ITM VOCATIONAL UNIVERSITY

ADVANCE IC ENGINE
SEM 6
B.TECH

Unit :- 05
RECENT TRENDS
Homogeneous Charge
Compression Ignition (HCCI)
Engines
 What is an HCCI
Engine?
• HCCI is a form of internal
combustion in which the fuel
and air are compressed to the
point of auto ignition.
• That means no spark is required Traditional combustion
(left) uses a spark to
to ignite the fuel/air mixture ignite the mixture.
HCCI (right) uses piston
• Creates the same amount of compression for a
power as a traditional engine, more complete
ignition.
but uses less fuel.
 How Does It
Work?
• A given concentration of fuel
and air will spontaneously ignite
when it reaches its auto-
ignition temperature.
• The concentration/temperature
can be controlled several
ways:
– High compression ratio Click here for a nice
– Preheating of induction gases animation of an
HCCI engine in
– Forced induction action!
– Retaining or reintroducing
exhaust gases
Traditional combustion (left) uses a spark to ignite the mixture. HCCI (right) uses
piston compression for a more complete ignition.

SI Engine
HCCI
• Unlike conventional engines, the combustion occurs
simultaneously throughout the volume rather than in a
flame front.
• This important attribute of HCCI allows combustion to occur
at much lower temperatures, dramatically reducing engine-
out emissions of NOx
WORKING OF HCCI
ENGINE
Comparison with other
engines
 FOUR STROKE
ENGINE

Suction Stroke.

Compression Stroke.

Combustion Stroke.

Exhaust Stroke.
Fuel air mixture intake take
place.
Compression Stroke: Piston moves from bottom
dead centre totop dead centre
COMBUSTION
STROKE:
EXHAUST STROKE: Removal of exhaust gases
takes place.
 Advantage
s
• Can achieve up to 15%
fuel savings
• Lower peak temperature
leads to cleaner
combustion/lower
emissions HCCI automobiles could
reduce greenhouse
• Can use gasoline, diesel, gas emissions
or most alternative fuels
 POTENTIAL

1. High efficiency, no knock limit on

compression ratio..

2. Low PM emissions, no need for

PM filter.

3. HCCI provides up to a 15-percent fuel

savings, while meeting current emissions
standards.
4. HCCI engines can operate on gasoline,
diesel fuel, and most alternative fuels.
5. In regards to CI engines, the omission of
throttle losses improves HCCI
efficiency.
 Disadvantag
es
• Higher cylinder peak
pressures may damage
the engine
• Auto-ignition is difficult
to control
• HCCI Engines have a Prototype HCCI car from
Saturn
smaller power
range

BARRIERS
1. The auto-ignition event is difficult to control,
unlike the ignition event in spark -ignition(SI)
and diesel engines which are controlled by
spark plugs and in-cylinder fuel injectors,
respectively.

2. HCCI engines have a small power range,

constrained at low loads by lean flammability
limits and high loads by in-cylinder pressure
restrictions

3. High HC and CO emissions.

 The Future of
HCCI
• The future of HCCI looks
promising
• Major companies such as GM,
Mercedes-Benz, Honda, and
Volkswagen have invested in
HCCI research.
• Preliminary prototype figures
show that HCCI cars can
achieve in the area of 43 mpg
 Recent developments in HCCI
 Turbo charging initially proposed
to
increase power
 Challenges for turbo charging

1. Exhaust gas temperatures low (300 to

350 °c) because of high compression

ratio.
2. Post turbine exhaust gas temperature

must be high enough to preheat intake

fuel-air mixture in HE.
3. Low available compressor pressure

ratio.
HCCI prototypes
 General Motors has demonstrated Opel
Vectra and Saturn Aura with modified
HCCI engines.
 Mercedes-Benz has developed a prototype
engine called Dies Otto, with controlled auto
ignition. It was displayed in its F 700 concept
car at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show
 LEAN BURN ENGINE

• Lean burn mode is a way to reduce throttling losses

• burning of fuel with an excess of air in an IC engine
• air fuel ratio may be much lean
• Have higher compression ratios
• Due to high compression ratio:
• Lean burn engine shows better performance
• Fuel is efficiently used in case of lean burn engines
• Low exhaust hydrocarbon emission
Working of lean burn
engine
• Any air/fuel reaction requires an energy
source to initiate compression
• In natural gas engines, the spark plug is the energy
source to initiate combustion
• In lean burn engines, the combustion process
is enhanced by premixing the air and fuel
upstream of the turbo charger before
introduction into the cylinder
• This creates a more homogeneous mixture in
combustion chamber and reduces the
occurrence of knocking or detonation
• To prevent knocking, the combustion process must
be controlled with in a narrow operating window
• Charge air temperatures and volume, together
with air to fuel ratio, are constantly monitored
• The microprocessor based engine controller
regulates the fuel flow and air/gas mixture and
ignition timing
 MERITS

• Excess air reduces the temperature of

combustion process and this reduces the amount
of NOx produces by nearly half.

• Combustion process is more efficient due to the

excess availability of oxygen

• More power is produced from same amount of

fuel.
DEMERITS

• Complex catalytic converter is required to reduce

NOx emissions

• Such engine do not work well with modern 3-way

catalytic converter
 CRDI- Common Rail Direct
Injection
• The country among other things has seen an enormous
development in engines used in cars also.
•The Diesel engines have also undergone a sea change
from the time Rudolf Diesel invented it way back in
1892.
•Today Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) is the
order of the day.

