Auto 60

Diesel Engine
BSIT 302A – AUTO
Group #3
DIESEL HISTORY &
EVOLUTION

• ACCORDING TO THE WEBSITE

TECHHISTORIAN.COM, "THE DIESEL ENGINE
IS ABOUT AS OLD AS THE INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE ITSELF, WITH THE
FIRST DIESEL ENGINE BEING MADE IN 1893.
THE DIESEL ENGINE GOT ITS NAMESAKE
FROM ITS INVENTOR, RUDOLF DIESEL, A
GERMAN INVENTOR AND ENGINEER."
• REPLACE STATIONARY STEAM ENGINE
• DESIGNED FOR FACTORIES
 DID YOU KNOW?

• RUSSIAN-BUILT VANDAL OR THE FRENCH-

BUILT PETIT-PIERRE ARE CONSIDERED AS
FIRST VEHICLES THAT USED DIESEL ENGINE
1903
• DIESEL ENGINE WASN'T USED ON WHEELED
VEHICLE UNTIL 1908
• THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY-AVAILABLE CAR
TO USE A DIESEL ENGINE WAS THE
MERCEDES-BENZ 260 D IN 1936
 HOW DID IT CHANGE?
• 1893-1935: RUDOLF DIESEL STARTED PROTOTYPING THE DIESEL ENGINE, L’ORANGE
(INVENTOR & ENGINEER) RECEIVED A PATENT THAT MADE THE DEVELOPMENT OF
STATIONARY TO MOBILE APPLICATION, HE ALSO WORKED ON BENZ & CIE IN EVOLVING
DIESEL ENGINE TO A COMPACT AND HIGH SPEED DRIVE SYSTEM.
• 1936 – 1960S: THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY-AVAILABLE PASSENGER CAR TO USE A DIESEL
ENGINE WAS THE MERCEDES-BENZ 260 D I. DIESEL ENGINE GAINED POPULARITY AND
REMAINED THE SAME DURING THIS TIME.
• 1960S-1970S: THE DIESEL ENGINE GAINED POPULARITY AND BECAME THE PRIMARY SOURCE
OF POWER FOR COMMERCIAL TRUCKING INDUSTRY.
• 1970S-1980S: THE CLEAN AIR ACT WAS ENACTED IN A NATIONAL LEVEL WHICH REDUCE THE
EMISSIONS OF ON ROAD VEHICLES( LIKE COMMERCIAL TRUCKS). IT WAS ALSO INTRODUCED
IN SCHOOL BUS MARKET
• 1980S-1990S– THE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1972, EPA ANNOUNCED A NATIONAL STRATEGY TO
REDUCE TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS(PARTICULATE MATTER, NITROGEN OXIDES, BLACK
CARBON, SULFUR DIOXIDES, AND 40 OTHER CHEMICALS OFFICIALLY CLASSIFIED AS
“HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS.”) CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENT WAS ADDED TO FURTHER
REDUCE TRUCK & BUS EMISSIONS ON EMISSION PHASES 2004-2010
Source: https://www.uti.edu/blog/diesel/diesel-engine-history
1990s-2000s : Selective Catalytic was introduced and shown great result in reducing pollutants, Emission
reduction were started earlier in 2002 instead of 2004 and further steps were taken for emission reduction
measured in grams per horse power-hour(g/hp-hr).

2000s-2010s: – EPA emissions levels were set to 2.4 g/hp-hr for nitrogen oxides and 0.1 g/hp-hr for particulate
matter, But EPA decreased the nitrogen oxides emission level to 0.20 g/hp-hr, while the particulate matter level
has remained unchanged. And as a result, All on-road diesels were equipped with nitrogen oxide scrubbers
(either absorbers or selective catalytic reduction systems, depending on the vehicle size), eliminating smog-
forming nitrogen oxide compounds as well as diesel particulate filters, helping to lower nitrogen oxide and
virtually eliminate soot.

2010s-2017: Cummins released its next generation 2017 diesels, with significantly redesigned emissions
controls and improved fuel economy. the Detroit DD5™ and DD8™ engines debut, suited for the Saf-T-Liner®
C2 and Saf-T-Liner® HDX respectively. Both engines offer best-in-class efficiency, fuel economy, maintenance
and emission reductions.
Diesel engines use four-stroke combustion cycles to
operate. These include:

Intake stroke: Air comes into the cylinders through the

intake valve, and pistons move down. COMBUSTION
Compression stroke: The pistons move up, PROCESS OF
compressing the air. DIESEL
Combustion stroke: Fuel is injected and ignited at a
specific time, forcing the pistons down again.

Exhaust stroke: As the pistons move back toward the

top, exhaust created during the combustion process is
pushed out.
Source: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/technology/the-diesel-dilemma-popularity-in-europe-hard-to-find-here/article20139895/
Source: https://www.mitchellcountychryslerdodgejeep.com/gas-vs-diesel-engines.htm
WHAT IS CETANE AND OCTANE?

