Central Luzon State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Name: Edjean P. Morales Date Submitted: December 3, 2020

ABEN 1110 – Introduction to Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Exercise No. 5 – Internal Combustion Engine

INTRODUCTION

Internal Combustion Engine that is usually used in Agricultural mechanization requires

energy stored in a liquid form that is most agricultural are carried out in motion such as tractors,
harvesters etc. It gives excellent performance as it is along the gasoline or diesel, it can also
utilize renewable or alternative fuels like natural gas, propane biodiesel or ethanol. The ignition
and combustion of the fuel occurs within the engine itself. To work the engine partially converts
the energy from the combustion. There are two kinds of internal combustion engines in
production of spark which is the spark ignition gasoline engine and the compression ignition
diesel engine. The function of internal combustion engine is to convert fuel (mechanical energy)
to power and this achieved through burning of fuel in a closed chamber and by elongating the
gas to force one wall of the piston to move. Engine cycles used for both spark and compression
ignition engines. The purpose of this is to generate mechanical power from the chemical energy
that is contained in the fuel and released through the combustion of engine.

OBJECTIVES
After performing this activity, the students should be able to:
1. Be able to list and describe the events that occur in an internal combustion engine;
2. Be able to describe how a spark ignition engine differs in operation from a
compression ignition engine;
3. Be able to diagram and describe the events that occur in sequence during each stroke
of a four-stroke cycle engine;
4. Be able to diagram and describe the events that occur in sequence during each stroke
of a two-stroke cycle engine; and,
5. Given the bore, stroke, number of cylinders, and clearance volume, be able to
calculate the:
a. Piston displacement
b. Engine displacement
c. Compression ratio
 PROCEDURES
1. Enumerate and describe the different parts of an internal combustion engine.
2. Discuss the theory of operation of an internal combustion engine.
3. Differentiate spark ignition engine from compression ignition engine.
4. Differentiate two-stroke cycle engine from four-stroke cycle engine.
5. Explain the following terms:
a. Displacement
b. Compression ratio

6. Solve the following problems: (show your detailed computations for the given
problems)

6.1. Find the piston displacement for the following engines:

a. B x S = 4.25 x 4.75
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
c. B x S = 4 x 5.00
6.2. Find the engine displacement for the following engines:
a. Four cylinders, B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and 3/4
b. Three cylinders, B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
c. Six cylinders, B x S = 4.30 x 5.00

6.3. Find the compression ratio for the following engines:

a. B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾, clearance volume of 9.6 cu.in.
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72 and clearance volume of 3.59 cu.in.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I. This parts clearly presents the different parts of an internal combustion engine and how do
they work.

Internal combustion engine, bring forth the outstanding drivability and durability that
is generally to generate mechanical power from the chemical energy in the fuel and released
through combustion of the fuel inside the engine. The ignition and combustion of power
takes place within the engine itself. Such that the engine partially converts the energy from
the combustion to work.

Figure 1. Illustrates the components of the Internal Combustion Engine.

Photo credits to: https://innovationdiscoveries.space/ic-engine-components-and-their-functions-types-and-terminology

Parts and of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and their functions:
1. Cylinder
The cylinder is the main body of the IC engine wherein compression of fuel,
intake of fuel and burning of fuel takes place. The main function of this part is to guide
the piston. The high pressure and high temperature are creating inside the cylinder
because the combustion of fuel is carried out within the cylinder. Therefore, cylinder
must be cooled by air cooling in case of low capacity engines happens and water cooling
if it is high capacity engines. Materials used for cylinder high grade cast iron and or
alloy steels.

