, he used Marcelo H. del Pilar as his pen name.
Emilio's greatest poem was A La Patria, inspired by Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios.
It was signed "Dimas-Ilaw", his other pen name.
Emilio Jacinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in Majayjay, Laguna.
This led to his death on April 16, 1899 at the young age of 24.
J.
See to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise
raids of the authorities.
Narcisa Rizal
Diario de Manila
Honoria
Sor Teresa
G. Tejeros Convention
I.
J.
Biak-Na-Bato Republic
K. Truce of Biak-na-Bato
Pedro A. Paterno
Provisions:
o
That Primo de Rivera would pay P800,000 to the rebels in three installments:
P200,000: when the Te Deum was sung and General Amnesty was proclaimed by the
governor
That Primo de Rivera pay an additional P900,000 to the families of the non-
B. Aguinaldo
While in Hong Kong, he deposited the P400,000 given to him in 2 Hong Kong Banks. Only
the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles.
After the Battle of Manila Bay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards
from the Philippines.
But there was a division in the ranks of the exiles, for ISABELO ARTACHO wanted the
P400,000 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme
Court.
To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba,
secretly left for Singapore.
D. Aguinaldo Returns
Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from Hong Kong.
The Renewal of the Struggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the people to
rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards.
Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy within
its walls.
They surrounded the city and cut off the citys food and water supply. This made the
people in the city, Spaniards, Filipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.
It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities would surrender to
Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in
Spanish code of honor, the word surrender was non-existent.
With this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.
He started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre, regarding the
surrender of Manila.
But when the Peninsular Government heard of Augustins plan for surrender, he was
relieved as governor and was replaced by General FERMIN JAUDENES.
Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless and to save face,
he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, a MOCK BATTLE should happen after
which, the Spanish forces would surrender.
It was stipulated that Filipino rebels should be excluded and should not be allowed to enter
the city
G. The Mock Battle of Manila
There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.
The Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.
This signaled the fall of Manila and the end of the Spanish Colonial Period.
H. Malolos Republic
First Philippine Republic
The First Republic in Asia
June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independence
Malolos Congress
Malolos Constitution
I.
Treaty of Paris
December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed.
It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to United States.
In return, Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the US as payment for the improvement
made in the colony.
US also agreed to give Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for a
period of 10 years.
This signaled the start of American Colonization in the Philippines.
XIII. The Filipino-American Hostilities: Fil-Am Relations After the Treaty of Paris
A. Treaty of Paris
When the Treaty was signed without even consulting the Filipino people and their
representatives, the Filipino-American Alliance that was forced under the pressure of
necessity gave way to mutual hostility.
B. American Interest in the Philippines
Expansion of the navy;
To have a territory in Asia as a military and naval base;
American economic interests who were thinking of expanding American business in the
Orient;
Religious interests who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American
Protestant missionaries.
It was evident that from the outset, the Americans never really intended to help the Filipinos
win their independence from Spain, for had it been otherwise, they would not have sent
successive reinforcements to the Philippines.
C. Benevolent Assimilation
This proclamation was issued by President William McKinley on December 21, 1898.
This was the first indication of American policy regarding the Philippines.
It expressly indicated the intention of the US to stay in the Philippines by exercising the right
of sovereignty over the Filipinos.
D. San Juan Bridge Incident
Private Willie W. Grayson and Filipino troops
Without attempting to find out the cause of firing, Mac Arthur issued his order to advance
against the Filipino troops.
The Filipino-American armed clash was on.
E. American Victories
Luzon and Visayas conquests
Mindanao Pacification
BATES TREATY
Gen. John C. Bates is appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan by which
Muslims and Americans could co-exist peacefully.
There was no attempt on the part of the Americans to conquer the Muslims for
they know that they would have a big fight on their hands if they made such an
attempt.
With the conclusion of the Treaty, the Americans succeeded in neutralizing the
Muslims in their drive to pacify the Christian Filipinos.
From atop the Pass, the Filipino defenders forced at the advancing enemy, who had not
so far pinpointed the exact position of the Filipinos.
Through JANUARIO GALUT, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret trail to the
top and using it to advantage surprised Del Pilar and his men.
In a matter of minutes, the Filipino defenders were overcome by the enemy.
Even after such heroic act, Aguinaldo was eventually captured by the Americans.
G. Barbarous Acts
In an event such as war, brutality was used as an instrument to weaken an enemys
resistance.
Both the Filipinos and Americans employed Barbaric Acts to intimidate their enemies.
Americans
Water Cure
Rope Cure
Beating up of captives until he becomes blue
Hanging by the neck in a period of 10 seconds causing the victims to suffer bodily pains.
Arson: burning whole towns in order to force the guerillas to come to the open
Filipinos
Cutting of the noses and ears of their enemies and seasoning the wounds with salt
Burying the enemies alive
Kicking, slapping, spitting at the faces of American prisoners were commonly done
H. End of Resistance
The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and at the same time opened another.
Behind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that became embedded in the memory, as
the fanatical struggle of an enslaved people to win freedom and independence through
blood and tears.
I.
Historical Values
The bloody history of our fight for independence teaches us the following lessons:
The Filipinos should be proud that the first independent republic in Asia by Asians was
established by Aguinaldo in the Philippines from 1898 to 1901. At that time, the other
Asian countries were either Western colonies are kingdoms ruled by kings and
emperors;
The Filipinos are brave and sturdy people who will fight for their rights and independence
even if they lose;
The Filipinos lost the Filipino-American War because they were not united and they had
inferior weapons;
Like all wars, The Fil-Am War was very bloody and expensive.
The Americans sent 126,248 troops, of whom 4,234 died. They spent a vast sum
of $16,000;
Veterans died in Action;
200,000 civilians died of starvation or diseases;
Property worth billions of pesos was damaged.
We should remember and honor President Aguinaldo and other heroes of this era.
Although they lost the war, they fought with courage and honor. These veterans of the
revolution were the real founding fathers of our independence.
Republican ~ Democratic
Woodrow Wilson
Rapid Filipinization
C. Limits to Filipinization
Confinement to the Elite
Economic Limitations
English
The Liberation
A. Guerilla Warfare
Ex. HUKBALAHAP (Luis Taruc)
3 important functions:
1. ambush or kill enemy soldiers and civilians;
2. to relay important intelligence reports to Mac Arthur in Australia;
3. liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers
B. Government in Exile
C. Leyte Landings
D. End of War
Unconditional Surrender
USS Missouri (September 2, 1945)