• CETANE IS A POWERFUL ENERGY COMPOUND THAT IMPROVES THE IGNITION QUALITY

OF FUEL, IT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO IGNITION POINT. LOWER CETANE MEANS LONGER
IGNITION DELAY
• OCTANE IS A MEASUREMENT OF FUEL’S ABILITY TO AVOID KNOCK, WHICH OCCURS
WHEN FUEL IS PREMATURELY IGNITED IN THE ENGINE’S CYLINDER WHICH DEGRADES
THE EFFICIENCY AND CAN DAMAGE THE ENGINE.
• THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CETANE AND OCTANE RATINGS IS THAT THE OCTANE
RATING REPRESENTS HOW WELL A FUEL CAN RESIST PRE-IGNITION DUE TO
COMPRESSION—ENSURING THE FUEL IGNITES ONLY FROM A SPARK FROM THE SPARK
PLUG. HOWEVER, THE CETANE NUMBER MEASURES THE DELAY IN THE IGNITION TIME
OF THE FUEL.
Source: https://marinerspointpro.com/what-is-a-cetane-number/
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE ENGINE AND
WHAT ITS USED FOR

• SPARK IGNITION
• LESSER EMISSIONS
• QUIET AND SMOOTH THAN DIESEL ENGINE
• THEY ARE USUALLY USED IN LAWN MOWERS, MOTORCYCLE, AND PERSONAL
OR SMALLER CARS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE

• OPERATES AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE

• HIGHER COMPRESSION RATIO
• HIGHER TORQUE AT LOW SPEED
• MOST EFFICIENT COMBUSTION ENGINE
• LONG SERVICE LIFE
• COMPRESSION IGNITION
• THEY ARE USED AS POWER GENERATORS, MECHANICAL ENGINE, AND MOBILE
DRIVES. THEY ARE ALSO THE PRIMARY CHOICE FOR MAJOR TRANSPORTATION.
CONVENTIONAL FUEL INJECTION PUMP VS CRDI

• CONVENTIONAL DIESEL INJECTION PUMP USES INJECTORS WHICH OPEN UPON REACHING
ENOUGH FUEL PRESSURE PROVIDED BY THE INJECTOR PUMP. CONVENTIONAL DIESEL PUMP ARE
RELIABLE AND EASY TO WORK ON BUT LACKS EFFICIENCY AND HAVE HIGHER EMISSIONS THAN
THE ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED SYSTEM.
• COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION USES A SINGLE FUEL RAIL TO SUPPLY FUEL TO THE
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED INJECTORS UNDER EXTREMELY HIGH PRESSURE. THE ENGINE
COMPUTER CONTROLS FUEL INJECTION DURATION AND TIMING TO ALLOW FOR HIGHER
EFFICIENCY AND POWER.
• COMMON RAIL DIRECTION INJECTION USES A HIGH-PRESSURE RAIL TO DELIVER DIESEL FUEL TO
EACH SOLENOID VALVE. UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL DIRECT FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USED IN
OLDER DIESEL CARS WHICH USES A LOW-PRESSURE PUMP NOZZLE TO DELIVER DIESEL FUEL.
THIS TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY WAS INEFFICIENT AND WASTED A LOT OF FUEL.
RESOURCES:

• HTTPS://TECHHISTORIAN.COM/HISTORY-OF-THE-DIESEL-ENGINE/
• GIBSON, TIM. (2015, NOVEMBER 10). A BRIEF HISTORY OF DIESEL FUEL. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTP://WWW.TELEGRAPH.CO.UK/SPONSORED/MOTORING/DIESEL-PERFORMANCE/11956048/
DIESEL-FUEL-HISTORY.HTML
• ** KOTRBA, RON. (2009, JULY 15). MILESTONES IN DIESEL TECHNOLOGY. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTP://WWW.BIODIESELMAGAZINE.COM/ARTICLES/3617/MILESTONES-IN-DIESEL-TECHNOL
OGY
• *** JAASKALAINEN, HANNU. (2013, NOVEMBER). EARLY HISTORY OF THE DIESEL ENGINE.
RETRIEVED FROM HTTPS://WWW.DIESELNET.COM/TECH/DIESEL_HISTORY.PHP
• **** KILCARR, SEAN. (2010, FEBRUARY 1). THE LONG JOURNEY OF CLEAN TRUCKS.
RETRIEVED FROM
HTTP://FLEETOWNER.COM/REGULATIONS/LONG-JOURNEY-CLEAN-TRUCK-0201
• ***** RETRIEVED FROM HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/SCHOOL_BUS
• ****** DIESEL NET. HEAVY-DUTY ONROAD ENGINES. APPLICABILITY AND TESTING.
RETRIEVED FROM HTTPS://WWW.DIESELNET.COM/STANDARDS/US/HD.PHP
• HTTPS://ENERGYEDUCATION.CA/ENCYCLOPEDIA/CETANE_NUMBER#:~:TEXT=THE%20MAIN
%20DIFFERENCE%20BETWEEN%20CETANE,IGNITION%20TIME%20OF%20THE%20FUEL.
• SOURCE:
HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=I&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.CENTRALDIESELINC.COM%2FBLOG%2FDIESEL-VS-GAS-ENGINE%2F&PSIG=AOVVAW0
6U-KXVVDCGH5BMW7HB_EQ&UST=1678840267919000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CAMQJB1QFWOTCLCK7MGV2V0CFQAAAAADAAAAABAD
• WILLIAM K. TOBOLDT (1986), THE GOODHEART-WILCOX COMPANY, INC., DIESEL, FUNDAMENTALS, SERVICE, REPAIR