BASIC DIESEL ENGINE

TECHNOLOGY
TRI-CO. YOUNG FARMERS
DECEMBER 4, 2001
Original Power Point created By Joey Wells
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office
June 2002

INTRODUCTION
THE DIESEL ENGINE IS USED AS A
SOURCE OF POWER FOR
THOUSANDS OF APPLICATIONS.

WHO INVENTED THE

DIESEL ENGINE?
1895 RUDOLPH DIESEL
SUCCESSFULLY INVENTED AN
ENGINE THAT BURNED COAL DUST
INJECTED BY PRESSURIZED AIR.
THE DIESEL ENGINE WAS BORN.

WHO DEVELOPED THE

FIRST MASS PRODUCED
INJECTION PUMP?
ROBERT BOSCH IN 1927

USES OF DIESEL ENGINES

TODAY, DIESEL ENGINES ARE
USED TO PROVIDE POWER IN A
VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS IN
MANY INDUSTRIES

THERE ARE SIX MAJOR

USES OF DIESEL ENGINES

AGRICULTURE/FARM

TRANSPORTATION

CONSTRUCTION

FORESTRY

MARINE

ELECTRICAL GENERATION
PLANTS

SEVEN ADVANTAGES OF
DIESEL ENGINES
MORE EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL
TO USE
FUEL VAPOR IS NOT EXPLOSIVE
EXHAUST GASES ARE LESS
POISONOUS LESS CARBON
MONOXIDE
GREATER LUGGING POWER AND
TORQUE

ADVANTAGES CONTINUED
ENGINES ARE DURABLE AND IF
PROPERLY CARED FOR WILL
MAINTAIN THEIR ECONOMY
FUEL IS LESS VOLATILE NO VAPOR
LOCK PROBLEMS
CAN USE A VARIETY OF FUELS AND
MIXTURES

FIVE DISADVANTAGES OF
DIESEL ENGINES
ENGINES MUST BE STONGER AND
HEAVIER BECAUSE OF HIGHER
COMPRESSION RATES
INITIALLY MORE EXPENSIVE
FUEL COULD GEL IN COLDER
CLIMATES
GENERALLY NOISER OPERATION
VERY PUNGENT EXHAUST ODOR

INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE:
AN ENGINE THAT PRODUCES
POWER BY BURNING FUEL
INSIDE A COMBUSTION
CHAMBER WITHIN THE ENGINE

TWO TYPES OF INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES

SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINE

TRUE OR FALSE: SPARK

PLUGS SHOULD BE
CHANGED MORE OFTEN IN
DIESEL ENGINES THAN IN
FALSE
GASOLINE ENGINES?

BASICALLY, HOW DOES A

SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE
WORK?
LIQUID FUEL BROKEN DOWN INTO A
FINE SPRAY AND MIXED WITH AIR
IN THE CARBURETOR.
FUEL-AIR MIXTURE PIPED TO THE
CYLINDER WHERE IT IS IGNITED BY
AN ELECTRIC SPARK FROM THE
SPARK PLUG.

HOW DOES A
COMPRESSION-IGNITION
ENGINE WORK?
NO SPARK IS NEEDED
LIQUID FUEL UNDER VERY HIGH
PRESSURE IS INJECTED DIRECTLY INTO
THE CYLINDER WHICH IS FILLED WITH
HIGHLY COMPRESSED AIR.
IGNITION BEGINS WHEN THE FUEL HITS
THE AIR THAT IS AT A TEMPERATURE OF
777 DEGREES F.

WHAT DOES A
COMPRESSION RATIO OF
16:1 MEAN?
THE AIR IN A CYLINDER IS
COMPRESSED INTO 1/16 THE
SPACE AT THE TOP OF THE
STROKE AS COMPARED TO THE
BOTTOM OF THE STROKE

TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL

ENGINES USE GREATER
COMPRESSION RATIOS
THAN GASOLINE ENGINES?
TRUE
DIESEL ENGINES 16:1 TO 22:1
GASOLINE ENGINES 8:1

TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL

ENGINES REQUIRE MORE
AIR THAN GASOLINE
ENGINES
TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL

ENGINES HAVE NO
IGNITION SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
TRUE
NO SPARK PLUGS, COIL,
MAGNETO, DISTRIBUTOR, OR
WIRING

TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL

ENGINES, LIKE GASOLINE
ENGINES, DRAW IN FUEL
AND AIR ON THE INTAKE
STROKE?
FALSE
ONLY AIR IN A DIESEL ENGINE

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A

TURBOCHARGER ON A
DIESEL ENGINE?
TO INCREASE THE AIR INTAKE
INTO THE CYLINDERS

TRUE OR FALSE: DIESEL

ENGINES REQUIRE A HIGH
PRESSURE PUMP TO INJECT
THE FUEL INTO THE
COMPRESSED AIR IN THE
CYLINDER?
TRUE

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE

ENGINE PART THAT SPRAYS
FUEL INTO THE CYLINDER
OF A DIESEL ENGINE?
INJECTOR NOZZEL

WHAT TYPE MATERIAL ARE

FUEL LINES MADE OF IN A
DIESEL ENGINE? WHY?
STEEL
PRESSURES FROM 5,000 TO
20,000 PSI ARE INVOLVED

TRUE OR FALSE: GASOLINE

IS LESS VOLATILE THAN
DIESEL FUELS
FALSE
GASOLINE EVAPORATES
READILY AND IS VERY
EXPLOSIVE

TRUE OR FALSE: GASOLINE

ENGINES ARE HEAVIER
THAN DIESEL ENGINES OF
THE SAME HORSEPOWER?
FALSE
HIGH DIESEL CYLINDER
PRESSURES REQUIRE HEAVIER
MATERIALS