2. Cylinder Head
The function of this is to seal the top end of the cylinder. The two holes or ports
at the cylinder head are for the intake of fuel and another for exhaust they’re both closed
by the two valves known as inlet and exhaust valve. It provides space for valve
mechanism, spark plug, fuel injector, etc. The main function of this is to seal the
cylinder block and for not to permit entry and exit of gasses on the cover head valve
engine. It is usually made by cast iron and aluminum.
3. Piston
A piston is suited in each cylinder as a face to receive gas pressure and to transfer
the drive to the connecting rod. The function of this is to transfer the gas force to
connecting rod and to the crank, as well as to give tight seal to the cylinder through the
drill and slide freely inside the cylinder. It should be light and sufficiently strong to
handle gas pressure because only one face on cylinder is a work face. That is why the
piston is often made by aluminum alloy and sometimes made by cast iron.
4. Piston Rings
Piston are fitted in the piston rings to provide good sealing. Piston rings provided
to prevent leakages of gas to crank case. The piston in the cylinder must be fairly loose
fit so that it can move freely to the cylinder. Upper rings are called as compression rings
while lower piston rings are oiling rings. These rings have oil groove with several holes
so as to discharge the excess lubricating oil from cylinder walls to drainage holes in the
piston from where oil is sent back to oil sump.
5. Connecting Rod
Connects the piston to the crankshaft and transmits the motion and transmits the
motion and drill of the piston to the crankshaft. There are two ends of the connecting
rod, the first one is known as the big end and the second one as a small end. Connecting
rod is made of nickel, chrome and chrome vanadium steels.
6. Crankshaft
Crankshaft is a steel forged and machined to smooth finish it receives the effort
that is supplied by the piston to converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of the crankshaft. It is mount in bearing so it can rotate freely.
 7. Engine Bearing
Bearings are used to support the moving parts. Everywhere in the rotary action,
bearing is needed. The main function of this is to reduce friction between the moving
parts.
8. Crankcase
All the oil for lubrication is paced in the crankcase. It is also serve as the
lubricating system. Crankcase is where the main body of engine at which cylinder is
attached.
9. Valves
The function of this is to control the inlet and exhaust of the IC engine.
10. Spark Plug
This is used to conduct a high potential from the ignition system to ignite the
compressed air-fuel mixture. The function of this is to is to provide high intensity spark
for combustion of fuel and air.
11. Injector
Usually used in the compression ignition engine that is fitted in the cylinder head.
12. Manifold
The function of manifold is to supply the air-fuel mixture and collects exhausts
gasses equally from all cylinder. Two manifolds are used, one for intake and the second
is for exhaust. This is made of aluminum alloy.
13. Camshaft
This is used to control the opening and closing of valves at proper timing. The
shape of camshaft is oval, used to control its timing and exerts pressure to open and
release on the valve.
14. Gudgeon Pin or Piston Pin
It is used to connect piston to the connecting rod. Piston pin is usually made of hardened
steel by forging process.
15. Pushrod
Carries the camshaft motion to the valves which is site at the cylinder head.
16. Flywheel
The main function of the flywheel is to rotate the shaft during a preparatory stroke. It is
also used to make the crankshaft rotation more uniform

II. It discusses the theory of operation of an internal combustion engine.

The internal combustion engine has eight requirements for operations such as the air
that is drawn into the engine cylinder, a quantity of fuel introduced into the engine, the air
and fuel are mixed, the fuel-air mixture is compressed, fuel-air mixture causes a rapid rise
in temperature, which acts against the piston, producing a force on the piston, the use of
 connecting rod and crankshaft converts the linear movement of the piston to rotary motion.
The force on the piston is converted to torque on the crankshaft. Lastly, the products of
combustion are expelled from the engine. The components and the system used to complete
these eight requirements are the differences between the gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), and diesel engines.

III. This part differentiated the spark ignition engine from compression ignition engine

The spark ignition engine is achieved through the help of a spark plug that is ignites
a mixture of air and fuel compressing in the combustion chamber. However, the
compression ignition engine works on basis of diesel cycle, due to high temperature of
highly compressed air self ignition occurs.

IV. In this part two-stroke cycle engine from four-stroke cycle engine is differentiated.

There are two kinds of internal combustion engines in production of spark which
is the spark ignition gasoline engine and the compression ignition diesel engine. It is
operate through a cycle of five functions the intake, compression, ignition, combustion and
exhaust. In two-stroke cycle all the five functions of the cycle are completed only with two
strokes of the piston

Figure 2. Illustrates two-stroke cycle.

Four- stroke cycle engine requires four strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the
crankshaft. These types of engine cycle used for both spark and compressive ignition diesel
engines
 Figure 2.1. Illustrates four-stroke cycle.

V. Displacement and Compression ratio are explained in this part

a. Displacement
This is where the cylindrical volume that a piston displaces as it moves through one
stroke. The displacement is equal to the area of the piston times by the length of the
stroke.
b. Compression Ratio
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the cylinder as well as the head space
including the pre-combustion chamber if it is present when the piston is at the
bottom of its stroke to the volume of the head space.

VI. The following clearly presents the detailed computation to the given problem.
6.1. Find the piston displacement for the following engines:
Displacement is mathematically expressed as,
𝝅 𝑩𝟐
𝑷𝑫 = 𝒙𝑺
𝟒
Where:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (in3)
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter), in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)

a. B x S = 4.25 x 4.75
Given:
B= 4.25 in2
S= 4.75 in
PD= ?

SOLUTION:
Substitute the given to the formula of the piston displacement
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4
 𝜋 (4.25 𝑖𝑛)2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 4.75 𝑖𝑛
4
PD = 67.38 in3

b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
Given:
B= 3.94 in2
S= 4.72 in
PD= ?
SOLUTION:
Given the value of B and S, substitute it to the formula
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4

𝜋 (3.94 𝑖𝑛)2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 4.72 𝑖𝑛
4

PD = 57. 55 in3

c. B x S = 4 x 5.00
Given:
B= 4 in2
S= 5.00 in
SOLUTION
Substitute the given to the equation
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4

𝜋 (4 𝑖𝑛)2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 5.00 𝑖𝑛
4

PD= 62. 83 in3

6.2. Find the engine displacement for the following engines:

Since the engine displacement is the product of the cylinder displacement times the
number of cylinders. From that engine displacement is mathematically expressed as:

