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Diversity Techniques For Flat Fading Channels
Diversity Techniques For Flat Fading Channels
for
flat fading channels
BER vs. SNR in a flat fading channel
Different kinds of diversity techniques
Selection diversity performance
Maximum Ratio Combining performance
r t a t e
j t
s t n t
a 2 Eb N 0
0 E a 2 Eb N 0
using
2a a 2 E a 2
p a
e
2
E a
p a
p
d da
a 0,
Rayleigh distribution
Exponential distribution
we get
1
p e
0
0.
Important formula
for obtaining
statistical average
Pe Pe p d
0
Pe Q
2a 2 Eb N 0 Q
2 .
We thus get
Pe Q
0
0
1 0
1
2
e
d 1
.
0
2
1 0
2-PSK
1
0
1
1
Pe 1
1 1
2
1 0
2
1
0
Then, we use
1 x 1 x 2 K
which leads to
Pe 1 4 0
for large
0 .
BER
( Pe )
Frequency-selective channel
(no equalization)
BER floor
AWGN
channel
(no fading)
SNR
Pe 1 4 0
( 0)
Pe
2-PSK
DPSK
e 2
2-FSK
(coh.)
2-FSK
(non-c.)
Pe
Pe ( for large 0 )
0
1
1
2
1 0
1 4 0
1 2 0 2
1 2 0
0
1
1
2
2 0
1 2 0
1 0 2
1 0
Pe is proportional to
BER
Average SNR
Diversity of
L:th order
Z EGC ai e e
j i
j i
i 1
ai
i 1
Z MRC ai e
i 1
j i
ai e
j i
ai
i 1
pi
1 i
e
0
, i 0.
P i y p i d i 1 e y 0 .
0
CDF
P 1 , 2 , ... , L y
p d
i
1 e
y 0
p 1, 2 , K , L p 1 p 2 K p L .
p y L 1 e y 0
L 1
e y 0
Pe Pe y p y dy .
0
Pe is proportional to
BER
( Pe )
AWGN
channel
(no fading)
SNR
L=4
L=3
L=2
( 0)
MRC performance
Rayleigh fading => SNR in i:th diversity branch is
Eb 2 Eb 2
2
i
ai
xi yi
N0
N0
Gaussian distributed
quadrature components
Eb 2
E
2
2
2
2
2
2
a1 a2 K aL b x1 y1 K xL yL
N0
N0
L 1
p L
e
0 L
L 1
L
e
0 L 1 !
Gamma function
Factorial
Pe Pe p d
Pe
L 1 k 1
k
2
k 0
L L 1
Pe Q
0 1 0
1 2 L 1
Pe
L
4
Pe is proportional to
2 L 1 !
2 L 1
L L ! L 1 ! 1
3
10
35
L 1
L2
L3
L4
1 2 L 1
Pe
L
k
Pe
Modulation
2-PSK
DPSK
2-FSK
(coh.)
2-FSK
(non-c.)
Pe ( for large 0 )
k 4
k 2
k 2
k 1
Z gi ai
Nt N 0 gi
i 1
i 1
Z Eb Eb gi ai
2
Nt
N 0 gi
2
gi ai gi
2
ai
i
i 1
rk ,
k 0,1, 2, K , L
hk rL k
k 0
k 0
Z hk rL k r
Lk
rL k rk
k 0
MRC !
2
rL
h0 rL*
h1
h L 1
r0
hL
Z
L
Z rk
k 0