HOW IS ENGINE SPEED

CONTROLLED IN A DIESEL
ENGINE?
THE THROTTLE CONTROL REGULATES
ONLY THE AMOUNT OF FUEL INJECTED
INTO THE CYLINDER
THE THROTTLE CONTROL IN A GASOLINE
ENGINE REGULATES THE AMOUNT OF
AIR/FUEL MIXTURE ALLOWED INTO THE
CYLINDER

HOW ARE DIESEL ENGINES

STOPPED?
BY SHUTTING OFF THE FUEL TO THE
CYLINDERS BY A MANUAL
CONTROL OR SOLENOID SWITCH
GASOLINE ENGINES ARE STOPPED
BY CUTTING OFF THE SPARK FROM
THE SPARK PLUGS TO THE
CYLINDERS

HOW AN ENGINE WORKS

WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC

PARTS OF ANY ENGINE?

NAME THE TWO BASIC

TYPES OF ENGINES
FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

WHAT SEQUENCE OF
EVENTS MAKE UP A
CYCLE?

INTAKE
COMPRESSION
POWER
EXHAUST
WHAT IS A STROKE?
ONE MOVEMENT OF THE PISTON

FOUR STROKES OF AN
ENGINE

HOW MANY TIMES DOES

THE CRANKSHAFT
REVOLVE DURING A CYCLE
IN A FOUR STROKE CYCLE
ENGINE?
TWO

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR

DIFFERENCES IN EACH
STROKE WHEN COMPARING
A DIESEL ENGINE WITH A
GASOLINE ENGINE?
INTAKE
AIR VS. AIR/FUEL MIXTURE

DIFFERENCES CONTINUED
COMPRESSION STROKE
COMPRESSION RATIO

POWER STROKE
SPARK PLUG VS. HEAT OF
COMPRESSION

EXHAUST STROKE
SAME FOR BOTH

TWO-STROKE CYCLE
ENGINES

HOW MANY STROKES OF

THE PISTON ARE REQUIRED
FOR A CYCLE TO BE
COMPLETED IN A TWO
STROKE CYCLE ENGINE?
TWO

WHAT HAPPENS DURING

STROKE 1 IN A TWO
STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE
ENGINE?
THE UPSTROKE OF THE PISTON
COMPRESSES THE AIR/FUEL
MIXTURE. (COMPRESSION STROKE)
AT THE SAME TIME, A NEW AIR-FUEL
MIXTURE IS DRAWN INTO THE
CRANKCASE. (INTAKE STROKE)

WHAT HAPPENS DURING

STROKE 2 OF A TWO
STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE
ENGINE?
THE DOWNWARD STROKE (POWER
STROKE) OF THE PISTON CAUSES THE
BURNED GASES TO ESCAPE THROUGH
THE EXHAUST PORT. (EXHAUST STROKE)
NEW FUEL-AIR IS FORCED INTO THE
CYLINDER

TWO-STROKE CYCLE
GASOLINE ENGINES

WHAT ARE THE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A
DIESEL AND GASOLINE
TWO-STROKE CYCLE
ENGINE?
DIESEL ENGINES INJECT FUEL INTO THE CYLINDER
THROUGH A FUEL INJECTOR
A BLOWER IS OFTEN USED TO FORCE AIR INTO THE
CYLINDER
DIESEL ENGINES HAVE EXHAUST VALVES, GAS
ENGINES HAVE A PORT

TWO-STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE

THE DIESEL AIR SYSTEM

BASIC PARTS OF THE

DIESEL AIR SYSTEM

WHAT IS A TURBOCHARGER
ON A DIESEL ENGINE?
A CENTRIFUGAL BLOWER
THAT IS DRIVEN BY EXHAUST
GASES WHICH FORCES MORE
AIR INTO THE CYLINDER.
INCREASES POWER

HOW IMPORTANT IS
KEEPING AIR FILTERS
CLEAN?

VERY IMPORTANT
A DIESEL ENGINE USES 1215,000 GALLONS OF AIR TO
EACH GALLON OF FUEL

NAME THREE TYPES OF AIR

CLEANERS
OIL-BATH TYPE CLEANER
PRE-CLEANER
DRY-TYPE AIR CLEANER

THE DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM

WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC

PARTS OF A DIESEL FUEL
SYSTEM?