ED= PD x n
Where:
ED = Engine displacement (in3)
PD = Piston displacement (in3)
n = Number of cylinders
a. Four cylinders, B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾
Given:
1
B= 4 4 𝑖𝑛2
3
S= 4 4 𝑖𝑛
n= 4
ED= ?
SOLUTION:
ED= PD x n
Solve first in terms of PD,
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4

1
𝜋 (4 4 𝑖𝑛)2 3
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 4 𝑖𝑛
4 4
* Notice that the value of PD is not
PD = 67. 38470805 in3 rounded because it may affect the final
answer if I’m going to round off the value.
Substitute all the given to the equation,
ED= PD x n
ED= 67.38470805 in3 x 4

ED= 269. 54 in3

b. Three cylinders, B x S = 3.94 x 4.72

Given:
B= 3.94 𝑖𝑛2
S= 4.72 in
n= 3
ED= ?
SOLUTION:
ED= PD x n
Solve first in terms of PD,
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4

𝜋 (3.94 𝑖𝑛)2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 4.72 𝑖𝑛
4
PD= 57.54721671 in3
 Substitute all the given to the equation of ED,
ED= PD x n
ED= 57.54721671 x 3
ED= 172.64 in3

c. Six cylinders, B x S = 4.30 x 5.00

Given:
B= 4.30 in2
S= 5.00 in
n= 6
ED= ?
SOLUTION:
ED= PD x n
Solve first in terms of PD,
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4
𝜋 (4.30 𝑖𝑛)2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 5.00 𝑖𝑛
4

PD= 72.61006021 in3

Substitute all the given to the equation of ED,

ED= PD x n
ED= 72.61006021 x 6
ED= 435.66 in3

6.3. Find the compression ratio for the following engines:

Compression ratio is mathematically expressed as.
𝑃𝐷 + 𝐶𝑉
𝐶𝑅 =
𝐶𝑉
Where:
CR = Compression ratio
PD = Piston displacement (in3)
CV = Clearance volume (in3)

a. B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾, clearance volume of 9.6 cu.in.

Given:
1
B= 4 4 𝑖𝑛2
3
S= 4 4 𝑖𝑛
CV= 9.6 in3
CR= ?
 SOLUTION:
Solve first the value of PD, such that
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4
1
𝜋 (4 4 𝑖𝑛)2 3
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 4 𝑖𝑛
4 4

PD= 67.38470805 in3

Substitute the given to the compression ratio,
𝑃𝐷 + 𝐶𝑉
𝐶𝑅 =
𝐶𝑉
67.38470805 𝑖𝑛3 + 9.6 𝑖𝑛3
𝐶𝑅 =
9.6 𝑖𝑛3

CR= 8. 02

b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72 and clearance volume of 3.59 cu.in.

Given:
B= 3.94 in3
S= 4.72 in3
CV= 3.59 in3
CR= ?

SOLUTION:
Solve first the value of PD, such that
𝜋 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥𝑆
4

𝜋 (3.94𝑖𝑛)2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑥 4.72 𝑖𝑛
4
PD= 57. 54721671 in3
Substitute the given to the compression ratio,
𝑃𝐷 + 𝐶𝑉
𝐶𝑅 =
𝐶𝑉
57.54721671 𝑖𝑛3 + 3.59𝑖𝑛3
𝐶𝑅 =
3.59 𝑖𝑛3

CR= 17. 03
CONCLUSION

In this activity I was able to list the components, function and the events in internal
combustion engine such as cylinder, cylinder head, piston, piston rings, connecting rod,
crankshaft, engine bearing, crankcase, valves, spark plug, injector, manifold, camshaft,
gudgeon pin, pushrod and flywheel. I also able to describe how spark ignition engine differs in
operation from a compression ignition engine wherein all types of internal combustion engines
have eight requirements for operations, after understanding the sequence I can now able to
understand of how all internal combustion engines function. Using the diagram, I was able to
describe the events that occur in sequence during each stroke of a four- stroke cycle and the
two-stroke cycle. Lastly, in this activity i was able to solve all the question given such as the
piston displacement, engine displacement and compression ratio. I found out the equation to be
used in calculating problems such that in piston displacement is equal to pi (𝜋) multiplied by
bore of cylinder divided by four and multiplied by the stroke piston in inches. Engine
displacement is equal to the piston displacement multiplied by the number of cylinder while
the compression ratio is equal to equal to the sum of piston displacement and clearance volume
divided by the clearance volume.

REFERENCES

Enery.gov (2013). Internal Combustion Engine Basics. Retrieved from

https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/internal-combustion-engine-basics

Innovation Discoveries (2019). IC Engine: Components and their functions, types and
terminologies. Retrieved from https://innovationdiscoveries.space/ic-engine-
components-and-their-functions-types-and-terminology/