The country among other things has seen an
enormous development in engines used in cars also.
 The Diesel engines have also undergone a sea
change from the time Rudolf Diesel invented it
way back in 1892.
 Today Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) is
the order of the day.
 Unlike in conventional diesel engines, the fuel is fed
into the common tube or rail and high pressure is
maintained.
 This allows fuel to combine with air much
more efficiently.
 It features high-pressure fuel rail feeding
individual solenoid valves as opposed to low-
pressure fuel pump feeding injectors.
 Solenoid valves make possible fine electronic
control over the injection time and amount,
and the higher pressure that the common rail
technology makes available provides better
fuel atomization. In order to lower engine
noise, the engine's electronic control unit can
inject a small amount of diesel just before the
main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus
reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as
well as optimizing injection timing and the
process continues
 Direct injector
 Spiral-shaped intake port
 Integrated port
 Air flow metering
 Multiple Pilot injection and
Post injection
 Powerful Microcomputer
 Newly-developed catalytic
converters
 Reduced noise levels
A fuel injector is
nothing but an
electronically
controlled valve.
 Use of different fuels for zero emissions and better
engine performance
 By using different fuels and cetane improvers,
maximum torque can be obtained
 Lowering the cost
 Closed-loop control injection with ion sensing
technology
-More power is developed
-Increased fuel efficiency
-More stability
-Pollutants are reduced
-Particulates of exhaust are reduced
-Exhaust gas recirculation is enhanced
-Precise injection timing is obtained
-Pilot and post injection increase the combustion
quality
-The powerful microcomputer makes the whole
system more perfect
 CRDI technology revolutionized diesel engines.
It has changed the way one looks as diesel cars by
providing the above said advantages.
 The car makers refer to their common rail
engines by their own brand names. Some of
them are
BMW's D-engines
Mahindra's
CRDe Tata's
DICOR Honda's
i-CTDi
Hyundai-Kia's
CRDi etc
3
 IC engine in which air-fuel ratio isn't
equal throughout the cylinder.
 Rich mixture is provided close to the
spark plug and combustion promotes
ignition of a lean mixture in the
remainder of the cylinder.
 Stratified charge is a process for petrol
engine. It is similar in some ways to the
Diesel cycle, but running on normal
gasoline.

3
 Input of air is such that it generates a swirl in
the cylinder.

 In a stratified charge engine, the fuel is

injected into the cylinder just before ignition.
This allows for higher compression ratios
without "knock," and leaner air/fuel mixtures
than in conventional internal combustion
engines.

 As the fuel is ignited and burned, the

surrounding air provides almost complete
combustion before the exhaust port opens
which further burns the lean mixture.

3
 Spray Wall Flow
controlled controlled controlled
Spark plug near injector Spark plug away from injector Spark plug away from
injector

Spark plug fouling at No spark plug fouling at higher No spark plug fouling at
higher loads loads higher loads

Formation of mixture Although the fuel initially Shortest combustion

takes longer hence initial evaporates quite rapidly due to hot
heat release rates are walls, but it takes longer to
small and larger evaporate all the injected fuel.
combustion duration. Thus, the end of combustion is
significantly delayed.
duration due to better
mixture preparation and
turbulence.

3
1. The overall air-fuel ratio can be very lean
reaching 40:1 to 50:1giving high fuel efficiency.
2. The mixture being rich near spark plug good
ignition characteristics without misfire are
obtained.
3. The end gases being very fuel lean, pre-
combustion reactions would be very slow leading
to reduced knocking tendency. Hence, a higher
compression ratio can be used further improving
the fuel efficiency.
4. Presence of rich mixture near spark plug keeps
the formation of NOx at low levels. The mixture
that burns early is deficient in oxygen although it
attains high combustion temperatures.

4
 Injectors add significant cost to the
system but fuel efficiency advantages are
overcoming this.
 With increasing load, the efficiency
matches with that of conventional
engines due to stoichiometric mixture.
 High cyclic variability can disrupt the
formation (and location) of the stratified
areas, reducing the effect of the spark -
if the rich area is not near the spark then
combustion either may not occur
properly.

4
Gasoline Direct Injection
 INTRODUCTION
Transition of Fuel Supply System

Carburetor Port Injection Direct Injection

(MPFI) (GDI)
ADVANTAGES OF FUEL INJECTION OVER CARBURETOR

☼ Fuel injection has no choke, but sprays atomized

fuel directly into the engine.

☼ Electronic fuel injection also integrates more easily with

computerized engine control systems.
☼ Multi port fuel injection delivers a more evenly
distributed mixture of air and fuel to each of the
engine's cylinders.

☼ Sequential fuel injection improves power and

reduces emissions.
 MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION
SYSTEM
Have a separate fuel injector for each cylinder .
 Have better cylinder to cylinder distribution.
 Eliminate the need to preheat the intake
 manifold
 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GDI ENGINE

 Lower fuel consumption and higher output

• Ultra-lean Combustion Mode
• Superior Output Mode
 CONCLUSION

 As the GDI technology proved to be efficient

in terms of fuel consumption and controlled
emissions, the SI engines in near future will
adopt this.
 The limitations for this technology being, initial
cost of the system, increased service problem as
it has many wearing parts and they generate
more noise. Over coming the above drawbacks
in near future one can see GDI SI Engines on
roads.