INJECTION NOZZLES
INJECTION PUMP
FILTERS
TRANSFER PUMP
FUEL TANK

THE DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM

DIESEL FUEL, LIKE

GASOLINE IS A PRODUCT OF
THE DISTILLATION OFCRUDE OIL

100 GALLONS OF CRUDE

OIL WILL YIELD WHAT
PRODUCTS?

GASOLINE = 44 GALLONS
DIESEL FUEL = 36 GALLONS
MISC. = 9 GALLONS
KEROSENE = 6 GALLONS
LUBRICANTS = 3 GALLONS
LOSS = 3 GALLONS

WHAT ARE THE THREE

GRADES OF DIESEL FUEL?
NUMBER 1 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 1-D)
RECOMMENDED FOR COLD WEATHER.
REMAINS FLUID FOR EASIER STARTING
BUSES, CARS, TRUCKS, FARM TRACTORS

NUMBER 2 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 2-D)

HEAVY WORK LOADS. BUSES, TRUCKS, FARM
EQUIPMENT

NUMBER 4 DIESEL FUEL (NO. 4-D)

OCEAN GOING VESSELS WITH LOW-MEDIUM
SPEED ENGINES

THE DIESEL COOLING

SYSTEM

WHAT ARE TWO PRIMARY

TYPES OF COOLING
SYSTEMS FOR DIESEL
ENGINES?

LIQUID COOLING
AIR-COOLING

LIQUID COOLING ENGINE

AIR-COOLED DIESEL
ENGINE

WHAT IS THE IDEAL

OPERATING TEMPERATURE
FOR MOST DIESEL
ENGINES?
165 185 DEGREES F.

WHAT ARE SOME EFFECTS

OF ENGINE OVERHEATING?
CYLINDER HEAD AND BLOCK CAN
CRACK OR WARP
RINGS AND VALVES MAY SEIZE OR STICK
DUE TO GUMS, LAQUERS, AND
VARNISHES FORMING FROM
OVERHEATED OIL AND CARBON
FORMATION
BEARINGS MAY BE DAMAGED CAUSING
EXCESSIVE WEAR

WHAT ARE SOME EFFECTS

OF OVERCOOLING?

INCREASED ENGINE WEAR

IMPROPER LUBRICATION
INCREASED FUEL CONSUMPTION
INCREASED SLUDGE FORMATION
INCREASED ENGINE CORROSION
MOISTURE CONDENSES IF BELOW 140
DEGREES IN THE ENGINE CRANKCASE

WHAT ARE SOME

ADVANTAGES OF AIRCOOLED ENGINES

LESS WEIGHT
LESS MAINTENANCE
LESS DOWN-TIME
NO CAVITATION EROSION
NO COOLANT CONCERNS
MORE EFFICIENT USE OF POWER
LESS VULNERABLE TO DAMAGE
LESS BULK
QUICKER WARM-UP

WHAT ARE SOME

DISADVANTAGES TO AIRCOOLED ENGINES?
LENGTH OF THE ENGINE
LESS TEMPERATURE CONTROL
HIGHER OPERATING
TEMPERATURES
GREATER NOISE
MORE FREQUENT CLEANING

THE DIESEL LUBRICATION

SYSTEM

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS

FOR THE LUBRICATION
SYSTEM?
REDUCES SHOCK, WEAR, AND
FRICTION
SEALS COMPRESSION
PROVIDES SOME CLEANING
HELPS COOL THE ENGINE
QUIETS THE ENGINE OPERATION

TRUE OR FALSE: MOST OF

THE LUBRICANTS USED IN
DIESEL ENGINES COME
FROM PETROLEUM?
TRUE

WHAT ARE LUBRICANTS

DERIVED FROM ANIMAL OR
VEGETABLE OILS CALLED?
SYNTHETIC OILS

WHAT TWO
CHARACTERISTICS ARE
MOST IMPORTANT IN
CHOOSING PROPER OIL?
VISCOSITY
SERVICE CLASSIFICATION

WHAT IS VISCOSITY?
A MEASURE OF A LIQUIDS
RESISTANCE TO FLOW
HIGHER TEMPERATURE DECREASE
IN VISCOSITY
SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERS (SAE) DEVELOPED
NUMBERING SYSTEM

WHAT ARE THE VISCOSITY

GRADES?

API ENGINE OIL SERVICE

CATEGORIES
AMERICAN PETROLEUM
INSTITUTE
TABLE 1: (HANDOUT)

WHAT ARE THE THREE

MOST COMMON OIL
ADDITIVES?
OXIDATION INHIBITORS
CORROSION AND RUST INHIBITORS
DETERGENT DISPERSANTS

HOW DO DETERGENT
ADDITIVES WORK?

PRINCIPLES OF FLUID
HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ON A
TRACTOR

WHAT IS PASCALS LAW OF

HYDRAULICS?
PRESSURE ON A LIQUID IN A
CONTAINER IS TRANSFERRED
EQUALLY TO ALL SURFACES

PASCALS LAW

PRESSURE TRANSFER IN
HYDRAULIC BRAKES

CHANGING THE PRESSURE

IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM